高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结(最新)

1、高中化学方程式总结目录第一部分金属一碱金属钠 (1钾 (2锂 (3二常见金属镁 (3铝 (3铁 (3三其他金属锰 (4铜 (4钙 (5钡 (5铅 (5锌 (5铍 (5汞 (5第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一卤族元素氟 (5氯 (6溴 (6碘 (6二氮族元素氮 (6磷 (7砷 (8第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一碳族元素碳 (8硅 (8二氧族元素氧 (8硫 (9第四部分有机反应一烃甲烷 (10乙烯 (11乙炔 (11苯 (11甲苯 (12二烃的衍生物溴乙烷 (12乙醇 (12苯酚 (13乙醛 (13乙酸 (14乙酸乙酯 (15三糖类、油脂、蛋白质葡萄糖 (15蔗糖、麦芽糖 (15淀粉、纤维素 (15油脂

2、 (16氨基酸 (16第五部分离子反应 (17第六部分电极反应方程式 (20第七部分热反应方程式 (22第一部分金属一、碱金属Na4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na+O2点燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融=4NaCl+Ti Na2ONa2O+H2O=2NaOH2Na2O+O22O2Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O2Na2O2+2H2O

3、=4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O =2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应 2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀=Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2O=NaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过量+CO2=Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量=NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃 2NaOH+Al2

4、O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量=NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl NaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3 3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H

5、2SO4(浓4+HClH2SO4(浓+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe

6、(OH3+3CO2NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32+O2H2SO4(浓+NaNO34+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaClNa2

7、S、NaHSNa2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O 3Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O 2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O=2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3K

8、K+O2KO22K+2H2O=2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O=2KOHK2O+CO2=K2CO32K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2=KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HCl=KCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2OKI2KI+Cl2=2K

9、Cl+I2KI+AgNO3=AgI+KNO3KAl(SO422KAl(SO42+6NaOH=K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH32KAl(SO42+3Ba(OH2=K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH3KAl(SO42+2Ba(OH2=KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN3+3KClKHKH+H2O=KOH+H2Li+O22O2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2=Li2CO3Li2O+H2O=2LiOH LiOH 2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3+H2O LiOH+CO2=LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl=2LiCl+

10、CO2+H2O LiHCO3LiHCO3+HCl=LiCl+CO2+H2O 2LiHCO32CO3+CO2+H2O二、常见金属Mg2Mg+O2点燃2MgOMg+2H2O=2Mg(OH2+H2Mg+Cl2点燃MgCl22Mg+CO2点燃2MgO+CMg+S=MgSMg+Br2=MgBr2Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融=MgCl2+2Rb MgOMgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2OMgO+H2O=Mg(OH2Mg(OH2Mg(OH2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H2O MgCO3MgCO3+2HCl=

11、2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2O Mg(OH2+CO2MgCO3CO2+MgOMg(HCO32Mg(HCO32+2HCl=MgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO32Mg(OH2+CO2+H2OMgSO4AlAl+3O2点燃2Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO2高温2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高温Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高温Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓Al2(SO43+3SO2+6

12、H2OAl+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+6H2OAl(OH3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3NaOH=Al(OH3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2O=Al(OH3+3NH4Cl2AlCl

13、3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O=4Al(OH3Al2(SO43+3Na2S+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O=4Al(OH3+3CH4Fe2Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl33Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+S3Fe+4H2O(g高温Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2S=FeS+H22Fe+6H

14、2SO4(浓=Fe2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O Fe+H2SO4(稀=FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O 10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O 8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O Fe+(CH3COO2Cu=Cu+(CH3COO2Fe FeO3FeO+2Al Al2O3+3Fe6FeO+O23O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O Fe2O3Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2

15、FeFe2O3+3CO 2Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉 Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH2、Fe(OH34Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH32Fe(OH3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn=2

16、FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl FeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KClFeSFeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H

17、2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2O Fe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应三、其他金属KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O MnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓MnCl2+Cl2+2H2OCu2Cu+O22

18、CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu(OH2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2O Cu(OH2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2S=CuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH2+2NaClCuSO4+H2S=CuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH2=Cu(OH2+BaSO4CaCaO+H2O=Ca(OH2CaO+SiO2高温CaSiO32Ca(OH2+2Cl2=CaCl2

19、+Ca(ClO2+2H2OCa(OH2+SO3=CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体 CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓=CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO42+3H2SO4(浓=3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO42+2H2SO4(浓=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42Ca3(PO42+4H3PO4=3Ca(H2PO42(重钙CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H2BaBa(OH2+CO2=BaCO3+H2OBa(OH2+2CO2(过量=Ba(HCO3

20、2Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PO42+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO32+CO2+H2OPb、PbO2Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO32+H2S=PbS+2HNO3(CH3COO2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOHZnZn+SZnSZn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOH=Na2

21、ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl3=2FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnOZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH2Zn(OH2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2O Zn(OH2ZnO+H2OBeBe+2HCl=BaCl2+H2Be+2NaOH=Na2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH2+2H2OBe(OH2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2OBe(OH2+2NaOH=Na2BO2+2H2OHg3Hg+8HNO3(稀=3Hg(NO32+2NO

22、2+4H2O Hg+4HNO3(浓=Hg(NO32+2NO2+2H2O第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素F2F2+H2=2HF 2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 HF4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2OCl 2Cl 2+H 2=2HCl(光照或点燃 Cl 2+2Na 2NaCl 3Cl 2+2P 2PCl 3 Cl 2+PCl 3PCl 5 3Cl 2 +2Fe 2FeCl 3 Cl 2+CuCuCl 2Cl 2+2FeCl 2=2FeCl 3 2Cl 2+2NaBr =2NaCl+Br 2 Cl 2+2KI =2KCl+I 25Cl 2+I 2+6H 2O =2HIO 3+10HCl Cl

23、 2+Na 2S =2NaCl+S Cl 2+H 2S =2HCl+S Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+H 2SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+H 2O =HCl+HClO Cl 2+H 2O 2=2HCl+O 2Cl 2+2NaOH =NaCl+NaClO+H 2O2Cl 2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl 2+Ca(ClO2+2H 2O 3Cl 2+6KOH(热、浓=5KCl+KClO 3+3H 2O HCl6HCl+2Al =2AlCl 3+3H 2 2HCl+Fe =FeCl 2+H 2 4HCl(浓+MnO 2MnCl 2+Cl

24、 2+2H 2O4HCl(g+O 2 2Cl 2+2H 2O 16HCl+2KMnO 4=2KCl+2MnCl 2+5Cl 2+8H 2O 14HCl+K 2Cr 2O 7=2KCl+2CrCl 3+3Cl 2+7H 2O HCl+NH 3=NH 4Cl(白烟 2HCl+FeO =FeCl 2+3H 2O 6HCl+Fe 2O 3=2FeCl 3+3H 2O 8HCl(浓+Fe 3O 4 FeCl 2+2FeCl 3+4H 2OHCl+Na 3PO 4=Na 2HPO 4+NaCl HCl+Na 2HPO 4=NaH 2PO 4+NaCl HCl+NaH 2PO 4=H 3PO 4+NaCl

25、HCl+Na 2CO 3=NaHCO 3+NaCl HCl+NaHCO 3=NaCl+H 2O+CO 2 HClOHClO=HCl+O2Br 2Br 2+H 2 Br 2+Fe =FeBr 3 Br 2+2FeBr 2=2FeBr 3 Br 2+NaI =NaBr+I 2 Br 2+HI =HBr+I 2 Br 2+H 2O =HBr+HBrOBr 2+NaOH =NaBr+NaBrO+H 2O Br 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HBrBr 2+H 2S =S +2HBr2Br 2+3Na 2CO 3+H 2O =2NaHCO 3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO 2 HBrH

26、Br+NaOH =NaBr+H 2O 2HBr+Cl 2=2HCl+Br 2I 2 I 2+H 22HII 2+Fe FeI 2I 2+2NaOH =NaI+NaIO+H 2O HI 2HIH 2+I 22HI+Cl 2=2HCl+I 2 HI+NaOH =NaI+H 2ON 2 N 2+3H 2催化剂 高温高压2NH 3N 2+O 22NON 2+3Mg点燃Mg 3N 2N 2+6Na =2Na 3NNO 、NO 2、N 2O 5 2NO+O 2=2NO 2NO+NO 2+2NaOH =2NaNO 2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO 和NO 26NO+4NH 3 催化剂 5N 2+6H 2

27、ONO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO24NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2=SO3+NO3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(浓+C CO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO26HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O

28、30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀=3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、(SO23Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O5HNO3(浓+P=H3PO4+5N

29、O2+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀=3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2ONH32NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧点燃2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2催化剂4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO催化剂5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO NH3+HCl=NH4Cl(白烟NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟2NH3+H2SO4=(NH42SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O

30、+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法 2NH3+SO2+H2O=(NH42SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2O NH3H2O NH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH42CO3NH4HCO3=NH3+H2O+CO2(NH42CO3=2NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4Cl=NH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH2CaCl2+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOH=NaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(

31、NH42SO3、(NH42SO4(NH42SO3+SO2+H2O=2NH4HSO3(NH42SO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH42SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2OP2P+3Cl2点燃2PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H234P+5O2点燃P4O10(常写成P2O5P4+20HNO3(浓=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2=H3PO4P2O3、P2O5P2O5+H2O(冷=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热=2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂P2O5+

32、3H2SO4(浓=2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH=2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH=2Na3PO3+3H2OH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO42=3Ca(H2PO42(重钙H3PO4(浓+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBrAs As2O3+6Zn+12HCl=2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(浓=2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2O第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素CC+2F2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl42C+O2(少量点燃2COC+O2(足量点燃

33、CO2C+CO2C+H2O高温CO+H2(生成水煤气2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅C+Si SiC(金刚砂C+2S CS23C+CaO 电炉CaC2+CO3C+SiO2电炉C+2H2SO4(浓CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(浓CO2+4NO2+2H2OCO2CO+O2点燃2CO2CO+CuO 23CO+Fe2O32CO+H2O催化剂CO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg点燃2MgO+CCO2+H2O=H2CO3CO2+2NaOH(过量=Na2CO3+H2O CO2(过量+NaOH=NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH2(过量=CaCO3+H2O 2CO2(过量+Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO3

34、2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2O=Na2CO32CO2+2Na2O2=2Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2O=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法 H2CO3H2CO3=CO2+H2OSiSi(粗+2Cl24SiCl4+2H2Si(纯+4HClSi(粉+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅3C+SiO2电炉SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO2点燃2MgO+Si4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2

35、OSiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2MgSiO2+CaO高温CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃 SiO2+Na2CO3高温Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3高温CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素O2O2+2H2点燃2H2OO2+K KO22O2+3Fe点燃Fe3O4O2+S点燃SO2O2+N 22NO3O22O34P+5O 2点燃2P 2O 5C+O 2(足量点燃CO 2 Si+O 2SiO 24Na+O 2=2Na 2O 2Na 2O+O 22O 2 2Na+O 2=Na 2O 22Mg+

36、O 2 点燃2MgO4Al+3O 2 点燃2Al 2O 3 4NH 3+5O 2 催化剂 4NO+6H 2O2SO 2+O 22SO 3 2CO+O 2点燃2CO 26FeO+O 2 3O 4 2H 2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 44Fe(OH2+O 2+2H 2O =4Fe(OH3 2Na 2SO 3+O 2=2Na 2SO 4 O 32O 3=3O 2O 3+2HI =I 2+O 2+H 2O H 2O2F 2+2H 2O =4HF+O 2 Cl 2+H 2O =HCl+HClO 2Na+2H 2O =2NaOH+H 2 Mg+2H 2O =Mg(OH2+H 23Fe+4H 2O(g

37、高温Fe 3O 4+4H 2 2H 2O 电解 2H 2+O 2 SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3 SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4 3NO 2+H 2O =2HNO 3+NO N 2O 5+H 2O =2HNO 3 P 2O 5+H 2O(冷=2HPO 3 P 2O 5+3H 2O(热=2H 3PO 4 CO 2+H 2O =H 2CO 3 H 2O 22H 2O 2=2H 2O+O 2 H 2O 2+Cl 2=2HCl+O 25H 2O 2+2KMnO 4+6HCl =2MnCl 2+2KCl+5O 2+8H 2OSS+H 2H 2S 2S+C CS 2S+FeFeS S+2CuC

38、u 2S 3S+2AlAl 2S 3S+Zn ZnSS+O 2 点燃SO 2S+6HNO 3(浓=H 2SO 4+6NO 2+2H 2O 3S+4HNO 3(稀=3SO 2+4NO +2H 2O 3S+6NaOH 2Na 2S+Na 2SO 3+3H 2O S+2Na =Na 2S(爆炸 S+Mg =MgSS+Fe FeSS+2H 2SO 4(浓=3SO 2+2H 2O SO 2SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O 2SO 2+O 2 2SO 32SO 2+O 2+2H 2O =2H 2SO 4 SO 2+Cl 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 2+Br 2+2H 2O =

39、H 2SO 4+2HBr SO 2+I 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HI SO 2+NO 2=SO 3+NO SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3SO 2+2NH 3+H 2O =(NH 42SO 3 SO 2+(NH 42SO 3+H 2O =2NH 4HSO 3 SO 2+Ca(OH2=CaSO 3+H 2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO 2和CO 2.可用品红鉴别 2NaOH+SO 2(少量=Na 2SO 3+H 2O NaOH+SO 2(足量=NaHSO 3 Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 3SO 3+H

40、2O =H 2SO 4 SO 3+MgO =MgSO 4 SO 3+Ca(OH2=CaSO 4+H 2O SO 3+Na 2O =Na 2SO 4 SO 3+2KI =K 2SO 3+I 2 H 2SH 2S+Cl 2=2HCl+S H 2S+Mg =MgS+H 22H 2S+3O 2(足量=2SO 2+2H 2O 2H 2S+O 2(少量=2S+2H 2O 2H 2S+SO 2=3S+2H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(浓=S +SO 2+2H 2O H 2S 2+S3H 2S+2HNO 3(稀=3S +2NO+4H 2O5H 2S+2KMnO 4+3H 2SO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2S

41、O 4+5S+8H 2O 3H 2S+K 2Cr 2O 7+4H 2SO 4=Cr 2(SO 43+K 2SO 4+3S+7H 2O H 2S+4Na 2O 2+2H 2O =Na 2SO 4+6NaOH H 2S+Fe =FeS+H 2 H 2S+CuCl 2=CuS +2HCl H 2S+2AgNO 3=Ag 2S +2HNO 3 H 2S+HgCl 2=HgS +2HCl H 2S+Pb(NO 32=PbS +2HNO 3 H 2S+4NO 2=4NO+SO 3+H 2O H 2SO 3H 2SO 3+X 2+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HX(X 表示Cl 2、Br 2、I 2 2H

42、2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 4 H 2SO 3+H 2O 2=H 2SO 4+H 2O5H 2SO 3+2KMnO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+2H 2SO 4+3H 2O H 2SO 3+2FeCl 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2FeCl 2+2HCl H 2SO 3=H 2O+SO 2 2H 2SO 3+2H 2S =3S +2H 2O H 2SO 4Zn+H 2SO 4=ZnSO 4+H 2 Fe+H 2SO 4=FeSO 4+H 2Mg+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 22Al+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 22Al+6H 2SO 4(浓 Al 2(

43、SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2NH 3+H 2SO 4=(NH 42SO 4 2Al+6H 2SO 4(浓Al 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(浓=S +SO 2+2H 2O P 2O 5+3H 2SO 4(浓=2H 3PO 4+3SO 3 BaO 2+H 2SO 4(稀=BaSO 4+H 2O 2 Na 2O 2+H 2SO 4(冷、稀=Na 2SO 4+H 2O 2 MgO+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 2O Al 2O 3+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓+CCO 2+2SO 2+2H 2O2H 2SO

44、4(浓+S =3SO 2+2H 2O6H 2SO 4(浓+2Fe =Fe 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓+Cu4+SO 2+2H 2O H 2SO 4(浓+2HBr SO 2+Br 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(浓+2HISO 2+I 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(浓+CaF 2=CaSO 4+2HF H 2SO 4(浓+NaCl4+HCl H 2SO 4(浓+2NaCl Na 2SO 4+2HClH 2SO 4(浓+NaNO 3NaHSO 4+HNO 33H 2SO 4(浓+Ca 3(PO 42=3CaSO 4+2H 3PO 4 2H 2SO 4(浓+Ca 3(

45、PO 42=2CaSO 4+C a (H 2PO 42第四部分 有机反应甲烷的制取:CH 3COONa+NaOH Na 2CO 3+CH 4烷烃通式:C n H 2n -2(1氧化反应 甲烷的燃烧:CH 4+2O 2 CO 2+2H 2O 甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。 (2取代反应一氯甲烷:CH 4+Cl 2 CH 3Cl+HCl二氯甲烷:CH 3Cl+Cl 2 CH 2Cl 2+HCl三氯甲烷:CH 2Cl 2+Cl 2 CHCl 3+HCl (CHCl 3又叫氯仿四氯化碳:CHCl 3+Cl 2 CCl 4+HCl(3分解反应甲烷分解:CH 4 C+2H 2CaO点燃光光光光高温

46、 图1 乙烯的制取乙烯的制取:CH 3CH 2OH H 2C=CH 2+H 2O 烯烃通式:C n H 2n (1氧化反应乙烯的燃烧:H 2C=CH 2+3O 2 2CO 2+2H 2O 乙烯可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧化反应。 (2加成反应与溴水加成:H 2C=CH 2+Br 2 CH 2Br CH 2Br与氢气加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2 CH 3CH 3与氯化氢加成:H 2C=CH 2+HCl CH 3CH 2Cl与水加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2O CH 3CH 2OH(3聚合反应乙烯加聚,生成聚乙烯:n H 2C=CH n 乙炔的制取:CaC 2+2H 2O HC CH

47、+Ca(OH2 炔烃的通式:C n H 2n-2 (1氧化反应乙炔的燃烧:HC CH+5O 2 4CO 2+2H 2O乙炔可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧化反应。 (2加成反应与溴水加成:HC CH+Br 2HC=CHCHBr=CHBr+Br 2 CHBr 2CHBr 2与氢气加成:HC CH+H 2 H 2C=CH 2与氯化氢加成:HC CH+HCl CH 2=CHCl(3聚合反应氯乙烯加聚,得到聚氯乙烯:n CHn乙炔加聚,得到聚乙炔:n HC n苯的同系物通式:C n H 2n-6(1氧化反应苯的燃烧:2C 6H 6+15O 2 12CO 2+6H 2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪

48、色。 (2取代反应 苯与溴反应(溴苯 硝化反应+HO NO +H 2O (硝基苯苯硝化反应生成硝基苯,它是一种带有苦杏仁味、无色油状液体,有毒。 磺化反应浓硫酸170 高温催化剂 2-CH 2点燃图2 乙炔的制取催化剂Br 2CHClCH=CH点燃+Br +HBr Br NO 2注意:制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集;乙烯、乙炔的加成反应一般都需要催化剂(溴除外。+HO SO 3H +H 2O(苯磺酸 (3加成反应 (环己烷 苯还可以和氯气在紫外光.照射下发生加成反应,生成C 6H 6Cl 6(剧毒农药。(1氧化反应甲苯的燃烧:C 7H 8+9O 2 7CO 2+4H 2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色,但可

49、以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。 (2取代反应甲苯硝化反应生成2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,简称三硝基甲苯,又叫梯恩梯(TNT , 是一种淡黄色晶体,不溶于水。它是一种烈性炸药,广泛用于国防、开矿等。注意:甲苯在光照条件下发生侧链的取代,而在催化剂条件下发生苯环上的取代。(3加成反应 (甲基环己烷纯净的溴乙烷是无色液体,沸点38.4,密度比水大。 (1取代反应溴乙烷的水解:C 2H 5Br+H 2O C 2H 5OH+HBr(2消去反应溴乙烷与NaOH 溶液反应:CH 3CH 2Br+NaOH CH 2=CH 2+NaBr+H 2O注意:检验卤代烃中的卤原子时,需取水解液滴入HNO 3酸化,再滴加AgNO

50、 3 溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH ,二则检验沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。(1与钠反应乙醇与钠反应:2CH 3CH 2OH+2Na 2CH 3CH 2ONa+H 2(乙醇钠(2氧化反应乙醇的燃烧:CH 3CH 2OH+3O 2 2CO 2+3H 2O乙醇的催化氧化:2CH 3CH 2OH+O 2 2CH 3CHO+2H 2O (乙醛点燃+3H 2 催化剂 CH 3| +3HNO 3 浓硫酸O 2N CH 3 | NO 2 | NO 2+3H 2O CH 3 | |SO 3H CH 3 | +3H 2SO 4HO 3S SO 3H +3H 2O +3H 2 催化剂CH 3 |CH 3NaOH醇催化剂注意

51、:甲醇、乙醇为可再生能源,甲醇有毒;乙二醇和丙三醇无色、粘稠、有甜味、与水和酒精以任意比互溶,丙三醇(甘油还有护肤作用。2CH 3CH CH 3+O2 2CH 3C CH 3+2H 2O(丙酮 (3消去反应乙醇在浓硫酸作催化剂的条件下,加热到170生成乙烯。注意:该反应加热到140时,乙醇进行另一种脱水方式,生成乙醚。2C 2H 5OH C 2H 5O C 2H 5+H 2O (乙醚(4取代反应乙醇与卤化氢取代:CH 3CH 2OH+HBr CH 3CH 2Br+H 2O注意:乙醇不可以和卤素单质发生取代反应。 (5酯化反应乙醇与羧酸可以发生酯化反应,生成酯。苯酚是无色晶体,露置在空气中会因氧

52、化显粉红色。苯酚具有特殊的气味,熔点43,水中溶解度不大,易溶于有机溶剂。苯酚有毒,是一种重要的化工原料。 (1苯酚的酸性 (苯酚钠 苯酚(俗称石炭酸的电离:+H 2O +H 3O +苯酚钠与CO 2反应: +CO 2+H 2 +NaHCO 3注意:该反应只能生成NaHCO 3,因为3HCO -酸性弱于苯酚。(2取代反应+3Br 2 +3HBr(三溴苯酚(3显色反应苯酚能和FeCl 3溶液反应,使溶液呈紫色。乙醛是无色,具有刺激性气味的液体,沸点20.8,密度比水小,易挥发。 (1加成反应乙醛与氢气反应:CH 3C H+H 2 CH 3CH 2OH(2氧化反应乙醛的燃烧:2CH 3CHO+5O 2 4CO 2+4H 2O乙醛的催化氧化:2CH 3C H+O 2 2CH 3COOH (乙酸乙醛的银镜反应: OH O - 浓硫酸140OH +H 2O ONa ONa OH OHBrBr OH| Br | O | 催化剂O | 催化剂H +注意:凡是含有羟基的有机物,一般均可与钠反应。 溴水与酚类易取代,不易加成,且易在苯