高考阅读理解中对长难句的理解

1、高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。1Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage it wasn t unusual to hear a man say he didn t know his friend s marriage

2、was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and， but ， or 等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句（ 定语从句） 和副词性从句（状语从句）三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的

3、：so that , for the purpose that , in order that 等；表示结果： sothat ，such that ，as a result , therefore thus 等；表示条件：if ， on condition that ， unless 等；表示原因：because， since ， as 等。【例 l 】 Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduce

4、s the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better 【例2】 We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it isstill out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming ， w

5、hile he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating【例3】 A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the roadand gets hit by a passing car ， as the owner， you have to pay for any damage done to the car ， even if your dog has been killed in the accident【例 4】

6、First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head， and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw （缩回 ） my fullfist without dropping the prize SO dearly won【例5】 It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a

7、result of use of Internet-connectedcomputers ， although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet【例6】 Perhaps t

8、hey will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with theirballalators through the circle, These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply cant think of 二、抓主干、剔从句 一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于

9、理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句 组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，则长难句 就好对付了。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个 长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。如：【例 1 One tiny 9 inch-plant bought for $ in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front doo

10、r.【例 2】 Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention .【例 3】Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented

11、 would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.【例 4】 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for

12、 transplantation.【例 5】First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man i

13、n order to be able t study at the Ecole polytechnique.三、抓关键词关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息，抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。【例 1 Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the program and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet , whether it be cat, dog or snake!【例 2 After their stay, all visitors receive a

14、 survival certificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure .【例 3 The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees （白领雇员 ）,whocan afford the new service, in other w

15、ords, Shanghai s car rent al industry is growing so fast mainlydue to the increasing number of white collar employees .四、恢复原来面貌，理解创新句型难句的另一种形式是各种创新句型，主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调、被动、双重否定等结构。 我们可以利用还原法和消原法，还复杂句型以本来面目，以求顺利理解。【例 1 Excused from recycling （回收禾U用）because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chu

16、te （垃圾道）例 2 Most women, says Rubin, identified （认定）at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.【例 3】 Betty and Harold have been married for years. But one thing still puzzle

17、s old Harold.How is it,he wonders, that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking,go out to a ballgame ,come back three and a half hours later,and they re still sitting on the sofa ,talking?【例 4】 What in the world ,Harold wonders ,do they have to talk about ?Betty shrugs .T

18、alk ? We re friends .练一练Part A1. Jenner discovered that people who worked with cattle often suffered from a harmless disease which they caught from the cattle, but these people never seemed to get smallpox.（上海 1997 B 篇）2. My parents wanted to know if I was sure, if I knew what it meant and whether I

19、 realized that if I gave up my job training , it would be very difficult to get a good job. （ 上海 1997 A 篇）3. Victor Prozorov s disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present, some of whomwere so upset that they shouted at the computer-a better chess player.（ NMETl991 C 篇）4. Deci

20、sion is not unlike poker it often matter not only what you think, but also what others thinkyou think and what you think they think you think. （NMET2000C篇）5. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning read

21、er to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals （ITA） in Salt Lake City.6. Having chosen family television programs and women s magazines, the toothpaste marketer , for instance , must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women s magazines tobe

22、used.7. In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale , had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he wasterribly unhappy.8. Discrimination（歧视）isn t their only concern ; almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington sgene（基因）develops symptoms（ 症状）during middle age , and doctors can do nothi

23、ng to help.9. I can t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth s population grows and we use more andmore of our nonrenewable（ 不能再生的 ）resources , our children may have to lead poorer lives.10. However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relat

24、ively rare and that many liberal-arts students（文科生）graduate with the belief that the prospective（预期的）workplace may not have a place for them.11. His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently （无知地）enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International, a software company , he first heard how

25、 quickly his employees had accepted their newelectronic-mail system.12. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the factthat whether I liked it or not, change was unavoidable.13. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing

26、vandalism（故意破坏行为）,and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares , vandalism did not often occur.which only adds to the pressure to do good job14. Such tasks are generally important in their outcomeand yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how

27、to begin.15. Today it is not unusual for a student， even if he works part time at college and full time duringthe summer ， to have $5,000 in loans（ 贷款 ） after four years loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.16. What emerges（ 浮现 ） is a picture of an environment where the

28、 emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs ， rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.17. Justice does demand that murderers be punished.Andcommon sense demands that society be protectedfrom them. But neither justice nor se

29、lf-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.Part B1 .Their study found that theobromine ， found in cocoa ， was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine ， which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers

30、who published their results online said the discovery couldlead to more effective cough treatment ，“ while coughing is not necessarily harmful（ 有害的 ） it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating thisproblem ，” said Professor Peter Bar

31、nes.According to Professor Barnes ， theobromine.A. cannot be as effective as codeineB. can be harmful to people s healthC. cannot be separated from chocolateD. can be a more effective cure for coughsof the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth s is either ref lected or absorbedby th

32、e gases in the upper the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere， 30% is reflected by clouds orthe Earth s remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.Only a small part of the Sun s energy reaches the Earth s surface becaus e most of it is.A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphereB. refle

33、cted by the gases in the upper atmosphereC. lost in the upper and lower atmosphereD. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakesresponse to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment（Kids in arenow 300， 000 members of Kids FACEworldwide and is the worl

34、d s largest youth environmentalorganization.（1） Kids is.A. a program to help students with writingB. a project of litter recyclingC. a campaign launched by President BushD. a club of environmental protection（2） What can we learn about Poe?A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.B. She donated billboard

35、 across the country.C. She got positive responses for her effortsD. She joined the National Park Service.of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care about studies was the power of his peer（同龄人）group.Why did Tom give up studying?A. He liked his classmates.B. His peer group no longer supporte

36、d him.C. It s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people s something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in m

37、any people, ending in theshopper giving up and walking away , or just buying an unsuitable item（ 商品）that is not really wanted.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business p

38、ersuasion.C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.the only girl in a family of seven children , she often felt like she had “seven fathers , because her six brothers , as well as her father , tried t

39、o control shy and unimportant , she retreated（ 躲避）into her love of reading , she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.Which of the following is TRUE about the girl in her childhood?A. She had seven brothers.B. She felt herself a nobody.C. She was too shy to go

40、to school. D. She did not have any good teachers.may think that eating lunch is the cause of the, in summer , they may think it is the , the realreason lies inside their that timeabout eight hours after you wake upyour body temperature goesis what makes you slow down and feel sleepy.Why do people fe

41、el sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?A. They eat too much for lunch.B. They sleep too little at night.C. Their body temperature becomes lower.D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills , wh

42、ile more women speech may all go back to our ancestors（祖先）,among whom women were needed to takecare of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt, according to one research.Which of the following do you agree with according to the paragraph?A. Young boys may be stronger than young girls.B. M

43、ore women take up jobs requiring speech skillsC. Women may have stronger feelings than men.D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.those days , IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for , a lot of IP , including songs, films ,

44、books and artwork , can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.This practice has now taken the world by storm,dramatically affecting the way in which we view IP rights What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?A. It makes IP rights harder to protect.B. It sells songs and films.C. It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.D. It prevents the production of artwork.(2) According to paragraph 2， what has “ taken the world by storm ”?A. Intellectual property rights.B. The Internet.C. Free