自考2012年出版最新《英语二》讲义第一章

1、Unit 1 The Power of Language 学习方法指南五个方面把握文章1）词 2）句 3）篇 4）义5）背诵或复述重点段落（当天重复，第二天再重复，七天后再重复）课后习题1）结合课文里出现的点，完成题目2）标记不熟练的题目，当天重复一遍，第二天再重复一遍，考前再重复一遍Unit 1 The Power of LanguageA FAMOUS QUOTELanguage is the dress of thought.-Samuel Johnson语言是思维的外衣。-塞缪尔·约翰逊Text A Critical ReadingPre-reading quest

2、ions1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?Vocabulary 词汇四点要求1.音2.义3.衍生变化4.用法/搭配New Wordscritical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad

3、 qualities of somebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）non-fiction n.books, articles or texts about real facts, people and events 纪实文学position n.an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject 观点；态度；立场statement n.something that you say or write that gives information or an opinion

4、 说明；说法；表态question v.to have or express doubts or suspicions about something 表示疑问；怀疑evaluate vt.to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计；评价，评估 context n.the situation in which something happens and that helps you to under

5、stand it （事情发生的）背景，环境，来龙去脉value n.values pl. beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life 是非标准；价值观represent v.to present or describe somebody/something in a particular way 描述；表现assertion n.a statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true 明确肯定；断言

6、sufficient adj.enough for a particular purpose 足够的；充足的statistic n.statistics pl. a collection of information shown in numbers 统计数字；统计资料integrate v.to combine two or more things so that they work together （使）合并，成为一体authority n.a person with special knowledge 专家；学术权威；泰斗compare 

7、;v.to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different 比较；对比subject n.a thing or person that is being discussed, described or dealt with 主题；题目；题材consistent adj.in agreement with something 相符的；符合的inconsistency n.a situation in which two statements are dif

8、ferent and cannot both be true 不一致assumption n.a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof 假定；假设case n.a particular situation or a situation of a particular type 具体情况；事例directly adv.in a direct line or manner 直接地；径直地identify

9、0;v.to find or discover somebody/something 找到；发现valid adj.based on what is logical or true 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的credible adj.that can be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的landmark n.an event, a discovery, an invention, ect.that marks an important stage in something （标志重要阶段的）里程碑relevant adj.clos

10、ely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about 紧密相关的；切题的current adj.happening now 现时发生的；当前的appropriate adj.suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances 合适的；恰当的bias n.a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of pe

11、ople, or one side in an argument, often.not based on fair judgement 偏见；偏心；偏向considerably adv.much; a lot 非常；很；相当多地Democrat n.a member or supporter of the Democratic Party of the US （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者Republican n.a member or supporter of the Republican Party of the US （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者ref

12、lect v.to show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody's attitude or feeling 显示；表明；表达informed adj.having or showing a lot of knowledge about a particular subject or situation 有学问的；有见识的重点词汇critical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad q

13、ualities of somebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）eg: Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value.要学会对一切事物一丝不苟, 而不要注重表面现象.其他用法：of or at a crisis; decisive; crucial 危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的eg: We are at a critical time in our history.我们正处于历史的紧要关头。衍生：criticize, criti

14、cise vt. sb/sth （for sth） point out the faults of sb/sth 批评某人某事物；挑剔；非难eg: Stop criticizing （my work）! 别再挑剔（我那作品）了!  form and express a judgment on （a work of art, literature, etc） 评论（艺术文学等作品）eg: teaching students how to criticize poetry 向学生讲授评论诗歌的方法criticism n.looking for faults; poin

15、ting out faults 批评evaluate vt.to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully 估计; 评价，评估eg: I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.我没有看到他的工作情况, 无法评论他的能力。衍生: Val=value, worth 价值valuable（有价值的）, invaluable（无法估价的）, devaluate（贬值

16、）, evaluate（估价）, undervalue（低估）consistent adj.in agreement with something 相符的；符合的 用法: be with stheg：What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week.你现在说的话与你上星期说过的话不相符。衍生：consistency 一致inconsistency 不一致identify vt.to find or discover somebody/ something 找到；发现e

17、g：She identified the man as her attacker.她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人。衍生：identification n.means of proving who one is; official papers that do this 身份证明eg： Can I see your identification, please? 请给我看看你的身分证件行吗? identity n who or what sb/sth is 身份eg：There is no clue to the identity of the thief

18、.没有确定窃贼身份的线索。identity card （also ID card） 身份证（通常有相片，供本人携带或佩带）credible adj.that can be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的eg: a credible witness/statement/report 可信的证人/陈词/报道衍生：-able/ible “可的，能的”believable可信的，acceptable 可接受的，desirable值得要的，accessible可接近，flexible 灵活的credibility n.quality of being

19、 believable 可信性；可靠性-ability/ibility “可性”: eg: adaptability 适应能力, dependability 可靠性apply vi. （to sb/sth） be relevant （to sb/sth）; have an effect （与某人/某物）有关；有效；适用eg: These rules don't always apply.这些规则并非总能行得通。make a formal request 申请；请求 apply for stheg: apply for a post/passpor

20、t/visa 申请职位/护照/签证apply to sbeg: I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.我申请了四所大学，并都被他们录取了。课文学习议论文把握观点：中心观点、段落观点把握结构：文章结构、段落结构、衔接手段topic sentence （主题句）topic （主题） controlling idea（观点）篇章核心，段落灵魂Beijing is a modern city.Beijing is an ancient city.结构总分总 总分段落构成1.主题句（Topic Sentence）：点

21、出段落的主题（谈论什么）。2.扩展句（Developing Sentence）：说明和支持主题。3.结尾句（Concluding Sentence）：得出结论。文章观点论证结论Text A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement.Critical reading is active reading.It involves more than just understa

22、nding what an author is saying.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.Consider the context of what is written.You may be reading something

23、that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours.Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours.In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by

24、 the author.Question assertions made by the author.Don't accept what is written at face value.Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support.Also, look to see if the au

25、thor has integrated the work of authorities.Compare what is written with other written work on the subject.Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsist

26、encies.Analyze assumptions made by the author.Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions.In many cases, the author's assumptions are not directly stated.This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.Once you identify an assumpti

27、on, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.Evaluate the sources the author uses.In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible.For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics.Also be certain that the sources are rele

28、vant.Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current.For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the curren

29、t state of knowledge in physics.Identify any possible author bias.A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.What is written may very well reflect a biased position.You need to take this possible bia

30、s into account when reading what the author has written.That is, take what is written with "a grain of salt."By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying,

31、and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.1）Consider the context of what is written.2）Question assertions made by the author.3）Compare what is written with other written book on the subject.4）Analyze assumptions made by th

32、e author.5）Evaluate the sources the author uses.6）Identify any possible author bias.语法学习1.把握结构，理解内涵2.结合例句，结合文章关系副词引导的定语从句先行名词+where/ in（on/at） which eg: College is a place where/in which we learn how to learn.大学是学会如何学习的地方。Forest is a place where people can get close to nature.森林是可以接近自然的地方。先行名词+

33、when/in（on/at） whicheg: I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.我将永远不会忘记我们在公园第一次相遇的那一天。先行名词+why/for whicheg: Do you know the reason why he didn't come to the meeting yesterday morning？你知道他为什么没有参加昨天早上会议的原因吗？What is active reading? What is a critical reader?Exercises I1.Reading

34、 non-fiction writing critically involves _.A.supporting the author's opinionB.developing your own opinionsC.understanding what is writtenD.reading without any imagination答疑编号506430010301：针对该题提问 【正确答案】B【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第。一段Critical reading involves questioning and evalating what the author

35、is saying,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying 可知，非文学类作品的批评性阅读是要提出自己的观点和摆明自己的态度，选项B,即提出自己的观点，最为恰当。答案为B。2.Before accepting what is written in an article, you should be sure that_.A.enough support for the assertions has been givenB.your values and attitudes have been, reflecte

36、d in itC.it has been checked from an authoritative sourceD.you have found the differences in the writing styles答疑编号506430010302：针对该题提问 【正确答案】A【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第三段第三句，Before acceiting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made 可知，选项A符合文中意思，即你

37、在接受作者的观点之前，要确信有足够的论据支持作者的论点。答案为A。3.If there are some inconsistent points in the article, you should_.A.insist on your own opinion and confirm itB.avoid mentioning the inconsistenciesC.emphasize the work of authoritiesD.examine the author's supportive statements答疑编号506430010303：针对该题提问 【正确答案】

38、D【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第四段末句，If there are inconsistehcies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the incbnsistencies 可知，选项D最符令原文即如果文章中有不一致的观点时，你要仔细阅读并检查作者所提出的支持其论点的论证。答案为D。4.Einstein is a relevant source when the article is about_A.physical breakthroughsB.the subject of poetryC.studies

39、in current physicsD.credible writing Sources答疑编号506430010304：针对该题提问 【正确答案】A【答案解析】此题为细节题。由文中第六段第三句,Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics 可知，如果文章讲的是关于物理学的突破时，爱因斯坦就是相关的例子。答案为A。5.The author believes that by being a critical reader you can_ .A.

40、remember what is written clearlyB.eliminate your own discriminationC.have much more knowledgeD.spend more time in reading答疑编号506430010305：针对该题提问 【正确答案】C【答案解析】此题为文章大意总结题。由课文最后一段结束句，By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate 可知，课文结束说通过做一名有

41、判断力的读者，你会变得见多识广，也能使你的观点更恰当，所以选项C最符合课文的意思。答案为C。Exercise IISection A名词后缀 -ability, -ibility credible-credibility-ence,ency independent-independence efficient-efficiency-mentmove-movement, agree-agreement-ion, -sion, -tion act-action, elect-election副词后缀 -ly careful-carefully, possible-possibl

42、y前缀否定前缀in- inaccurate, incapable, injustice在m, p, b前变成im- immoral, impossible, imbalance 1.These results are _ with the findings of the previous study.（consistent, consistency）答疑编号506430010306：针对该题提问 【正确答案】consistent【答案解析】be consistent with 固定短语，意为与相符。其中be动词are后面应该是表语形容词consistent，而consist

43、ency 是名词形式。答案为consistent。2.We were not surprised by their_ that the train services would be reduced.（state, statement）答疑编号506430010307：针对该题提问 【正确答案】statement【答案解析】statement，名词，说明、表态，而state 表示“陈述”时是动词，做名词解时是“国度”的意思。答案为statement。3.The statistics _a change in people's spending habits.（reflect,

44、 reflection）答疑编号506430010308：针对该题提问 【正确答案】reflect【答案解析】译文：此统计数据反映了人们消费习惯方面的变化。这里句子缺少的是谓语动词，而reflection是名词。reflect，动词，显示、表明。答案为reflect。4.I'm afraid your driving license is_ in Eastern Europe.（valid, invalid）答疑编号506430010309：针对该题提问 【正确答案】invalid【答案解析】译文：我担心你的驾驶执照在东欧无效。invalid 是valid 的反义词

45、，意为“无效的”。答案为invalid。5.Twenty-five dollars was_ more than he had expected to pay （considerable, considerably）答疑编号506430010310：针对该题提问 【正确答案】considerably【答案解析】译文：二十五美元比他原来估计的多多了。considerably，副词，很，非常，相当多地。答案为considerably。6.Direct _ between the two languages is not possible.（compare, comparison）答疑编号

46、506430010311：针对该题提问 【正确答案】comparison【答案解析】译文：直接对比两种语言是不可能的。这里空格处的单词是主语中心词，主语中心词不能是动词。comparison, 名词，表示“比较，对比”；compare 是其动词形式。答案为comparison。Section Bassumption landmarkcritical evaluaterepresent identifycredible appropriate1.In my opinion, there was no _evidence against him.答疑编号506430010312：针对该题

47、提问 【正确答案】credible【答案解析】句意：我的意见是，没有反对他的可信的证据。这里against sb.指的是反对某人。形容词credible 意为可信的。答案为credible。2.Even the smallest baby can _its mother by her voice.答疑编号506430010313：针对该题提问 【正确答案】identify【答案解析】句意：甚至最小的小婴儿都可以通过声音来识别辫认出他的母亲。本空缺少谓语动词，identify 意为辨认，辨识，符合题意。答案为identify。3.People tend to make _ a

48、bout you based on your appearance.答疑编号506430010314：针对该题提问 【正确答案】assumption【答案解析】句意：人们容易根据你的外表做出一些假设。本空缺少宾语，应选用名词。assumption为名词，意为假设、假定，符合题意。答案为assumption。4.This new report_ the current situation in our schools.答疑编号506430010315：针对该题提问 【正确答案】represent【答案解析】句意：这篇新闻报道描述了我们学校目前的状况。其中represent，动

49、词，描述、表现，此处要注意时态。答案为represents。5.The performance of each employee is _ once a year.答疑编号506430010316：针对该题提问 【正确答案】evaluated【答案解析】句意：每年，每一位员工的表现每年都会被评估一次。注意此句子中的被动语态，员工绩效被评估，所以动词evaluate 应为被动式evaluated。答案为evaluated。6.We need to ensure that the teaching they receive is _to their needs.答疑编号506430010

50、317：针对该题提问 【正确答案】appropriate【答案解析】句意：我们需要确保他们所接受的教育适合他们的需求。appropriate 是形容词，指的是“合适的”。答案为appropriate。Section C1.That bit of the form is for UK citizens 一 it doesn't apply _ you.答疑编号506430010318：针对该题提问 【正确答案】to【答案解析】译文：表格的那一部分是针对英国公民的，和你没关系。apply to，固定搭配，应用，使用。答案为to。2.Arguments were put

51、_ for changing some of the rules of the game.答疑编号506430010319：针对该题提问 【正确答案】forth【答案解析】译文：争议之所以产生，是因为要修改该项运动的一些规则。put forth，固定搭配，提出，产生。答案为forth。3.When judging his performance, don't take his age _ account.答疑编号506430010320：针对该题提问 【正确答案】into【答案解析】o account ，固定搭配，考虑到，顾及。答案为into。4.H

52、e's universally recognized as an authority _ Russian affairs.答疑编号506430010321：针对该题提问 【正确答案】in【答案解析】译文：在俄罗斯事务方面，他被公认为是一个专家。答案为on。5.Just compare the one that has been cleaned _ the others.答疑编号506430010322：针对该题提问 【正确答案】with【答案解析】compare.with 为固定搭配，把和做对比，比较。compare t。把比作。答案为with。6.Educatio

53、n should be relevant _ the child's needs.答疑编号506430010323：针对该题提问 【正确答案】to【答案解析】be relevant to，固定搭配，有关的，相关的。答案为to。Unit 1 Text BThe language of ConfidenceNew Words confidence n. a belief in your own ability to do things and be successful 自信心program v. to make a person

54、, an animal, etc. to behave in a particular way, so that it happens automatically 训练；培养mastery n. control or power 控制；驾驭destiny n. what happens to somebody or what will happen to them in the future, especially things that they cannot change or avoid 命运；天命；天数dramatically adv.

55、 suddenly, greatly and often surprisingly 巨大地；惊人地；显著地quality n. the standard of something when it is compared to other things like it; how good or bad sth is 质量；品质subconscious adj. connected with feelings that influence your behavior even though you are not aware of them 下意识

56、的；潜意识的please v. to make somebody happy 使满意；使愉快command n. an order given to a person or an animal（给人或动物的）命令knowingly adv. while knowing the truth or likely result of what you are doing 故意地；蓄意地impact n. the powerful effect that something has on somebody/somethin

57、g巨大影响；强大作用matter v. to be important or have an important effect on somebody/something 事关紧要；有重大影响confident adj. feeling sure about your own ability to do things and be successful 自信的；有自信心的sense n. a feeling about something important（对重大事情的）感觉，意识eliminate v. to remove or get rid of something 排