生化复习资料

1、Chapter 1 protein structure andfunction protein biomolecular amino acid polarity nonpolarity hydrophobicity neutrality acidity alkality glycine, Gly alanine, Ala valine, Val leucine, Leu isoleucine, Ile phenylalanine, Phe proline, Pro tryptophan, Trp serine, Ser tyrosine, Tyr cysteine, Cys methionin

2、e, Met asparagine, Asn glutamine, Gln threonine, Thr aspartic acid, Asp glutamic acid, Glu lysine, Lysarginine, Arg histidine, His basic amino acid acidic amino acid polar amino acid neutral amino acid Spectrophotometry Absorbance Spectrum Ultraviolet infrared absorption peak wavelength solubility s

3、ide chain aminogroup guanidinium group imidazolyl carboxy group isoelectric point, pI peptide polypeptide chain peptide bond oligopeptide polypeptide amino terminal carboxyl terminal residue ninhydrin/triketohydrindene hydrate imino acid glutathione, GSHhydrosulfide group/sulfhydryl primary structur

4、e secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structureahelixpleated sheet3-turnrandom coil zinc finger domain peptide unit motif protein denature molecular chaperone allosteric effect subunit positive cooperativity negative cooperativity renaturation protein coagulation ninhydrin reaction biu

5、ret reaction dialysis salt precipitation elctrophoresis chromatography prosthetic group prion protein disulfidehydrogen bondhydrophobic interaction electrostatic interactionVan der Waals interactionFibrous proteinConformational changeGlobular proteinProtein foldIonic bondSide chaintetramerdimmermono

6、meroligomer denaturation renaturationQuestions:1. Can you give an example to elucidate the relationship between protein primary structure and function?2. Can you give an example to elucidatethe protein allosteric effect?Chapter2Structureand Function of Nucleic Acidnucleotidenucletic acid deoxyribonu

7、cleic acid, DNA ribonucleic acid, RNA the chemical component base base pair base pairing ribose phosphate purine adenine, A guanine, G pyrimidine cytosine, C uracil, U thymine, T ribose deoxyribose ribonucleoside ribonucleotide glycosidic bond nucleoside monophosphate, NMP nucleoside diphosphate, ND

8、P nucleoside triphosphate, NTP phosphodiester linkage polydoxynucleotide polynucleotide nitrogenous base double helix histonesuperhelix/supercoil positive supercoil negative supercoil nucleosome RNA(small non-messenger RNAs, snmRNAs nucleoid chromatinmessenger RNA,mRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA, hn

9、RNA cap sequence poly (A) tail transfer RNA, tRNA cloverleaf pattern stem-loop anticodon dihydrouracil loop ribosomal RNA, rRNA ribosomal protein optical density methyl optical density, OD Tm, melting temperature annealing heteroduplex renaturation Nuclease deoxyribonuclease, DNase ribonuclease, RNa

10、se ribozymeDNAzyme restriction endonuclease exonuclease gram molecule base stacking amino acid arm groove right-handed DNA left-handed double helix cruciform chromosome intrastrand hydrogen bonding acceptor stem D loop anticodon loop oligonucleotide base complementrity hyperchromatic effect ribozyme

11、 stabilityQuestions:1. The main classification of RNA in cell, and elucidate their function, respectively?2. Elucidate the different between DNA and RNA?3. What is hyperchromatic effect?Chapter 3 Enzyme enzyme biocatalyst apoenzyme cofactor simple enzyme conjugated enzyme metalloenzyme metal-activat

12、ed enzyme coenzyme prosthetic group monomeric enzyme oligomeric enzyme multienzyme system multifunctional enzyme tandem enzyme holoenzyme essential group active center active site binding group catalytic group activation energy specificity absolute specificity relative specificity stereo specificity

13、 induced-fit hypothesis proximity effectorientation arrangeKinetic Michaelis-menten equation Vmax, maximum velocity K m, Michaelis constant turnover number double reciprocal plot Lineweaver- Burk optimum temperature optimum pH inhibitor irreversible inhibition reversible inhibition competitive inhib

14、ition non-competitive inhibition uncompetitive inhibition activator essential activator non-essential activator regulation zymogen allosteric regulation allosteric enzyme allosteric site allosteric effector covalent modification induction repression isoenzyme oxidoreductases transferases hydrolases

15、lyases isomerases ligases, synthetases enzyme coupled assays immobilized enzyme abzyme substrate catalytic power reaction catalyzed rate velocity unimolecular reaction biomolecular reaction second-order first-order free energy of activation polymerase chain reaction reversibly association dissociati

16、on assumption bind equilibrium constant direction concentration horizontal coordinate vertical coordinategraphical pattern interpretation affinity lactate dehydrogenase, LDH covalent modification glycogen phosphorylase ligase initial velocityQ1. List six general ways in whichenzyme activity is contr

17、olled?2. What is enzyme? And elucidate its specificity?Chapter 4 Metabolism ofCarbohydrates carbohydrates monosacchride oligosaccharide polysaccharide glycoconjugate glucose fructose galactose ribose maltose sucrose lactosestarch glycogen cellulose glycolipid glycoprotein glucose transporter glycoly

18、sis glycolytic pathway pyruvate lactate hexokinase glucose-6-phosphate, G-6-P glucokinase fructose-6-phosphate, F-6-P 6-phosphfructokinase-1 aldolase phosphotriose isomerase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase phosphoglycerate kinase substrate level phosphorylation phosphoglycerate mutase enola

19、se phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP pyruvate kinase protein kinase, PK Aerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrate acetyl CoATricarboxylic acid Cycle, TAC oxaloacetic acidcitric acid carboxy group/ carboxyl dehydrogenation decarboxylation citrogenase/condensing enzyme aketoglutarte dehydroge nase complex isocitrate d

20、ehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase dihydrolipoyltransacetylate dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase a-ketoglutarate succinyl CoA fatty acid porphyrin malic acid/ apple acid malic enzyme oxaloacetic decarboxylase citrate cleavage enzyme pyruvate carboxylase aepfelsaure-dehydrogenase glutamic-oxal(o)acetic

21、 transaminase, GOT/aspartate aminotransferase respiratory chain key enzyme oxidative phosphorylation adeynlate kinase;AK Pastuer effectPentose Phosphate Pathway 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, G3P/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate;lactacidogen cell sap;cytochyma stage; phaseG6PDhydrogenribose

22、 phosphate;ribose phosphoric acid;RPpentose phosphate shunt G6P;glucose 6-phosphate ketone group aldehyde group transfer reaction hydrogen donor biosynthesis;biosynthesize bioconversion/biological transformation reducibilityGlycogenesis and Glycogenolysis glycogenglucosidic bond;glycosidic bond glyc

23、ogenesis glucophosphomutase/glycophosphomu tasehemiacetal phosphate group uridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG glycogen synthase pyrophosphorylase glycogenolysis phosphorylaselactic acid cycle glucuronate;glucuronic acid glycogen phosphorylase covalent modification cascade amplification glucagon epine

24、phrine dephosphorylation glycogen storage diseases Gluconeogenesis gluconeogenic pathway pyruvate carboxylase substratecycle futile cycle blood glucose acid-base equilibrium lactose cycle insulin oxidation glucose tolerence glucose tolerance test, GTT hyperglycemia glucosuria renal glucose threshold

25、 diabetes mellitus, DM hypoglycemia hypoglycemic shockQpathway and elucidate the signification?2. Elucidate the function of oxaloacetic acid in metabolism of carbohydrates.Chapter 5Metabolism of Lipid lipid triacylglycerols,TAG triglyceride, TG fat lipoid1. Explain pentose phosphatecholesterol, CHOL

26、 cholesterol ester, CE phospholipid, PL sphingolipids phosphoglycerides unsaturated fatty acids digestion absorption micelles colipase mixed micelles chylomicron, CM apolipoprotein monoglyceride DG;diacylglycerol hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase , HSLlipolytic hormones acyl-CoA synthetase keton

27、e body, acetone body activation energy-rich phosphate bond hexadecanoic acid hydration thiolysis peroxisome propanoic acid carboxylase racemase mutase acetoacetateB -hydroxybutyrateacetone hydroxybutyric acid overeatingstarvation malonyl CoAacyl-CoA carnitine acyl transferase palmitic acidcitrate py

28、ruvate cycle acetyl CoA carboxylase rate-limiting enzyme biotinEscherichia coli fatty acyl group thioesteraseacyl carrier protein, ACP phosphopan tetheinethioethylamineProstaglandin, PGthromboxane, TXleukotrienes, LT5-HPETE, 5-hydroperoxy-eicotetraenoic acidPhospholipidglycerol phosphatide phosphati

29、dyl inositolcephalinphosphatidyl serinelecithin cardiolipinphospholipid exchange proteins phospholipase , PLAsphingosineCholesterol cortisol, hydrocortisone bile acidlipoprotein chylomicron, CM very low density lipoprotein, VLDL low density lipoprotein, LDL high density lipoprotein, HDL apolipoprote

30、in, apo chylomicron lipoprotein lipase/LPL very low density lipoprotein, VLDL low density lipoprotein, LDL scavenger receptor, SR high density lipoprotein, HDL reverse cholesterol transport, RCT ATP-binding cassetle transporter A1 cholesterol-efflux regulatory protein, CERP motif hyperlipoproteinemi

31、a hereditary defect choline heparin LDL receptor ChylomicronQ1. What is apolipoprotein and the main function?2. what is the classification of lipase and their function?3. Elucidate the functions and characteristic of triglyeride in energy metabolism?Chapter6 BiologicalOxidation respiratory chain ele

32、ctron transfer chain complex ubiquinoneiron-sulfur protein cytochrome oxidative phosphorylation substrate level phosphorylation chemiosmotic hypothesis uncoupling agents oligomycinrespiratory control ratio, RCR mitoch ondrion, mitoch on dria（复） creatine kinase phosphocreatinetransporter permeability

33、 a -glycerophosphate shuttle malate-asparate shuttle adenine nucleotide transporter transmembrane transport catalase perioxidasesuperoxide dismutase monoxygenase mixed-function oxidase hydroxylase solubility hydrogen donor P/O ratio oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein, OSCP1. How to understand that the ATP is the center of energy metabolism?2. What is hydrogen donor and electron donor?3. What is oxidative phosphorylation? And try to elucidate the mechanism?Chapter7 Metabolismof AminoAcids nitrogen balance essential amino acid nutrition value complementation digestion absor