汉英对比与翻译讲义

1、汉英对比与翻译CHINESE-ENGLISH COMPARISON AND TRANSLATION目录一）英汉对比 2二）谴词用字 4三）增词减词 6四）标识翻译 9五）词性转换 11六）正反褒贬 13七）直译意译 15八）被动主动 17九）定语从句 20十） 成语翻译 22十一） 主语翻译 25十二）简历翻译 28十三） 长句翻译（英汉） 30（十四）长句翻译（汉英）31（十五）补充练习（汉英）33（十六）补充练习（英汉） 34（一）英汉对比、英汉差异（1）字词层面（2）句子层面（3）文化层面But sometimes players have to realize that this is

2、 kind of a dog- eat-dog league. （ NBA ） 二、形合VS意合例 1.Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.译文：例 2.The wind was sostrong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet.译文：例3他不来，我不去？译文:例4他不老实，我不信任他。 译文: 例5人有脸，树有皮。译文：例6.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 译文： 译家之言For Chinese and Englis

3、h, perhaps one of the most important linguistic distinctions is the contrast between the hypotaxis and parataxis. （ Eugene Nida（1）形合：语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。英语注重形式（形合），因此句子之间大量使用各种关系词（when, which, whose, why, where, how, what ）和连接词（and, but, or, as well as, so that, uni ess, not only 力

4、等等。英语重行合：准确、具体、写实、逻辑性强（2）意合：句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小 精悍。汉语注重意合，不大喜欢用没有实际意义的虚词，只是把事情和意思连接起来，词句之间的关系在 不言之中。汉语重意合：模糊、含蓄、写意，关系微妙，只可意会不可传。中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走，而西方的文化是向准确而具体的方向走。（杨振宁）例7.远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟不惊。译文： look afar, the mountains are green and clear, no sound of stream is heard you

5、 listen near.The flowers remain in full bloom _ spring ' s away,A human being approaches, the bird doesn' t fray.三英汉互译 英译汉：对于英语中的连词和关系词要融合到汉语句子中，变显性为隐性。 例 8： 1. While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns. 译文：例 9.If you confer a benefit ， never remember it ； if you receive

6、one ， remember it always. 译文：例 10：What matters if we have to face some difficulties? Let them blockade（ 封锁） us! Let them blockade us for eight or ten years! By that time all China' s problems will have been solved.译文：例 11： We should have more of the three kinds of foreign-invested ventures. Ther

7、e is no reason to be afraid of them. So long as we keep level-headed, there is no cause for alarm.译文： 汉译英：对于句子间的逻辑关系，采取由隐形变显形的策略，要用适当的连接词或关系词将汉语所隐含的 逻辑关系明示出来。（竹竿T葡萄）例 12. 天太冷，河水都结冰了。译文： 例 13. 人不犯我，我不犯人。译文：例14.有位英国人，他六十岁，既不会说中文，也不了解中国，有一次来到中国旅游五小试身手1. A few of the pictures are worth mentioning both f

8、or their technical excellence and interesting content.2. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.3. 跑得了和尚跑不了庙。4. 我们过了江，进了车站。我

9、买票，他帮忙照看行李。六翻译练习（ 20ms）The automobile has brought many changes in American life-for example, the remarkable growth of the suburbs in the past 25 years as many people who work in the cities now enjoy country living because of good roads and the ease of commuting by automobile.Heavy use of the nation

10、' s highways has created a demand for roadside businesses of various kinds, includingoutdoor movie theaters, where audiences watch films from their automobiles and convenient roadside hotels known as“ motelsM”tels are usually located on main roads near cities and at seaside and other resort area

11、s.They are made up of a series of bedroom-and-bath units and nearby parking spaces. Many of its units are equipped with television and air-conditioning. The number of motels has grown so rapidlyin recent years thattheir total annual in come has surpassed that of America n hotels.（二）谴词用字一. 词本无义遣词用字是一

12、种翻译技巧，也是译者最重要的基本功，在翻译的整个过程中都需要我们对译文的字 词取舍作出正确的判断，形成通顺的文字。鲁迅先生在谈到翻译工作的甘苦时曾说过：我向来总以为翻译 比创作容易，因为至少是无须构想。但到真的一译，就会遇到难关；比如一个名词或动词，写不出，创作 的时候可以回避，翻译上却不成，也还得想，一直弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里面摸一个急于要开箱子的 钥匙，却没有。Wittgenstein : The meaning of word is its use in the Ianguage. ”Firth : Each word whe n used in a new con text is

13、a new word.”林语堂：字是死的，有了上下文才是活的。依靠词典过了头也会出毛病。二. 一词多义 本义与引申义Denotation: the most direct meaning of a word.Conno tati on: figurative meanings and associated meanin gs. 英语转义：Storm1. But his last words brought on another storm.2. His proposal was met by a storm of protest.3. Her singing took New York by

14、storm.4. The soldiers stormed through the streets.5. Their only hope of victory was to storm the enemy camp at night.6. John stormed in the meeting waving a piece of paper about.7. We thought that their quarrel was just a storm in a teacup. 汉语转义：意思我的意思是最好不要推迟开会的时间。 -, it ' better not to postpone

15、 the meeting.她被夸得不好意思。She feltby so much praise.他出卖朋友真不够意思。He was soas to betray his friend.让你久等了，真不好意思。I amto have kept you wait ing so long.他说的话很有意思。What he said was very.三词义的确定根据搭配确定词义：a heavy box a heavy rain heavy clouds heavy news heavy line heavy wine a heavy sea a heavy smoker heavy sleep he

16、avy traffic a very heavy schedule.Heavily armed terrorists She lost heavily at cards.根据语境确定词义We had hopes of developing tourism on quite a big scale. 我们曾希望大规模 旅游业。Botanists have succeeded in developing many new plants.植物学家成功地 The photographer developsall his films. 那位摄影师 。Land animals are thought to

17、 have developed from sea animals.陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物 。I 'd like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point. 在讲下一点之前， 。四具体与抽象 具体译具体1. But when you've learned English, you'll find it a bridge to so much knowledge.2. The invention of printing was a mile-stone in huma

18、n progress.3. If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemy's plans in the bud.4. He bombarded her with questions.5. 中国是世界经济最活跃的地方只有，浦东是国际资本投资的热土 。6. 负责财务的那个女人简直是个母老虎 。7. 美国再也无力承担世界经济龙头 的重任了。化具体为抽象：1.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the colonialists.3. What is learned

19、 in the cradle is carried to the grave.4.China joined the growing list of Asian nations turning their backs on American aircraft-makers.5. 坚持精神文明物质文明两手抓，两手都要硬。toWe musteconomic development on one hand and on the other hand.6. 不要让孩子只知道“ 头悬梁，锥刺股 ，死读书，读死书。 ”译文 1： Don't make the children know nothin

20、g more than "hang the hair. cutting the bottoms; reading only for reading".四小试身手delicate skin delicate upbringing delicate vase改译：delicate chinadelicate healthdelicate diplomatic questiona critic 's delicate perceptiondelicate sense of smelldelicate fooda delicate set of scalesdelicate

21、 differenceI admired your delicate handling of the situation.We're conducting very delicate negotiations.1) .We insist that international trade should not be a one-way-street.2) . Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green

22、 shade4) .20 世纪 90年代以来，美国硅谷成了带动美国经济持续高速发展的发动机 。5) . 银行在巩固了自己的住房贷款之后，又 将目光瞄上 了汽车市场。With its role consolidated in the part of housing loans, these banks.五 .翻译练习( 20ms)Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach to understand the working environment is t

23、o consider an organization as a communications system. An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the f

24、low of information or distort and deceive. When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their cooperation.It is easy to understand the value and importance of open, honest communications and valid information. Yet, few organizations are ab

25、le to function in this manner. In the long run, poor communication will undermine the entire organization. Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking. We must avoid these stupid, shortsighted traps and constantly strive for and open communications syste

26、m with objective information.（三）增词减词隐性（意合）和显性（形合）是汉英语法最大的，带根本性的差异。由于这一差异，就造成了英汉 语翻译时的一个独特技巧：增译和减译问题。一个成熟的译者应该敢于在不损害原意的前提下，适当增译 或减译， 使译文更符合目的语表达习惯。 潘文国： 汉译英可能会减掉某些东西， 但绝对必须增加一些东西； 英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西。译家之言汉译英可能会减掉某些东西，但绝对必须增加一些东西；英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减 掉一些东西。 （潘文国 ）一增词 英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词

27、量上作适当的增加。汉译英：语法需要1）困难终于克服了，大家都很高兴。译文：2）早知道他有病，我就不会叫他来了。译文：3）知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。 fight a hundred battles without defeat know the enemyyourself.win one battle lose one battle if you know yourself leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. lose every battle leave both the enemy yourself

28、 in the dark.4）交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。译文：为了意义完整建国以来 /抗战期间5）幼读三百篇，不求甚解。继学师范，遂奠教书匠之基，及壮，糊口四方，教书为业。 英译汉 ：1) If you think you are beaten, you are.译文：2) .He wanted to learn, to know, and to teach.译文：3) Reading exercises one's eyes; Speaking, one's tongue; while writing, one's min

29、d.5) The had no wish to change the system itself, or if they did, through idealistic, utopian schemes.6) .The leader of the department came to him to undertake the persuasion. 译文：7) . Most people in America, minority people in particular, are convinced that injustices exist in their economic system.

30、译文：二减词 与增词相反，翻译中的减词是为求译文文字简洁流畅，在译文中省去原文需要而译文多余的一些词语。 A horse is a useful animal.Wash your hands before the mealPut your hat on your head.He shrugged his shoulders, and shook his head, but said nothing.译家之言既然见when就当，五步一当，十步一当，当当之声，遂不绝于耳了。”尤其是这样一句：“当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着玛丽布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的时候”，他讥讽道：“两头远得简直要害相思。

31、英译汉：1) Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.2) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the po

32、rt for whichI was bound. 译文： 汉译英省去范畴词 落后状态； 自满情绪； 疯狂行为； 紧张态势； 研究活动；3）大会准备 工作 在继续进行。 译文：4）. 多年来，该国存在严重的 失业现象 。译文：5）一些地区的紧张 态势 依然存在。译文：6）完善社会主义市场经济体制、加强党的执政能力建设 。省略汉语重复的词7）我们公司生产的地毯美丽大方、光彩夺目、富丽堂皇、魅力无穷。8）科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来了新的机遇，也带来了新的挑战。（ 02-9）译文 :三小试身手1). 1). The classical virtues of grace, harmony, an

33、d economy of both means and ends are lost on most Americans.st2). The 21 century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He seesthen seizes markets worldwide.3) She was a tireless activist for racial and sexual equality. She was complex. Her mainmassage was

34、and is ，“ We're like everybody else. And it 's OK to be ourselves( the blind ).”(99/9)译文：4）燕子去了 , 有再来的时候；杨柳枯了 , 有再青春的时候；桃花谢了 , 有再开的时候。但是，聪明的， 你告诉我 , 我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢 ?5) 建行上海分行推出了十大优惠举措，欲在外资非金融机构染指汽车贷款之前，做大自己的汽车贷款。四翻译练习( 25ms)If there ' s a threat of dangerous deflatioangeneral fall inpric

35、es the causes lie as much in Europe and Japan as in the United States. The inevi table collapse of America 'sspeculative boom need not have been especially damaging if the world' s other advanced economies were healthy. Their expanding appetite for imports would havebolstered the United Stat

36、es and so-called emerging market countries, from Brazil to South Korea. The trouble ist healthy.that other advanced economies arenDeflation could emerge from simultaneous slumps in the world 'tshree major economies. Prices drop because there 'toso little global demand chasing too much global

37、 supply everything from steel to shoes. Japan ' s ills are well known its banks are awash in bad loans. Less understood (at least in the United States) is the fact the Europe' s troubles stem significantly from Germany. Germany is EuropeJapa'n s “ sick manis Asia ' s. Only 15 years a

38、go, these countries seemed poisteodassume leadership of the world economy. Now they are dragging it down.（四）公示语翻译随着经济全球化的日益深入，中国对外交往不断增多，近几年随着北京奥运会和上海世博会的日益 临近，越来越多中英对照的标牌和标识语出现在公共场所、旅游景点以及各种宣传资料上。然而，“令人遗憾的是，在这类文字的翻译中，张冠李戴、译文刻板、用词不当等语言错误俯拾皆 是。”在公示语汉英翻译中存在着不少质量问题，有不少噬待解决的难题和需要改进的地方。在宾馆饭 店、旅游景点或博物馆等窗口

39、行业，在公园、街头、商场等公共场所，错误或不规范的外文随处可见。一、动车组上的公示语清洁袋：误译：改译：Airsickness bag动车组候车室：误译：Move the Vehicle Crew Waiting Room改译：全列车各个部位不得吸烟。原译： Smoking in not allowed in every part of the train改译： 请勿大声喧哗，以保持车厢安静。原译： Please do not make much noise, and to keep the trains quiet.改译： 洗脸间设在单号车厢。原译： Toilets are in odd n

40、umbers compartment改译：到站的旅客，请往前门下车。原译： Arriving passengers ， Please forward door alight.改译：更舒适、更时尚、更环保、更美好原译： more comfortable ，more fashionable ， more environmentally and more wonderful 改译： 然而令人遗憾的是，号称设施一流、服务一流的“和谐号”动车组列车上的各类英文标识翻译却是 如此不入流，出现如此多令人匪夷所思的错误确实让人失望。二、公示语翻译纠错在日常生活中 , 错误的英语用法俯拾即是 , 其中最明显的就

41、是公示语的英文翻译，以下是笔者收集 到的一些令人啼笑皆非的翻译，大家平时不妨也多加留意，相信你也肯定会“有所收获” 。出口： 有狗： 残疾人厕所： 化验室： 先下后上 文明乘车： 非紧急情况请止步： 小心地滑： 水深危险，请勿下水游玩： 请勿乱丢果壳纸屑： 检票口：有房： 一次性用品： 民族园： 小心有电：小心碰头：、菜单翻译 夫妻肺片： 忘记小吃店：红烧狮子头 三鲜伊府面：四、公示语翻译练习1. 小心台阶3. 谨防扒手2.4.非公莫入5. 请勿酒后驾车7. 先来先办9. 全天营业6.8.老弱病残孕专座 请勿随地大小便 立等可取11. 禁止一切车辆五、菜单翻译练习10.12.清仓大甩卖小心站台

42、间隙2. 回锅肉片4. 口水鸡1. 德州扒鸡3. 狗不理包子5. 蚂蚁上树6. 法式甜酸西红柿片配黄油鸡蛋粒：7酥炸黑色发酵豆块佐红辣椒蒜汁8铁板特煎外十分熟内七分熟碎牛扒佐青椒段洋葱块：9. 特制甜糯米配日式蜜豆沙及八色澳洲香焙干果：10墨西哥特辣炖过油精致阿根廷小牛肉配当下时蔬：11. 辛辣花椒原生豆酱浓姜红汤土豆米线毛肚香菜小肉球海带白菜鸭舌猪脑生切鱼片猪肉片羊肉 片牛肉片老牛肉片嫩牛肉片牛筋黄喉儿笋子豆皮豆干豆腐杂烩炖：五） 词性转换一词性转换 转性译法是是所有词法翻译中最重要的翻译技能之一。英汉互译中最常见的词性转换是动词名词之 间。二英译汉英语名词转换1. Too much exp

43、osure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.译文：2. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing译文：3. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.4. For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land. 译：5. T

44、here is a growing acceptance by the parents of their children 's socialization and participation in various social activities.试译： 越来越多的老师接受了学生在校外打工的事实。越来越多的社会大众意识到了在住房和教育方面存在的普遍性问题。英语动词的转换6. Antiwar demonstrations, black civil rights protests, women's rights activities, and rebellion by youn

45、g peopleagainst traditional authority characterized in the 1960s.7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 译文：英语形容词的转换10 If you don't watch TV every day, you will be ignorant of the present situation both at home and abroad. 译文：三、汉译英译家之言 动词对任何语言来讲都是重要的，他的重要

46、作用在汉语中尤为突出，展开一篇汉语作品，略与英语作品相比较，我们马上发觉，前者的动词使用频率远远超过后者。（林同济 ）1他请求领导分配他去基层 工作。2我去叫他派一个会计 到这儿来帮助 你算账吧。动词的转换1.这为东南亚各国保持经济持续增长，发展经济合作，创造了重要的前提条件。译文：2我们要确保更有效地利用外资。译文1 :译文2 :3坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础和前提。译文1 :译文2:4市场格局发生了重大变化，引发了新一轮彩电价格大战。译文：名词的转换：6外资企业日前已经成为浦东新区出口增长的拉动力。译文：四. 小试身手1. White policeme n are now ca

47、reful of how they speak and behave towards their fellow black citize ns.2. Variety is a key characteristic of the United States, both geographically and culturally.3. The isolation of the rural world because of the distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the inf

48、ormation media.4要特别重视控制人口、节约资源、保护环境。5. 香港回归祖国，标志着一国两制构想的巨大成功。6. 建立和健全社会保障体系，关系到改革、发展、稳定的大局，意义重大。五. 翻译练习（25ms）As a scourge of the moder n society, obesity has become the world-Keastbicpguet pndblic themain cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war. Since the W

49、orld HealthOrganization labeled obesity an“ epidemic ” in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and fast.Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they fin ally put them off tobacco? Possibly .In the rich world, sales of he

50、althier goods are boo ming and new figures suggest that over the past year America ns got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history. But eve n if America ns are losi ng a few oun ces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a cen tury 

51、9;dini ng to excess. And, everywhere else in the world, people are still pili ng on the pounds. That ' s why there is now aonsensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.六） 正反褒贬一正反译法 正反译法就是把原文的肯定语气翻译成否定语气，或把原文的否定语气翻译成肯定语气的翻译。巧妙运用 反译法，有时候可以“柳暗花明又一村”达到意想不到的效果。Freeze! Wet

52、paint! Keep Upright! Please tender(=offer) exact fare. Frost-free refrigerator.I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man.译文： 经典译例： I am never at a loss for a word; Pitt is never at a loss for the word. 原译：我从来没有因为说错任何话而遭受损失，但他也从来没有因为我说错话而遭受损失？ 改译： 英语肯定汉语否定(1) The proposal was carri

53、ed by a very narrow margin. ( a narrow margin of profit- 薄利)译文：(2) As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.(damp= slightly wet)译文：( 3) The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off.译文： 英语中有一些常用肯定形式的词，往往有否定的含义。这些词在翻译时一般要

54、从反面进行翻译。它们包 括： 动词： miss, neglect, fail, ignore, refrain (from), deny, refuse 名词：failure, ignorance, absenee, lack 形容词： free, absent, last, short副词： too，otherwise 介词： beyond, above, before 连接词： unless, or 等。His ignorance in history resulted in his failure in the interview.译文：The soldiers would fight

55、to death before they surrender.译文：His childhood is free from anxiety.译文：Don 'tcount your chicken before they are hatched.译文：Shallow and conceited, he is the last person our company wants.译文：(4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base, it was an excellent site, i

56、ts remoteness effectively masking its activity.译文：英语否定 汉语肯定(1) Such flights couldn't long escape notice. 译文：(2) The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as joyable as possible.译文：( 3) We could not be more mistaken. 译文：(4) APEC will have to be non-discriminatory and it will hav

57、e to seek to be open rather than closed in its approach.译文：亚太经合组织 ，而其态度上必须是开放的而不是封闭的。(5) China is too large and important a country to take such actions without it being widely noted. 译文：(6) If we do not hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately. ( Benjamin Franklin ) 译文 1： “反说正译”尤其适合一些特殊句式的翻译，包括一些双重否定。(9) Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defec