Four linguistic masters

1、Four linguistic masters-F.De Saussure, M.A.K Halliday, L. Bloomfield, Noam.ChomskyThe father of modern linguistics F . de SaussureFerdinand Mongin de SaussureFerdinand Mongin de Saussure fdin d sosy, was a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics

2、in the 20th century，and have had a monumental impact throughout the humanities and social sciences. Course in General Linguistics (1916) Language that is studied synchronically is studied as a complete system at a given point in time (The AB axis) it sees language as a “state at a particular point i

3、n time. Language studied diachronically is studied in its historical development (The CD axis). It is thus the study of language in terms of how it visibly “changes” in usage. synchronic and diachronicLangue and parolelthe distinction between langue and parole Langue 1).Abstract linguistic system 2)

4、.Relatively stable conventions and rules 3).The subject of linguistic study Parole 1).The realization of language based on Langue 2). Relatively changable3). The actual use in daily life semiotics or “science of signslDe Saussure characterized signs as a relationship between “concept” and “sound” ，t

5、o use de Saussures words，signified and signifier. the concept (e.g., the concept “house-the signified) and the sound of the word “house (signifier) M.A.K Hallidayl1925 born in England. l1947-49, studied at Peking University under professor luochangpei,l1949-50 under Wang Li at Lingnan Universityl195

6、0-63 returning to take a PhD in Chinese Linguistics at Cambridge under the supervision of Gustav Hallam and then J. R. Firth. lhe developed systemic functional grammar, elaborating on the foundations laid by his British teacher J. R. Firth and a group of European linguists of the early 20th century,

7、 the Prague school布拉格学派. l1963 - 1965, he was the director of the Communication Research Center at University College, London. l1976 he moved to Australia as Foundation Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sydney, where he remained until he retired in 1987.Systemic-Functional GrammarlSystem

8、 of system系统的系统lScale of delicacy of system 系统的精密度阶Transitivity 及物性系统lMaterial process 物质过程l john kicked the ball.lMental process 心理过程l john likes Mary.lRelational process 关系过程l John is on the sofa.lBehavioural process 行为过程l john laughed.lVerbal process 言语过程l john said it was cold in the room.lExist

9、ential process 存在过程l there is a cat on the mat.Material process 物质过程lAction process 动作过程l john kicked the ball.lEvent process 事件过程l the train left five minutes ago.Mood 语气DeclarativeIntorrogativeimperativeFunctional grammarlIdeational function 概念功能lInterpersonal function 人际功能lTextual function 语篇功能Ha

10、lliday and SociolinguisticslHe regarded language as a social behaviour.lField of discourse 语场 （与专业领域相关，物理老师讲课，会使用许多诸如光学， 电磁学，速度等术语；而语言学老师则会用到诸如音系学，形态学等术语。）lMode of discourse 语旨 （语言基调和话语角色：军事活动多是居高临下的，政治性宣传多是煽动性的，师生关系中老师多是发问者，而学生多是回答者角色。）lTenor of discourse 语式 口头语和书面语L. bloomfield(1887-1949)l Leonard

11、 Bloomfield was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. 1933-1950 was called Bloomfieldian age. l lHis influential textbook Introduction to the Study of Language (1914), Language, (1933), presented a comprehensive de

12、scription of American structural linguistics. lHe made significant contributions to Germanic language and Indo-European historical Linguistics, Bloomfields approach to linguistics was characterized by its emphasis on the adherence to behaviorism and psychology . l lThe influence of Bloomfieldian str

13、uctural linguistics declined in the late 1950s and 1960s as the theory of Generative Grammar developed by Noam Chomsky came to predominate.Behaviorism and psychology l Learn and use language through a chain of “stimulusresponse-reinforcement”. l l Jill JacklS r . s RlWhen Jill sees an apple and want

14、s to have it, she has a phsical stimulus, (represented by the capital letter S), which gives rise to a verbal response (r) to Jill. For instance, she might say to Jack “Im thirsty”. What she says results in a verbal stimulus to Jack (represented by the small letters). This stimulus, in its turn, lea

15、ds to a non-verbal response from Jack, such as picking the apple for her.Contribution to phonetics and phonologylPhonetics has three branches: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics.l lPhoneme is the minimal unit to distinguish value.N.ChomskyPhotoesChomskys Life(born in Dece

16、mber 7, 1928) , an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist.an institute Professor, who has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1955Main BookslSyntactic Structures (1957) l句法结构lCurrent Issues in Linguistic Theory(1964)当前语言学中的争端l Aspects of the

17、 Theory of Syntax(1965)句法理论的若干问题lLanguage and Mind(1968)语言和心灵lStudies on Semantics in Generative Grammar(1972)生成语法的语义学研究lReflections on Language（1975）语言论 The Innateness Hypothesis天赋假设天赋假设l The Innateness Hypothesis states that there are aspects of linguistic organization that are basic to the human

18、brain and that make it possible for children to acquire linguistic competence in all its complexity with little instruction from family or friends LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE(LAD)语言习得机制lLAD suggests that children are born with an innate faculty for language in general. lIf a child of Chinese parents

19、 is born into an English-speaking community, he acquires English as his native language just as naturally lUniversal grammar and Particular grammarl普遍语法与个别语法lCompetence and performancelCompetence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.lPerformance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.TG Grammer 转换生成语法ltransformationalgenerative grammar(TGG) is “a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences”（一套用来给句子进行结构描写 、 定义明确严格的规则系统） Five stages of development lThe Classical Theory(古典理论)-