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1、1.3 What Is a ComputerBased Information System授课班级授课班级: :教育技术系教育技术系 20092009级本科级本科授课教师授课教师: :钱钱 研研Lesson 2二手集装箱(1) Six Elements of a ComputerBased Information System The six elements of a computerbased information system are hardware, software, data/information, people, procedures, communications .H

2、ardware means simply the physical equipment .the hardware can not be use until it is connected to other elements.Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task .Without software , the hardware is useless. Data consists of the raw facts and figures

3、 that are processed into information. Information is summarized data or otherwise manipulated data. People operate the computer hardware , they create and use the computer software , and they face ethical issues and decisions regarding the use of information technology . they enter the data and use

4、the information the system generates .They also follow certain procedures when using the hardware and software. description: diskripn n. 描写,描述 accomplish: kmpli v. 完成 documentation: .dkjumentein n. 文件 manual: mnjul a. 手工的,体力的 n. 手册,指南 reference: refrns n. 参考,出处,参照 guide: gaid n. 引导者,指南 v. 指导,支配guide

5、line: gaidlain n. 指引, 大纲 Procedures are descriptions of how things are done ,steps for accomplishing a result. procedures for computer systems appear in documentation manuals ,also known as reference manuals and user guides ,which contain instructions , rules ,and guidelines to follow when using har

6、dware and software. 计算机系统的程序出现在文件手册中，文件手册也被称为参计算机系统的程序出现在文件手册中，文件手册也被称为参考手册和用户指南，在文件手册和用户指南中包含使用计算考手册和用户指南，在文件手册和用户指南中包含使用计算机硬件和软件时的说明书机硬件和软件时的说明书,规则和指南规则和指南. individual: .individjul a. 个别的 n. 个人,个体 microwave: maikruweiv n. 微波 satellite: stlait n. 卫星 element: elimnt n. 成分,要素,元素 Communications :the m

7、anner in which the various individual systems are connectedfor example ,by phone lines ,microwave transmission , or satelliteis an element of the total computer system. 通讯：是指各种各样的私人系统被连接在一起的方式例如，通过电话线，微波传输，或卫星，通讯是整个计算机系统的一个组成部分。 incredibly: inkredbli ad. 难以置信地 complicated: kmplikeitid a. 复杂的 princip

8、le: prinspl n. 原则,原理, 信念 circuitry: s:kitri n. 电路,线路 electricity: ilektrisiti n. 电,电路(2)The Digital Basis of Computers Computers may seem like incredibly complicated devices ,but their underlying principle is simple ,When you open up a microcomputer ,what you see is mainly electronic circuitry ,And

9、what is the most basic statement that can be made about electricity ? It is simply this : It can be either turned on or turned off. 数字化的基础上的计算机数字化的基础上的计算机 计算机可能看起来令人难以置信的复杂的设备，但其基本原理很简单，计算机可能看起来令人难以置信的复杂的设备，但其基本原理很简单，当你打开了一个微电脑，你所看到的，主要是电子电路，我们在制作当你打开了一个微电脑，你所看到的，主要是电子电路，我们在制作电路时最基本的状态是什么呢？它就是这样简单的一

10、条：电路可以是电路时最基本的状态是什么呢？它就是这样简单的一条：电路可以是开启或关掉。开启或关掉。 arrangement: reindmnt n. 安排 digit: didit n. 数字,位数,指头 comfortable: kmftbl a. 舒适的 decimal: desiml a. 十进位的,小数的 binary: bainri a. 二进位的,二元的 In a two-state on/off arrangement ,one state can represent a 1 digit ,the other a 0 digit ,People are most comforta

11、ble with the decimal number system ,which has ten digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). Because computers are based on on/off or other two-state conditions ,they use the binary number system , which consists of only two digits-0and 1. decimal adj.十进制的 the decimal number system: 十进制数制 binary adj.二进制的 the bin

12、ary number system:二进制数制在两个状态开在两个状态开/关的安排中，一种状态可以代表关的安排中，一种状态可以代表1，另一种代表，另一种代表0，人，人们最习惯用十进制数字系统，其中有们最习惯用十进制数字系统，其中有10位数字（位数字（ 0,1,2,3,4,5 ， 6,7,8,9 ） 。因为电脑是基于开。因为电脑是基于开/关或其他两种状态工作的，他们使用关或其他两种状态工作的，他们使用二进制数制，在二进制中只有两位数字二进制数制，在二进制中只有两位数字- 0和和 1 。 numeral: nju:mrl n. 数字,数 digital: diditl a. 数字的n. 数字化 sy

13、nonymous: sinnims a. 同义的 specifically: spisifikli ad.具体的,明确的 discrete: diskri:t a. 不连续的 离散的 计算机 分离 离散 The word digit simply means “numeral” , The word digital is derived from “digit ,”which refers to the fingers people used to count with .Today , however , digital is almost synonymous with “computer

14、based” . More specifically, it refers to communications signals or information represented in a discrete formusually in a binary or twostate way. numeral n.数字 synonymous adj.同义的单词单词digit直接的意思就是直接的意思就是“数字数字“,单词单词digital来源于单词来源于单词digit， digit是指人们用来计数的手指。然而今天，数字化几乎是以计算机为是指人们用来计数的手指。然而今天，数字化几乎是以计算机为基础的同

15、义词基础的同义词 ，更具体地说，它是指以通信信号或代表以离散形式，更具体地说，它是指以通信信号或代表以离散形式存在的信息，数字化通常存在于二进制或两种状态之中。存在的信息，数字化通常存在于二进制或两种状态之中。 character: krikt n. 个性,字符,人物 punctuation: pktjei()n n. 标点correspond: krispnd v. 符合,通信,相当computing: kmpju:ti n. 计算byte: bait 字节 In the binary system ,each 0 and 1 is called a bit-short for binary

16、 digit ,In turn ,bits can be grouped in various combinations to represent characters of data-numbers ,letters ,punctuation marks ,and so on .For example ,the letter H could correspond to the electronic signal 01001000 (that is ,off-on-off-on-off-off-off) .In computing ,a group of 8 bits is called a

17、byte ,and each character is represented by 1 byte. 在二进位制系统中，每个0和1被称作一位,位是二进制数字的缩写, 在转换中, 数位能够以各种各样的形式组合,以此来代表数据中的字符-数字，字母，标点符号等。举例来说，字母h可对应转换成电子信号01001000 ，在运算中，一组8位数字的是被称为一个字节，每个字节代表一个字符。 consist: knsist v. 组成,存在,一致 Digital data, then, consists of data in discrete , discontinuous form-usually 0s an

18、d 1s,This is the method of data representation by which computers process and store data and communicate with one another. 数字数据由离散形式、不连续的形式的数据组成通常是多个0和1，这就是计算机处理数据、存储数据和互相沟通的数据表示的方法。 historically: histrikli ad. 在历史上 phenomena: finmin n. 现象 analog: nl:g n. 类似(模拟量) continuously: kntinjsli ad. 不断地,连续地

19、pressure: pre(r) n. 压力,压强,压迫 continuum: kntinjum n. 连续,连续统,闭连集（3）The Analog Basis of Life Most phenomena of the world are not digtal :They are analog ,having continuously variable values . Sound ,light ,temperature and pressure values ,for instance ,can fall anywhere on a continuum or range .The hig

20、hs ,lows ,and in-between states have historically been represented with analog devices rather than in digital form . analog n.模拟 analog-data模拟数据 模拟生命赖以生存的基础世界上多数的现象不是数字信号：它们是具有连续可变的值的模拟信号，。例如，声，光，温度和压力值，可以在任何地方连续变化或在一个范围内变化。高值，低值和处于中间的值在各国之间有历史上是用模拟装置来表示，而不是在数字形式。 humidity: hju:miditi n. 湿度,湿气mercur

21、y: m:kjuri n. 水银,水星thermometer: mmit(r) n. 温度计sensor: sens n. 传感器，探测器fluctuation: .flktjuein n. 波动,起伏resemble: rizembl v. 相似,类似,像original: ridnl a. 最初的,原始的,有独创性的,原版的cable: keibl n. 电缆,海底电报 Examples of analog devices are humidity recorders , mercury thermometers ,and pressure sensors ,which can measu

22、re continuous fluctuations .Thus ,analog data is transmitted in a continuous form that closely resembles the information it represents .The electrical signals on a telephone line are analogdata representations of the original voices. Telephone , radio , broadcast television , and cable TV have tradi

23、tionally transmitted analog data. 模拟装置的实例湿度记录仪，水银温度计，压力传感器，这些东西可以测量连续波动变化，因此，模拟数据以连续的形式传送着与它所代表的信息十分相似的信息。电话线中的电信号就是用模拟数据去代表原始声音。电话，收音机，广播电视，有线电视都是传统性的传送模拟数据。 versus: v:ss a. 对抗,相对比prep.对；与相对 modem: mudm 调制解调器 Analog versus digital signals , and the modem . (Top) On an analog watch , the hands move continuously around the watch face . On a digital watch , the display changes once each minute . (Bottom) Note the wavy line for an analog signal and