英国文学文学复习 黄老师版

1、一. 选择题相关知识1.William Faulkner ,one of the most well-known American modernist writers.Major works:Major themes: failure and decay of the South of America; internal conflicts; issues of class, sex and race; human natureFaulkners prose styleFaulkner is a difficult writer. There are a lot of interior mon

2、ologues. the modern stream of consciousness technique isfrequently and skillfully used; His prose ranges from colloquial, regional dialects to highly charged courtroom rhetoric English language. Faulkner was a master of his own particular style of writing.Faulkners powers of imagination are very gre

3、at. Rooting his works in the Deep South, he manages to create a literary milieu of his own through which he tries to transcend the limits of particularity to reach universality.Terms to know Waste Land PainterThis term refers to such writers as Fitzgerald, Eliot, Hemingway and Faulkner. With their w

4、ritings, all of them painted thepostwar Western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless.Point of viewHe generally shows a grim picture of human society where violence and cruelty are frequently included, but his later works showed more optimism.His intention was to show the evil, harsh events i

5、n contrast to such eternal virtues as love, honour, pity, compassion, self-sacrifice, and therebyexpose the faults of society. He felt that it was a writers duty to remind his readers constantly of true values and virtues.1. themes1.history and race2.Emily Dickinson,1.worksBecause I Cant Stop for De

6、athWild Nights Wild Nights2.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrowsreligion doubt and belief about religious subjectsdeath and immortalitylove suffering and frustration caused by lovephysical aspect of desirenature kind and cruelfree will and human responsibility3.stylepoems without titles

7、severe economy of expressiondirectness, brevitymusical device to create cadence (rhythm)capital letters emphasisshort poems, mainly two stanzasrhetoric techniques: personification make some of abstract ideas vividWhitman vs. Dickinson4.Similarities:Thematically, they both extolled, in their differen

8、t ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its American ness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in f

9、orm unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.5.differences:Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple

10、 style) which Whitman doesnt have.3.Nathaniel Hawthorne,1.worksTwo collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old ManseThe Scarlet LetterThe House of the Seven GablesThe Marble Faun2.point of viewEvil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”Whenever there is s

11、in, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).He is of the opinion that evil educates.He has disgust in science.3.aesthetic ideasHe took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.He was

12、convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.4.style typical romantic writerthe use of symbolsrevelation of characters psychologythe use of supernatural mixed with the actua

13、lhis stories are parable (parable inform) to teach a lessonuse of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty multiple point of view4.Thomas Paine,The American Crisis by PaineThe American Crisis is an Enlightenment, Deist document. Man relies on reason and indomitable optimism, not salv

14、ation, for deliverance from travail. However much the soldier, the scholar, the common man struggling for victory wants the support of God, he must rely on his devotion to his cause and to his fellow man, first and foremost.5. F Scott Fitzgerald,1.worksThis Side of ParadiseThe Great GatsbyTender is

15、the Night2.point of viewHe expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called “American Dream” is false in nature.He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered peopl

16、es characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.His novels follow a pattern: dream lack of attraction failure and despair.1.His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.2.StyleFitzgeral

17、d was one of the great stylists in American literature. His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in its diction and metaphors. Its simplicity and gracefulness, its skill in manipulating the relation between the general and the specific reveal his consummate artistry.3.The Great Gatsby

18、Narrative point of view NickHe is related to everyone in the novel and is calm and detected observer who is never quick to make judgements.Selected omniscient point of view6. Ralph Waldo Emerson,1.worksNatureTwo essays: The American Scholar, The Poet2.point of viewOne major element of his philosophy

19、 is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself

20、, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.2.aesthetic ideasHe is a complete man, an eternal man.True poetry and true art sh

21、ould ennoble.The poet should express his thought in symbols.As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.3.his influence Life Major works: Essays The American Scholar, called” the intellectual Declaration of Independence Style: 1) a te

22、ndency to restate propositions 2) many varied illustrations to support propositions 3)parallelism 4) paradox 5) an epigrammatic quality Emersons most striking stylistic quality is his ability to work his thought into a short, shocking, quotable utterance.7.Theodore DreiserworksSister CarrieThe trilo

23、gy of Desire: Financier, The Titan, The StoicJennie GerhardtAmerican TragedyThe Genius1.point of viewHe embraced social Darwinism survival of the fittest. He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the “fittest”, the most ruthless,

24、 survive.Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle in which man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind of social forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.No one is ethically free;

25、everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.2.StyleWithout good structureDeficient characterizationLack in imaginationJournalistic methodTechniques in paintingTheodore Dreiserw Lifew Major worksw Themesw Prose stylew Dreisers weakest quality is his

26、 style. He lacks concision; he has little aesthetic appreciation; for him language is a means of communication rather than art form; his dialogue is often gauche and banal. But his very energy overcomes his stylistic deficiencies.二. 文学评论相关作品 两首诗 三部小说诗歌Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: A Psalm of life 上该诗以

27、一位年轻人的口吻来表达诗人对人生的见解（避免了诗人直接说教之嫌），在前两小节开门见山，以什么是人生起笔，诗人同时故意设置一个悲观人生论的“歌者”作为批驳的对象，反对将肉体的必死性作为把人生视为一场幻多的因由，以恢复生命的灵性维度来维护人生的现实意义。因此，这两节已经预示了下面要进一步引申的两点内容：一是如何对待生命的时间性，二是如何认识和评定这样的生命。所以，从第三小节开始，诗人以如何度过人生为承接，开始阐释全诗的主题，指出人生的目标和道路在于行动和不断的自我超越。人生既然是真刃而实在的，那么就应该“趁着活生生的现在”而行动，就应该做一个敢于面对一切现实的“威武善战的英 雄”。在第七、八小节，

28、诗转入到对人生价值的诠释上，以说明人生要如此度过的终极意义那些伟大的勇敢者的生命划出的轨迹终究不会消失，它留在“时间的沙上”（即人类的历史上），给后人带来永恒的启示。第九小节是对全诗的总结，呼吁人们行动起来，不断追求，不断进取，以拥有一个有意义有价值的人生。从整体结 构上看，全诗层层递进，环环相扣，起承转合，十分自然，体现出诗人不凡的技巧和构思。Robert Frost ：the road not taken下这首名诗The Road NotTaken形式是传统的抑扬格四音步，但音步可变（含有不少抑抑扬的成分）；每节的韵式为abaab 。另外，他的名诗Departmental，则采用了双行体偶

29、韵的韵式，读起来朗朗上口，具有非常优美的音韵。 弗罗斯特的The road not taken一诗也是他的作品里最为我所喜爱的其中的一首。他写诗最大的特色就是善于运用眼前看似平淡无奇的事物，去表达一个深刻的哲理。正因为他长于用具体的事物说抽象的概念，所以他的诗就易为读者接受和了解！ 这正如他在一首诗中写的：“黄色的树林里有两条岔开的路/可惜我不能在同一时间走两条路/我选择了少人行走的那条/这就造成了一切的差异。”诗人选择了诗歌，放下了在一所师范学校教书的职业以及那可能平坦，安稳的生活。他对自己说：写诗吧，穷就穷吧，于是他们就来了英国，在离伦敦不远的一个村子里找到了一座木板茅屋作为新家。不久他的

30、第一本诗集孩子的意愿出版了，以它特有的朴素坦率和真淳赢得了诗人们的好评。庞德特撰文说它是美国很长一段时间以来最好的一本诗集。 未选择的路是美国著名诗人罗伯特弗罗斯特的著名诗篇。罗伯特弗罗斯特堪称美国20世纪90年代最受欢迎的诗人之一，是美国非官方的桂冠诗人，他一生致力于诗歌的创作，主要写作并出版了10部诗集，这一首是其第三部诗集山的间隔中的名篇。小说William Faulkner: A Rose for Emily 下A ROSE FOR EMILY是威廉福克纳非常著名的短篇小说，它特殊之处就在于它能够让人全神灌注地把整篇看完，之后仍然意犹未尽，又多么希望把整个故事说给别人听；虽然结局令人痛

31、苦不堪，可是发人深省。A ROSE FOR EMILY是一篇以爱为主轴的小说,也许它不浪漫也不激情，但在某些小地方总不经意的透出一丝感人的气息。 Emily的父亲认为将她与外界隔绝是对她最好的保护，所以他以自视过高的心态一直在护卫着Emily，或许Emily曾想过反抗，但经年累月下来，这已成一种习惯。她已被父亲的高塔关住。当她父亲去世以后，她一直赖以维生的塔也随之倒了。她原本可以敞开心扉不再过寂寞孤独的日子，可是她又依据父亲对她的影响建造了另一座塔，以此否认父亲已死的事实。或许她心中认为这是最安全的一种方式 Barron的出现使她对自己的生活感到厌倦，再也不愿意继续孤独的日子，所以她尝试出门和

32、人群接触，可是父亲对她的影响太深。她那高傲的心深爱着Barron，却不懂得与他交流爱的情感。于是当她 将要和Barron结婚的时候，才发现这一切并不是Barron想要的，因为Barron对自由的执着使他不愿意对婚姻做出承诺。所以，当Emily知道自己不能拥有Barron时，她唯一能做的就是-把Barron带入自己的世界。 在奥地利，玫瑰是爱情、爱慕和敬仰的表示；而另一方面，Emily这一生中并没有任何点缀和光明，更没有鲜花所代表的生气，所以ROSE是叙述者在影射自己。以此推论，这个故事当依着“执着”为线 索：首先，Emily的父亲对她执着的占有，而后是Emily对Barron爱的执着，Barr

33、on对自由的执着，还有叙述者对Emily执着的敬慕，直到Emily过世,叙述者仍一直关心注意着她。 她是自以为是家族的牺牲品，也是父亲占有欲下的囚犯。自私的占有并不是爱，而是一种欲望。即使Emily有自己的想法也不可以表达，也没有说话的对象，她为了保密甚至连唯一的仆人都给毒哑了；为了逃避现实她一直活在自己的世界里，和外面的事物全然隔绝，所以她留不住恋人，就让恋人的尸体伴着她数十年。直到她去世后，镇民才在她的床上发现失踪多年的Barron的骸骨 Emily是个可怜的受害者。是她的至亲使她成为一个孤僻的人。也许她知道别人对她的关心，但是在她封闭的情感中又意图拒绝这种有限的关怀，哪怕是是她最需要的感

34、情。其实Emily拥有很多可贵的 事物，如果她能敞开心扉，她的人生就会像玫瑰那样鲜艳和美丽了。FSott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby 下尼克从中西部故乡来到纽约，在他住所旁边正是本书主人公盖茨比的豪华宅第。这里每晚都在举行盛大的宴会。尼克和盖茨比相识，故事就这样开始了。 尼克对盖茨比充满探究的兴趣。探究的结果是：尼克了解到盖茨比内心深处有一段不了之情。了不起的盖茨比年轻时的盖茨比并不富有，他是一个少尉军官。他爱上了一位叫黛茜的姑娘，黛茜对他也情有所钟。后来第一次世界大战爆发，盖茨比被调往欧洲。似是偶然却也是必然，黛茜因此和他分手，转而与一个出身于富豪家庭的纨绔子弟

35、汤姆结了婚。黛茜婚后的生活并不幸福，因为汤姆另有情妇。物欲的满足并不能填补黛西精神上的空虚。盖茨比痛苦万分，他坚信是金钱让黛茜背叛了心灵的贞洁，于是立志要成为富翁。几年以后，盖茨比终于成功了。他在黛茜府邸的对面建造起了一幢大厦。盖茨比挥金如土，彻夜笙箫，一心想引起黛茜的注意，以挽回失去的爱情。 尼克为盖茨比的痴情所感动，便去拜访久不联系的远房表妹黛茜，并向她转达盖茨比的心意。黛茜在与盖茨比相会中时时有意挑逗。盖茨比昏昏然听她随意摆布，并且天真地以为那段不了情有了如愿的结局。然而真正的悲剧却在此时悄悄启幕。黛茜早已不是旧日的黛茜。黛茜不过将她俩目前的暖昧关系，当做一种刺激。尼克终于有所察觉，但为

36、时已晚。一次黛茜在心绪烦乱的状态下开车，偏偏轧死了丈夫的情妇。盖茨比为保护黛茜，承担了开车责任，但黛茜已打定主意抛弃盖茨比。在汤姆的挑拨下，致使其情妇的丈夫开枪打死了盖茨比。盖茨比最终彻底成为了牺牲品。盖茨比至死都没有发现黛茜脸上嘲弄的微笑。盖茨比的悲剧在于他把一切都献给了自己编织的美丽梦想，而黛茜作为他理想的化身，却只徒有美丽的躯壳。尽管黛西早已移情别恋,尽管他清楚地听出“她的声音充满了金钱”,却仍不改初衷,固执地追求重温旧梦然。人们在为盖茨比举行葬礼，黛茜和她丈夫此时却早已在欧洲旅行的路上。不了情终于有了了结。尼克目睹了人类现实的虚情寡义，深感厌恶，于是怀着一种悲剧的心情，远离喧嚣、冷漠、

37、空洞、虚假的大都市，黯然回到故乡。赞同35Jack London: Martin Eden 下内容提要 马丁伊登是杰克伦敦的不朽作品。小说的前半部带有自传性质，取材于作者早年的生活经历和后来成名的过程。 年轻水手马丁伊登在一次偶然的机会中救了大律师摩斯的儿子亚瑟。为了感谢马丁的救命之恩，亚瑟热情邀他到家里作客。摩斯家富丽堂皇的摆设，优雅文明的风度使马丁眼花缭乱，惊慕不己。更使他心醉神移的是亚瑟年轻、美貌的妹妹罗丝。在马丁的眼中，罗丝是那么高尚纯洁。对俗不可耐的公子哥儿腻烦了的罗丝也喜欢这个精力充沛、才智过人的无产者。在罗丝的鼓励下，更确切地说，在憧憬“高尚而又纯真的爱情”的巨大动力下，马丁以超

38、人的毅力发愤读书，他只用几个月的时间就学完了常人需要两年才能学完的中学课程。他常常每天只睡四五个小时，像作者杰克伦敦开始写作时一样，一边做苦工，一边学习、写作，为的是能有朝一日跻身“上流社会”，成为可与罗丝匹配的“上等人”。尽管他不断写作，稿子一篇篇寄出，却一次次遭到拒绝。后来，虽然罗丝私下与马丁订了婚，但是，她的父母认为马丁是个缺乏教养、粗鲁无礼的穷光蛋，因而竭力反对女儿与马丁的进一步接近；摩斯家客厅里的阔老阔少也嘲笑、冷落马丁。马丁逐渐发现“上流社会”并非他过去想象的那么高尚，那么文明。在一次客厅辩论中，他直言不讳地批评了这些“高等人士”，冒犯了他们的尊严，从此被拒于摩斯家的门外。继而罗丝

39、也同他断绝了来往。这时，马丁痛苦地发现罗丝根本不是他想象中的“安琪儿”，而是一个目光短浅、庸俗的资产阶级小姐。支撑他努力奋斗的精神支柱崩溃了，他无力再继续写作，只是将原先退还的稿件再寄给出版商和报刊杂志。没想到，他的一篇作品被刊登了。一夜之间他成了名闻遐迩的大作家。请帖和稿约纷至沓来，金钱和荣誉接踵而至。昔日那些对他嗤之以鼻、攻击嘲讽的“高贵人士”如今向他献媚，“上流社会”向他敞开了欢迎的大门。摩斯家听说他功成名就，急忙叫罗丝主动上门，哭哭啼啼地要求重归于好，恢复婚约。然而，这时已爬上社会“顶峰”的马丁却看透了这些虚伪透顶、趋炎附势的芸芸众生；名誉和金钱，虚假的友谊和庸俗的爱情再也激不起他昔日

40、那种对靠个人奋斗带来个人幸福的憧憬，再也无法改变他对人生的冷漠态度。他痛恨这些浑身散发出铜臭的资产阶级市侩，但也无法回到他原来出身的阶级。他想到一个孤岛上去过与世隔绝的隐士生活，但最终还是投海自杀，结束了他年轻的生命。 三. 简答题相关知识 含名词解释1.James Fennimore Cooper 对美国文学史的作用,男主人Natty Bumppo, Leatherstocking Tales :The Deerslayer , The lastof the Mohican , The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Prairie人物名称 P105the Lea

41、ther-stocking Tales The Deer-slayer The Last of Mohican The Pathfinder The Pioneers The Prairie3.Romanticism时期诗潮。特点：moral enthusiasm, 超验主义及含义 P56，对文学家创作的影响4.现实主义，1.Walt Whitman 对美国文学的作用 ,Leaves of Grass象征：1，民主2，普通大众3，年轻的国家 自由体诗2.Mark Twain 所创术语： the Gilded Age 的含义，P2下3.Ernest Hemingway: 作品、风格P229-23

42、1下。主要作品及写作风格四. 找作品作者相关知识：浪漫主义时期散文，- Emerson-Thoreau五. 基本知识必备1.每个阶段文学史的名称Colonial AmericaThe revolutionary periodEarly national period (1810-1840):romanticismAmerican renaissance(1830-1860)From civil war to new century: industrialism and the rise of literary realismAt the turn of the century: naturalismTwentieth-century literature2.第一位美国作家Captain John Smith、诗人等第一人Philip Freneau, Anne Bradstreet（poet of Am revolution, father of Am poetry,Philip,Freneau）3.美国文学独立，美国文学独立宣言书P17 上, 对独立宣言的评价4.Great commoner of mankind Thomas Paine 作品P27上 American Crisis(Common Sense ), Ri