分子生物学名词中英对照

1、分子生物学单词翻译(1). 2'-deoxyribose2'-脱氧核糖A five-carbon sugar that differs from ribose in having a hydrogen instead of a hydroxyl group at the 2'position. The sugar is a distinctive component of DNA, whose backbone is an alternating copolymer of 2'deoxyribose and phosphate.与核糖不同，在2号位由羟基取代氢原

2、子的五碳糖。它是DNA主要识别部分，DNA随着2号位五碳糖和磷酸基团的改变而使其变化。(2). 3' splice site3末端剪接位点A sequence overlapping the junction at the 3' end of an intron and the 5' end of the downstream exon. The sequence is required for proper splicing of that intron and used to be called the "acceptor" site.3末端内含

3、子和5末端下游外显子交界处重叠序列，它要求内含子上“受体”位点的正确剪接。(3). 3' untranslated trailer region (3' UTR)3末端非编码区拖尾A noncoding sequence located downstream (3') of the coding region in an mRNA. The 3' UTR sometimes contains recognition sequences for the binding of cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin, which

4、can localize the mRNA within specific regions of the cell.在mRNA下游编码区的非编码序列。3' UTR有时候还包含细胞骨架蛋白结合识别序列，例如用于细胞内特定区域mRNA本地化的微管蛋白。(4). 5-bromouracil5-溴尿嘧啶A mutagenic analog of the base thymine. The presence of the bromo substituent allows the base to mispair with guanine via the enol tautomer.胸腺嘧啶的一个突

5、变类似物。溴取代基使碱基通过烯醇异构体与鸟嘌呤配对异常。(5). 5' cap5端帽子结构A methylated guanine nucleotide attached to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs. This structure is critical for the recruitment of the translation machinery to eukaryotic mRNAs.一个甲基化的鸟嘌呤核苷酸，附着在真核生物mRNA 5末端。这个结构对真核生物mRNA翻译机制的补充很关键。(6). 5 methyl5' 甲基

6、Refers to the presence of a methyl group (朇H3) at the 5 position of a pyrimidine base. The base thymine has a methyl group at its 5 position.指的是嘧啶碱基5号位的甲基。在胸腺嘧啶5号位有一个甲基。(7). 5' splice site5'剪接位点A sequence overlapping the junction at the 5' end of an intron and the 3' end of the upstr

7、eam exon. The sequence is required for proper splicing of that intron used to be called the "donor" site.5末端内含子和3末端上游外显子的重叠序列，这个序列要求内含子供体位点发生正确的剪接。(8). 10-nm fiber10-nm纤维A form of chromatin in which the DNA is packaged into evenly spaced nucleosomes without interaction between nucleosomes.

8、 Packaging of DNA into this structure is favored by acetylated histones and is more accessible than DNA packaged into 30-nm fiber.一种染色质形式，在这种染色质中，DNA被包装成均匀分布且不存在相互作用的核小体。这种结构在乙酰化的组蛋白中很常见，而且跟DNA被包装成30-nm纤维相比，它更容易形成。(9). -10 region10区Sequence element within a bacterial promoter where DNA melting is in

9、itiated upon isomerization. This element is recognized by the subunit of RNA polymerase. 细菌启动子的序列成分，在这里DNA解链通过易构化开始，这一成分由RNA聚合酶的亚基识别。(10). 10x sequence coverage 10x序列覆盖度The average number of times a random DNA sequence is determined in a whole-genome assembly. It is important to obtain this type of

10、information to ensure that every sequence within a complex genome is obtained. 在全基因组集合中确定的一个随机DNA序列的平均次数。获得这种类型的信息以确保复杂基因组中每一个序列的获得是重要的。(11). 30-nm fiber30nm纤丝A form of chromatin in which nucleosomal DNA is packaged into a higher-order structure that is 30-nm in diameter. Formation of this structure

11、 results in the associated DNA becoming less accessible and is favored by histone H1 to nucleosomal DNA and histones that are not acetylated. 一种染色质形式，核小体DNA包装成直径30纳米的更高一级结构。这种结构的形成导致整合的DNA变得难以接近，并且在组蛋白H1帮助下形成了核小体DNA和没有乙酰化的组蛋白。(12). -30 region-30区Sequence element within a bacterial promoter, recogniz

12、ed by the subunit of RNA polymerase. 细菌启动子的序列成分，由RNA聚合酶的亚基识别。(13). 43S preinitiation complex43S前起始复合物An intermediate in the eukaryotic translation initiation process that includes the small ribosomal subunit, the initiator tRNA, and several initiation factors (e.g., eIF2). 真核翻译起始过程的中间体，其中包括核糖体小亚基，起始

13、tRNA和几个起始因子（如：eIF2）。(14). 48S preinitiation complex48S前起始复合物An intermediate in the eukaryotic translation initiation process that includes the small ribosomal subunit, the initiator tRNA, the mRNA, and several initiation factors. The major difference between the 43S and 48S preinitiation complexes i

14、s the inclusion of the mRNA in the 48S complex.真核翻译起始过程的中间体，其中包括核糖体小亚基，起始tRNA和几个起始因子。43S和48S前起始复合物之间的主要区别是包含在48S复合体中的mRNA。(15). 70S initiation complex70S起始复合体The final intermediate prior to the initiation of prokaryotic translation. This complex includes the small and large ribosomal subunits, the m

15、RNA, and the initiator tRNA in the P site of the ribosome. 最后的中间产物优先于原核生物的翻译起始。这种复合体包括核糖体的大，小亚基，mRNA以及位于核糖体P位点的起始tRNA。(16). 80S initiation complex80S起始复合体The final intermediate prior to the initiation of eukaryotic translation. This complex includes the small and large ribosomal subunits, the mRNA,

16、and the initiator tRNA in the P site of the ribosome. 最后的中间产物优先于原核生物的翻译起始。这种复合体包括核糖体的大，小亚基，mRNA以及位于核糖体P位点的起始tRNA。(17). abortive initiation错误启动Occurs as an early stage in transcription initiation when RNA polymerase synthesizes a series of short transcripts, each starting from the +1 start site. 当RNA

17、聚合酶合成一系列短的转录片段时，作为在转录起始时的一个早期阶段产生，每次从+1起始点开始。(18). Absorbance吸光度The property (also known as optical density) of matter to accommodate light of a specific wavelength (by promoting electrons to a higher energy state) rather than allowing it to pass through. Double-stranded DNA is less effective at abs

18、orbing ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nm than is single-stranded DNA, a property known as hyperchromicity that is used to determine the melting temperature of DNA物质的属性（也称为光密度），以适应特定波长的光（通过促进电子至较高的能态），而不是允许它通过。双链DNA在波长为260nm的紫外吸收度不如单链DNA那么显著，该特性被称作增色，可用于确定DNA的熔化温度。(19). Accommodation适应The p

19、rocess of rotating a tRNA in the A site of the ribosome from its initial position to one in which the tRNA can participate in the peptidyl-transferase reaction.从初始位置旋转tRNA的核糖体A位至tRNA可以参与肽基转移反应的过程。(20). Acridine氮蒽A flat molecule containing several polycyclic rings that intercalates between the bases

20、of DNA and causes frame-shift mutations.一种扁平的分子含有几种在DNA的碱基中插入，导致框架移位突变的多环化合物。(21). activated state：活化状态An intermediate in a chemical reaction that has used the activation energy to reach a state favorable for the reaction.在化学反应中使用了激活能达到良好反应的状态的中间体。(22). activating region：激活区域The region of a transcri

21、ptional activator that interacts with a component of the transcription machinery to increase the rate of transcription.与转录机制的一个组件相交互以增加转录率的转录激活区域。(23). activation energy活化能The amount of energy that must be put into the system for a chemical reaction to proceed from reactants to products.一个化学反应中，从反应物

22、到产物进行时必须放入体系中的能源量。(24). Activator活化剂See transcriptional activator使转录激活(25). ADARSee adenosine deaminase acting on RNA. 腺苷脱氨酶作用于RNA的首字母缩略词。(26). adenine 腺嘌呤A member of the purine family of heterocyclic compounds, which have a double-ring structure. Adenine is one of the four bases typically found in

23、nucleic acids and is capable of pairing with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA. 杂环化合物嘌呤家族中的一员，具双环结构。是核酸中发现的四个代表性碱基之一，在DNA和RNA中分别和胸腺嘧啶、尿嘧啶配对。(27). adenosine deaminase acting on RNA作用于RNA的腺苷酸脱氨酶An enzyme that carries out deamination of adenine bases in RNA to produce the nonstandard base inosine. This

24、is an example of RNA editing, because the inosine can base pair with cytosine, and changing how the message is translated. 一种催化RNA中腺嘌呤碱基发生脱氨基作用以产生非标准碱基肌苷的酶。是RNA编辑的一种，因肌苷可以和胞嘧啶进行碱基配对，并改变信息的翻译。(28). adenylylation腺苷酰化作用The chemical reaction that activates an amino acid prior to its attachment to a tRNA

25、 by attaching AMP to the carboxyl group of the amino acid. This creates a high-energy bond between the AMP and the amino acid. The energy of this bond is conserved during the attachment of the amino acid to the tRNA and eventually drives peptide-bond formation.一种化学反应，通过在氨基酸的羧基上连接AMP来激活氨基酸在其连接物之前连接到t

26、RNA上。过程中AMP和氨基酸之间产生一个高能键，高能键中的能量在氨基酸连接到tRNA过程中被储存并最终驱动肽键的形成。(29). affinity chromatography亲和色谱法A method for the isolation of a specific protein from a complex mixture of proteins. The specific method depends on the property of the protein under study. For example, a DNA-binding protein can be purifie

27、d using oligonucleotides containing the recognition sequence for that protein. 从复杂的蛋白质混合物中分离出特殊蛋白质的一种方法。这种方法取决于研究中蛋白质的性质。如：DNA结合蛋白可以用含有目标蛋白识别序列的寡核苷酸纯化。(30). agarose琼脂糖A neutral, gelatinous substance extracted from the membranes of seaweed. It contains large pore sizes that are ideally suited for the

28、 fractionation of DNA fragments and proteins. 提取自海藻细胞膜的一种中性、凝胶状物质。因其含有大孔径可作为DNA片段和蛋白质分离的理想介质。(31). alleles 等位基因Two versions of the same gene that differ in sequence. Different alleles of genes present in different organisms often give rise to distinct phenotypes. For example, most metazoans are dipl

29、oid and therefore contain two copies of every gene. In some cases these copies, or alleles, encode different versions of the same protein. 区别于序列上的同一基因的不同“版本”。不同有机体中不同的等位基因通常会引起不同表型的发生。例如，大部分多细胞生物是二倍体，每一个基因含有两个“复制本”。在某些情况下这些“复制本”（等位基因）会编码不同“版本”的同一种蛋白质。(32). allosteric effector异位效应物A molecule that bin

30、ds to another and causes a conformational change in the latter that alters its function. A modification (such as phosphorylation) of an atom within the target molecule can also serve as an allosteric effector. 结合到另外一种分子并引起其构象发生改变从而引起功能发生变化的一种分子。对目标分子内一个原子的修饰（如磷酸化作用）也可以充当一种异位效应物。(33). allosteric regu

31、lation 变构调控Regulation of a protein by changing its shape in response to a signal (the allosteric effector). 一个蛋白质的调控是通过改变它的形状来应答一个信号（别构效应物）(34). Allostery变构效应See allosteric regulation.(35). CTDThe carboxy-terminal domain of the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. This domain recognizes the promoter

32、 element called the UP-element and is also the target of several transcriptional activators including CAP.细菌的RNA聚合酶亚基的碳末端区域。这个区域识别叫做上游元件的启动子元件，并且也是包括CAP的一些转录活化子的目标。(36). alternative splicing选择性的拼接describes the situation where a given pre-mRNA can be spliced in different ways to produce different mat

33、ure mRNAs encoding different proteins. Most commonly, alternative versions of a given exon are chosen between. 描述一个给定的前体mRNA可以用不同的方法被拼接产生不同的成熟的mRNA并编码不同的蛋白质的情况。更通常地，一个给定的外显子的选择性的版本在中间被选择。(37). aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨酰tRNA合成酶An enzyme that couples a specific amino acid to the appropriate set of tR

34、NAs.将一个特定的的氨基酸连接到适当的tRNA上的酶。(38). Anaphase后期The period during mitosis or meiosis when paired sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are segregated away from one another. 当在有丝分裂或者减数分裂中，配对的姐妹染色单体或者同源染色体相互分离的时期。(39). Annotation注释(40). Anterior早期的Refers to the portion of an embryo that will form he

35、ad structures in the adult animal. 指胚胎将会在成年的动物中形成头部结构的部分。(41). anti反式Referring to one of two conformations of the glycosidic bond that connects the base to the 1?position of 2?deoxyribose. The glyocosidic bond is in the anti conformation in right-handed, B DNA.指的是糖苷键的两个构象中，与脱氧核糖的位置上的碱基相连的那一种构象。这个糖苷键

36、是反式构象，右手螺旋，B型DNA。(42). antibodies抗体Proteins present in the blood of vertebrates that are part of the body immune system. Antibodies with many different binding specificities are generated by each individual and protect the individual from infection.存在于脊椎动物的血液中的蛋白质，是人体免疫系统的一部分。多种具有不同结合特异性抗体被个体生成，保护人体

37、免于感染。(43). antigen-binding site抗原结合位点The part of an antibody molecule principally responsible for binding and foreign substance.抗体分子的组成部分，主要负责与外来物质结合。(44). antiparallel sheet反相平行 折叠A region of secondary structure found in proteins in which alternative strands of sheet are in opposite orientations.蛋白

38、质二级结构中的一个结构域，其内的 折叠方向相反。(45). antisense RNA反义RNARNA that is transcribed from the opposite strand of DNA in a region overlapping that encodes another transcript. Antisense RNA molecules can base pair with the 搒ense?strand transcripts and therefore often influence gene expression.由一个与编码另一转录本重叠的区域的DNA的

39、互补链转录而来的DNA。反义RNA分子可与反义链转录本碱基互补配对，从而影响基因的表达。(46). antitermination抗终止作用A mechanism of gene regulation which works by overriding signals that would otherwise trigger transcriptional termination.一种基因调控的机制，通过覆盖信号来引发转录终止。(47). aptamer适体The ligand-binding region of a riboswitch. Binding of the small molec

40、ule ligand induces a conformational change that triggers a change in the adjacent expression platform, causing changes in transcription of the attached genes, usually by promoting or overriding attenuation.一个核糖开关配体结合区域。分子配体结合诱导构象变化，触发了相邻的表达平台的改变，导致在所附的基因转录的变化，通常是通过促进或覆盖其衰减作用。(48). architectural prot

41、eins建筑蛋白质Proteins whose primary function is to provide structure to or stabilize a biological complex. DNA-binding proteins are one common class of architectural proteins.主要功能是提供结构于或稳固生物复合体。DNA结合蛋白是一类常见的建筑蛋白质。(49). ArgonauteThe catalytic subunit（亚单位） of the RISC complex of the RNAi（RNA干涉） machinery.

42、 Argonaute is responsible for the cutting (or 搒licing? activity of RISC that destroys target mRNAs. Argonaute是RISC （RNA诱导的沉默复合物）的一个亚基，而RISC具有催化RNA干涉的功能。Argonaute在RISC中的作用是通过剪切去破坏目标mRNA。附：RNA干涉：是由双链RNA（dsRNA）介导的、由特定酶参与的特异性基因沉默现象,它在转录水平、转录后水平和翻译水平上阻断基因的表达。RISC ：RNA诱导的沉默复合物（RNA-induced silencing comple

43、x，RISC）(50). A siteA位点One of three tRNA-binding sites in the ribosome（核糖体）. This is the site on the ribosome that binds to aminoacylated tRNAs. 即氨酰基位点，是核糖体中的三个tRNA结合位点之一。这个位点是接受氨酰tRNA的部位。(51). attenuation弱化。See transcriptional attenuation.attenuation 详见转录弱化作用。附：transcriptional attenuation：转录弱化作用。由于基

44、因内部弱化子的作用，提前终止转录而抑制基因表达。(52). autonomously replicating sequence 自主复制序列A DNA sequence that allows a circular plasmid（质粒） to be replicated. These sequences were originally identified in the genomic DNA of the yeast S. cerevisiae（酿酒酵母S ）and E. coli and have also been identified using the DNA from other

45、 single cell organisms. autonomously replicating sequence基因组中能够充当复制起始位点的DNA序列，能够支持环状质粒在细胞中进行独立复制。这些序列最初在酿酒酵母S和大肠杆菌的染色体组中发现，后来在其他细胞中也发现。(53). autonomous transposons 自主转位子Also see transposons. The distinctive特色的 feature特征 of automomous transposons is that these elements carry all the functions功能 neede

46、d to promote 促进their own recombination重组 (e.g., a functional transposase gene). In contrast, nonautomous transposons require functions provided by other elements. autonomous transposons自主转位子的特征是它自身携带所有促进重组的元件。相反地，非自主的转位子则需要由其他因子提供。附：transposons：转位子，在原核生物的染色体或质粒中存在的转移因子之一。(54). autoradiogram放射自显影图A p

47、hotographic plate containing an image produced by radioactive decay. A common use concerns radiolabeled proteins（放射性标记的蛋白质） or nuclei acids of known molecular weights. The labeled weight standards can be used to isolate RNAs, DNAs, or proteins of a particular size after fractionation on an agaorse o

48、r polyacrylamide gel. autoregulation autoradiogram一种由放射性衰变得到的底片。一般用于测量已知分子量的放射性标记蛋白质或核酸。被标记的的重量标准可用于测量RNA,DNA或者是从琼脂糖或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中分离的蛋白质。(55). autoregulation自身调节Gene control in which a regulatory gene controls its own transcription. A gene can stimulate its own transcription (positive autoregulation) o

49、r inhibit its own transcription (negative autoregulation). autoregulation为基因表达调节的一种形式，是指某基因的产物（蛋白质）调节基因本身的转录。即一个基因能够促进自身的转录或者抑制自身的转录。(56). bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)细菌人工染色体组A segment of DNA that is sufficient to undergo replication during bacterial cell divisions. These DNAs are used as “

50、vectors” for producing recombinant DNAs with large insertions. 一段在细菌细胞分裂时能够充分复制的DNA片段。这些DNA作为载体用于生产可插入大片段的重组DNA。附：生物BAC(Bacterial Artificial Chromosome，细菌人工染色体)文库是含有某种生物体全部基因的随机片段的重组DNA克隆群体，是进行全基因组测序、构建物理图谱、染色体步查、基因筛选及基因图位克隆的基础。(57). bacteriophage噬菌体A virus that infects bacteria. The relative simpli

51、city of these organisms made them a favorite model for early molecular biology studies. 一种感染细菌的病毒，因为结构相对简单所以常在早期生物学研究中被用作模式生物。(58). basal碱基的See basal level transcription.见碱基水平转录。(59). basal level transcription碱基水平转录the level of transcription achieved by a promoter in the absence of regulators.在没有调控子

52、参与下的由启动子完成的转录(60). base analogs碱基类似物Derivatives of bases, such as 5-bromouracil, that are often caused by mispairing and hence are mutagenic.碱基的派生物，例如5-溴尿嘧啶，常常由于碱基的错配产生，因此常作为诱变剂(61). base excision repair碱基切补修复A DNA repair system that removes damaged bases from the DNA. The damaged base is removed by

53、 a DNA glyosylase.一种DNA修复机制，能切除损伤的DNA。损伤的DNA由glyoslase移除。(62). base flipping碱基翻转The ability of a base to protrude from the double helix in an extrahelical configuration. When extruded from the helix, the base can sit in the catalytic cavity of enzymes that methylate bases or remove damaged bases.碱基伸

54、出双螺旋结构外的能力。当碱基从螺旋中伸出，可以结合在酶的催化中心，继而引发碱基甲基化或者移除损伤碱基。(63). basic HLH proteins基本螺旋蛋白See helix-loop-helix.见螺旋-环-螺旋(64). basic zipper基本链See leucine zipper.见亮氨酸zipper(65). Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS)贝克卫斯威德曼综合征A developmental disorder affecting 1 in 15,000. The condition is characterized by overgrowt

55、h and increased susceptibility to a variety of childhood cancers. The syndrome is associated with disrupted expression of genes that would normally be imprinted. 一种15000人中发生一人的发育紊乱。这种情况是由于过度发育和对于多种儿童癌症的敏感度增加所造成的。这种综合征是与正常的标记基因混乱表达有关。(66). bivalent attachment 二价联会This situation occurs when the two ki

56、netochores of a pair of sister chromatids become attached to microtubules emanating from opposing poles of the mitotic spindle. 当一对姐妹染色单体的两个着丝粒由从纺锤体相对的两极发出的微管连接在一起的时候，这种情况会发生。(67). bond angle键角The angle formed between the bonds of two atoms attached to a third, common, atom. 这个角形成于两个原子与第三个共有的原子之间形成的

57、键。(68). boundary element边界元件A regulatory element that limits the action of transcriptional regulators and the spread of nucleosome modifications. Boundary elements are believed to isolate regions of the genome from regulatory interference from neighboring regions. See also insulator. 一种限制转录操纵子的行为和核小体修饰的扩散的调节性原件。边界元件被认为是可以将调控干扰的基因组区域与邻近区域分开。也见insulator。(69). branchiopods叶足动物A group of primitive crustaceans resembling shrimp. The most notable example is Artemia, the brine shrimp, which is also known as the sea monkey. Artemia embryos can arrest as tough spo