Stephen Hawking's Grand Design《史蒂芬·霍金之大设计（2012）》第一季第一集完整中英文对照剧本

1、大家好 我是史蒂芬·霍金Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking.一个物理学家 宇宙学家 有时还是个梦想家Physicist,cosmologist,and something of a dreamer.虽然我行动不便 也必须通过电脑发声Although I can not move and I have to speak through a computer.但我的思绪却在自♥由♥驰骋In my mind,I am free.得以探索关于宇宙的大哉问Free to explore the most profoun

2、d mysteries of the cosmos.好比宇宙为何是这副模样Such as: Why is the universe the way it is?为何会遵守规则和定律运行Why does it follow rules and laws?为何会有秩序而非混沌一片Why is there order instead of chaos?穷究这些问题 就可解开最深的奥秘Finding out leads us to the very deepest of secrets.找出宇宙万物的核心准则To the one principle that sit the heart of ever

3、ything in the cosmos.欢迎收看Check it out.史蒂芬霍金 大设计第一集 宇宙之钥从国际空间站 鸟瞰南极光The Aurora Australis or Southern Lights seen from the International Space Station.我投♥注♥一生的精力 想解释如此美妙的I've devoted my life to the search for an explanation to such.神秘现象beautiful mysteries.因为我认为 它有助于解开宇宙本身的奥秘B

4、ecause I believe it would lead us to the secrets of the universe itself.这趟探索之旅要探索所谓的"大设计"This is the search for one I call the Grand Design:也就是宇宙之钥The key to the cosmos.好消息是 我们好像已经找到了The good news is,I think we found it.也许吧Almost.这趟旅程相当艰辛Getting here has been quite a journey.一切源于350年前的某一晚I

5、t began one night 350 years ago.地点在英国的剑桥小镇In the small English town of Cambridge.时间是1665年The year was 1665.当时死神在人间肆虐 英格兰受到黑死病的邪恶诅咒Death stroke the land as England fell under the plagues,dark spell.一个名叫牛顿的学生A student called Isaac Newton,fled out.逃离剑桥想躲避威胁To escape the threat.幸好他逃了出来 因为牛顿是很前卫的思想家We fo

6、rtunately got away,because Newton was a radical thinker.勇于用全新的观点来观察宇宙who dare to see the universe in a completely new way.牛顿踏出探索大设计的第一步Newton took the first steps in the search for the Grand Design试图找出支配自然的神秘定律by looking for the mysterious laws that govern nature.他提出一些疑问 万物为何会移♥动&hear

7、ts;或停止He asked,"Why the things move?" "Why do they stop?"最著名的疑问是 万物为何会掉落地面and most famously: "Why do they fall to earth?"你可能认为解答这么简单的问题 并不会改变世界You might not think answer to such simple questions would change the world.但世界确实因此而变了But it did.因为牛顿悟出 宇宙结构深处有股力量Because Newton

8、 realize there was a force outwork deep within the fabrique of the universe.会让所有物质彼此吸引 这就是重力that makes all objects attract one another: the force of gravity.不只是地球上有重力 整个宇宙都有Gravity works not just on Earth but throughout the cosmos.而其强度取决于两个基本条件And its strength depends on just a couple of fundamental

9、 things:物体的质量 以及它们之间的距离The mass of the objects and their distance apart.为找出答案 牛顿发明了全新的数学语言 称为To find these answers,Newton invented a completely new mathematical language,called.微积分The calculus.你不用明白其原理 但能有这种成就就已很了不起You don't need to know how it works,but it wasn't bad.对于一个23岁的年轻人来说for a 23 y

10、ear old.全世界的科学家每天仍在运用微积分Scientists all over the world still use it every day.牛顿的成果让我们得以预测所有事物Newton's work,made it possible to predict everything.从行星绕行恒星的轨道from the orbits of planets around the stars.日食的精确时间and the precise timing of eclipses.到雨滴降落的轨迹to the trajectories of raindrops.当今理论物理学家 所做的研

11、究和牛顿并无二致Today,we theoretical physicists are still doing the same sort of things as Newton.只是幸好我们不用担心黑死病And thankfully we don't have to worry about the plague.虽然研究看来复杂 其实却相当单纯Although our work may seem complex,it's really quite simple.我们纯粹希望能解开We're trying to unravel the hidden mechanism.

12、支配万物的隐藏机制that underlies everything.而我们有此能力 是因为站在伟大科学家的肩上We can only do it just because we stand on the shoulders of giants.这些科学家一点一滴地发现Scientists who piece by piece discovered what makes.宇宙运行的奥秘the universe take.19世纪中期 我的另一位科学偶像Amongst those giants was another of my scientific heroes:他就是詹姆斯·克拉克

13、·麦克斯韦James Clerk Maxwell.麦克斯韦对光非常痴迷Maxwell was fascinated by light.在1861年 让他发明了彩色照相术which in 1861 led to him inventing color photography.但这只是这名杰出人士的成就开端But that was just the beginning of what this remarkable man achieved.在他开始钻研一种全然不同的物理领域后It was when he began to investigate a completely differe

14、nt round of physics.物理学才彻底改变了that everything changed.就是一种奇特得近乎神奇的关联This was the strange,almost magical connection.出现在磁力和电力间的关联between magnetism and electricity.这一点也不复杂There is nothing complicated about it.拿一块磁铁在一段铁线附近移♥动♥Move a magnet near a wire.铁线上就会产生电流and you will cause ele

15、ctricity to flow through the wire.而在铁线上通电后 铁线就具备磁铁的作用Put electricity through a wire,and it would act like a magnet.能让指北针偏移and deflect the compass.那两者间究竟有何关联So what connected them?麦克斯韦的高见是 磁力和电力Maxwell's big idea was that magnetism and electricity.其实是一体两面are actually two facets of the same thing:

16、是一种能量波 且同时具有电与磁的性质a wave of energy that was part electrical part magnetical.他将这种波命名为电磁波He called them: electromagnetic waves.但后来又有意外发现But then came a surprise.数学推导结果显示这种电磁波The mathematics told him this electromagnetic waves.速度极其之快 每秒达30万公里travel at extraordinary speed: 186,000 miles per second.这和已确定

17、的光速完全相同The exact same speed that had already been determined to be the speed of light.这导出一个惊人的结论This led to astounding conclusion:光也是电磁波Light is an electromagnetic wave,too.麦克斯韦将电、磁和光相互关联Maxwell connected electricity,magnetism,and light.创出四组连续方程式in a series of four equations.我认为一项厥功甚伟的发现that I consi

18、der to be one of the greatest discoveries.在科学史上in the history of science.叫麦克斯韦定律的这四组方程式The equations called Maxwell's laws.支配范围极广 从南北极舞动的极光govern everything from the auroras that dawn over the north and south poles.到现代电机通讯科技to the modern electrical and communications technology.驱动着全球that powers

19、the planet.现代世界几乎每一台机器Virtually every machine in the modern world.从电脑 发电厂到洗衣机from the computer to a power station to a washing machine.都根据麦克斯韦揭露的准则运作works to the rules Maxwell reviewed.电磁学可说照亮了全世界Electromagnetism quite literally lights up our planet.很适切地证明了这个人的伟大A fitting testament to a great mind.但

20、光比麦克斯韦所理解的有趣得多But light is much more interesting than is Maxwell himself realized.虽然他不知情Although he didn't know it,但他其实发现了一条大设计的基本线索he had actually uncovered one of the fundamental clues of the Grand Design.这条线索就是光速本身That clue is the speed of light itself.19世纪后期By the late nineteenth century it

21、looked like.宇宙的一些重大奥秘似乎都已一一解开some of the great mysteries of the universe would be all wrapped up.都因牛顿和麦克斯韦的重大发现而解开thanks to the groundbreaking discoveries of Newton and Maxwell.但后来有两名美国物理学家 又在无意间有了意外发现But then two American physicists stumbled into a completely unexpected discovery.艾伯特·迈克尔逊和爱德华&

22、#183;莫利研究Albert Michelson and Edward Morley were investigating.麦克斯韦的发现所代表的含义 也就是光以波的形式行进the implications of Maxwell's revelation that light is a form of wave.速度为每秒30万公里traveling at 186,000 miles per second.他们推想就像水波 是能量在水中行进所产生的波They figured that just as water waves,a wave of energy traveling in

23、water.而声波是能量在空气中行进所产生的波and sound waves,a wave of energy traveling through air.因此光波一定也透过某个东西行进so light waves must also travel through. something.他们把这东西称为"光以太"They called this "something": the luminiferous ether.迈克尔逊和莫利提出宇宙Michelson and Morley proposed that space.包含太阳和地球间的宇宙includi

24、ng the space between the sun and the earth.全都充满这种神奇的以太Was filled with this mysterious ether.他们相信阳光一定是经由以太来They believed that sunlight must travel through the ether.到地球的to reach earth.而由于地球同样绕着太阳运转Since the earth also move around the sun.因此地球也一定在以太中运行They must be traveling through this ether,too.若真如此

25、,这种移♥动♥就会造成所谓的"以太风"If so,this movement would cause what they called an 'ether wind'.以太风吹过地球的表面to blow over the surface of our planet.迈克尔孙和莫利认为 以太风在地球上侦测得到Michelson and Morley believed this ether wind should be detectable here on Earth.因此设计一项实验来测量其作用and design

26、an experiment to measure its effects.他们的实验在狭窄的地下室进行They ran their experiment in a crowded basement.但为了解其原理But to understand the principle behind it.我想我们就请他们出来 到海滩上进行I thought we get them out of the lab and stay out here on the beach.由于地球不断绕着太阳运转Since the earth is constantly orbiting the sun.因此"

27、以太风"就会随时存在then the ether wind would be ever-present.也因此会影响地球上的光速and would effect the speed of light here,on earth.若光束顺着以太风前进If a beam of light was traveling with the ether wind behind them.光的速度应当会比较快the light should move faster.但若光的行进方向正好相反But if light was traveling in the exact opposite direct

28、ion,等于得对抗迎面而来的以太风 那光速应当会减缓and so was fighting oncoming ether wind,the speed of light should slow down.而这两种速度的差异应该可测量出来And the difference between those two speeds should be measurable.但他们测不出任何差异But they couldn't detect any difference.无论光波朝哪个方向Whichever way the light waves were pointing.他们都测不出任何速度

29、增减They couldn't find any slowing down or speeding.这项结果令他们非常不安This result was deeply disturbing.光以太不可能存在The luminiferous ether could not exist.更有甚者 这表示无论往任何方向 光速始终维持恒定What's more,it meant the speed of light must be constant in all directions.现代实验已一再证实这项发现Modern experiments have repeatedly con

30、firmed this discovery.无论光线往任何方向行进 光速永远维持不变The speed of light remains fixed regardless of the direction in which it is traveling.迈克尔孙和莫雷极尴尬地Michelson and Morley were deeply embarrassed.承认错误 以太根本就不存在about having to report they being wrong. The ether simply wasn't there.但这项实验非但不算一无可取But the experim

31、ent wasn't a total disaster.反而成为科学史上极重要的重大错误It's one of the most important mistakes in the history of science.光的行进完全不需介质 这个概念真是怪异Light is a wave that travels through nothing. What a strange idea.而光速恒定不变的这项发现 也非常奇特And the discovery that the speed can not be varied,is also very odd.幸好物理学家都喜欢怪异

32、的事物Likely,we physicists like strange things.因为这种事常有助于获得突破because it often leads to breakthroughs.这项发现有助于取得最重大的突破And this discovery led to the biggest breakthrough of all:光速恒定不变的这项发现The discovery that the speed of light is fixed.会改变科学家对宇宙的所有认知Would challenge everything we scientists believed about th

33、e universe.这得请我的另一位英雄爱因斯坦It would take another of my heroes,Albert Einstein.才能发现光本质的深奥真♥相♥to discover the deep truth about the nature of light.为了解释他是如何办到的 我带大家回到我的童年To explain how he did it,let me take you back to my childhood.我以前的玩具火车 最适合用来解释爱因斯坦的深奥问题My old toy train is a perf

34、ect way of illustrating Einstein's profound question.光速恒定对宇宙的意义of what the fixed speed of light meant for the universe.爱因斯坦先从一个简单的问题开始Einstein started with a simple question:这列小火车的行进速度有多快How fast is something like this little train moving?当时是1950年代 玩具火车的品质并不怎么理想Well,this is the 1950s and toy tra

35、ins weren't all that good.就假设行进速度大约每小时1600米吧So let's say it's traveling at about one mile per hour.但若改变观察点 就会有不同的答案But change way you look at it from. You get a different answer.地球以大约1600公里的时速绕着地轴旋转The earth spins on its axes at around 1,000 miles per hour.所以若从这里看 这列火车的速度就快得很多So,seen fro

36、m up here,my train is actually traveling much faster.当然整体而言 地球绕着太阳旋转 且时速为108000公里Of course,the earth as a whole is orbiting the sun at 67,000 miles per hour.就连太阳也并非静止 而是绕着银河系的中心旋转And even the sun isn't stationary. It is orbiting the center of the milky way.而银河系也在太空中旋转And the Milky Way is moving

37、through space,too.那么火车的行进速度究竟有多快？So how fast is the train really moving?答案完全取决于从哪里观察Well,it all depends on way you see it from.可能是每小时16公里It could be 1 mile per hour,每小时16000米 每小时10800公里1,000 miles per hour,60,000 miles per hour.甚至快好几倍Or many times faster.这是怎么回事？So what's the problem?大家都知道 速度多少是相

38、对于观察点的Anyone can understand that speed is relative to your perspective.不同于玩具火车的车速But when you remember that unlike the speed of the toy train.无论从任何观察点 光速始终保持恒定the speed of light is fixed no matter what your perspective.因此一般的观点就开始瓦解then that common sense view things starts to break down.为了解释原因 爱因斯坦也想

39、象出一列火车To explain why Einstein imagined a train,too.只不过是真实大小的Only his was full-sized.他设计了一项思考实验 探寻像点燃打火机这么简单的事He devised a thought experiment,asking how something as simple as the lighting of a cigarette light tip.为何不同的人会看到不同的结果would look to people with different points of view.他想象有人在车厢中♥央

40、♥玩打火机He imagined a man playing with his lighter in the center of a railway car.车厢两头各有一个人在看being watched by two people at either end.两人与打火机的距离相等Both at exactly the same distance from the lighter.爱因斯坦表示值得探究的问题 不在这两人看见了什么Einstein said the interesting question is not what do these people see.

41、而是何时看见But when do they see it.因为他们都在同一节车厢里以相同的速度前进Because they're in the same car or moving together at the same speed.两名观察的人都在同一时间看见火光the two observers see the light at exactly the same time.但车厢外的人呢？她会看见什么状况？But what about someone outside? What do she see?从她的角度来看 由于火车往前行驶From her perspective,wi

42、th the train moving forward.前面的人需要多一点时间才能看到光束the beam of light needs to travel a little bit further before it reaches the man at the front.而另一方面 往后移♥动♥的火光On the other hand,the light moving towards the man at the back.需要移♥动♥的距离较短 因为后面的人朝着火光移♥动&am

43、p;hearts;has a slightly shorter distance to go,since he is moving towards it.因此她先看见火光传往后面的人 再传到前面的人So,she sees the light reach the man at the back before it hits the chap at the front.有意思的是 行进列车上发生的事What that means is that an event on a moving train.若同在列车上就觉得是同时发生takes place simultaneously if you

44、9;re on the train.但若在月台上就会觉得有时间差But at different times when you're standing on the platform.稍待片刻Stop a moment.想想这件事有何含义and think about the implication of that.这表示我们无法确定 事情是否真的同时发生It means that we can't say if the events really happen at the same time or not.现实本身取决于人的所在位置Reality itself depend

45、s on where you are.把此实验提升到整个宇宙的层次 就会变得更光怪陆离Scale this up to the universe as a whole,and it gets even weirder.若现实取决于人的位置If reality depends on where you are.那宇宙的实际状况又该如何得知Then how can you know what's really going on in the universe.更重要的是 我们查出的几率有多大What's more,what chance do we stand to finding

46、 the key.有关宇宙运作关键 如果我们自己都无法判定了to how the universe works if we can't even tell if.两件事是否同时发生two events are simultaneous or not.别担心 因为幸好爱因斯坦提出了解答Don't worry,because Einstein thankfully came out with the answer.在他著名的狭义相对论当中in his famous theory of special relativity.爱因斯坦提出弹性现实的理论 因为时间本身就有弹性Einste

47、in proposed that reality is flexible because time itself is flexible.这听来可能很怪异 但这种弹性却开启了It might sound strange,but this flexibility is just the start.在物理学上全新的概念of a whole new concept in physics.爱因斯坦继续主张 就像磁性、电力和光线一样Einstein went down to suggest that just like magnetism,electricity and light.时间和空间都在彼此

48、纠结 在他所称作"时空"中both time and space are inextricably linked in what he called "spacetime".而这个时空也有弹性This spacetime is flexible as well.时空的弯曲变形取决于重物的质量It can be bended and warped by the shear mass of heavy things好比恒星、行星like stars,and planets.以及星系and galaxies.但真正神奇的是这类变形也可解释But what

49、9;s really amazing,is this distortions also explain.牛顿多年前所发现的神秘作用力that mysterious force discovered by Newton so many years ago.重力就是时空扭曲的结果Gravity is the warping of spacetime.时空扭曲 听来可能玄得让人摸不着头绪Now,curving space and time may sound tricky wrap your head around.但一点都不玄But it's not.想象一艘船锁定直线航道 正准备渡过平坦

50、的湖面Imagine a boat locked on the straight course across the flat surface of a lake.一座永远无限延伸的湖A lake that stretches away. forever.平坦的湖面就如同未扭曲的时空The flat lake is like undistorted spacetime.现在想象湖面下出现一个大洞Now imagine a giant hole appears beneath the lake.湖水开始排掉and water begins to drain away.湖面因此扭曲 就如时空因行星

51、扭曲一样The lake has become distorted,just as spacetime is by a planet.此作用会将船向洞里拉The effect would be to drag the boat towards the hole.因此船开始绕着洞周围航行so that it begins to curve around it.即使船本身仍设定在直线航行Even though the boat is still being driven in a straight line.这种作用就相当于 巨大恒星或行星And it's exactly that sam

52、e effect a massive star or planet has.对时空产生的作用on spacetime.时空会在星体四周产生扭曲It causes spacetime to distort around it,把物体拉向星体pulling things towards it.因此物体才会坠落地球And that's why things fall to earth:就是因为重力gravity.爱因斯坦深入研究宇宙结构后 看出其深奥的作用原理Einstein had lurked deep into the fabrique of the universe and seen

53、 its inner workings.在他解释光速恒定10年后Ten years after he explained the fixed speed of light.他又发现时空扭曲He discovered that the distortion of space and time.会产生重力 这一自然界的基本作用力produces gravity,a fundamental force of nature.他的研究让人类更接近His work brought us much closer.解开宇宙奥秘的关键to discovering the secret key to the co

54、smos.但接着发生的事却出乎爱因斯坦的意料But not even Einstein was prepared for what happen next.尽管爱因斯坦已开始解开Although Einstein had begun to reveal the universe's隐藏的宇宙机制hidden clockwork,却仍不完全了解其作用原理He still couldn't quite yet see how it operated.他推论光的本质是His theories drawn the nature of light.超快的电磁波 在无垠的宇宙间快速行进as

55、 a super fast electromagnetic wave racing through the emptiness of space.却无法揭露这些电磁波的本质But they revealed nothing about what these waves really are.这项挑战在1919年间 由一名德国理论家接下That challenge was taken up in 1919 by a German theorist,他名叫卡鲁扎 这名追求纯净与优雅的数学家named Theodore Kaluza,a mathematician with a passion fo

56、r purity and elegance.是我英雄榜上的下一名伟大科学家The next great scientist in my pantheon of heroes.卡鲁扎非常认真地钻研各种形式的理论Kaluza was a man who took all forms of theory very seriously indeed.据说他自学 学会了游泳It's said that he taught himself to swim.只读了一本介绍游泳的书solely by reading a book on this subject.卡鲁扎对实际应用理论毫无畏惧Kaluza

57、 was fearless in putting theory into practice.所幸他对游泳的理论了解得很透彻Luckily for Kaluza,the theory of swimming was well understood.但在1919年间 他的一项理论却并非如此But in 1919 that couldn't be said for a theory that explain the universe:这是一项解释宇宙万物的理论A theory of everything.灵感来自于 爱因斯坦成功地解释了重力Inspired by Einstein's success in explaining gravity.卡鲁扎