医学免疫学名解英文

1、免疫Immune response: the response made by the host to defend itself against the introduction of foreign substances.Antigen: An antigen is any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune system, such as BCR and soluble antibodiesImmunogen - A substance that induces a specific immune r

2、esponse.(All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens)Antigenicity: The ability of a compound to bind with antibodies or cells of the immune system. This binding is highly specific.ImmunogenicityImmunogenicityis the ability of a particular substance, such as anantigenorepitope, t

3、o provoke a specificimmune responsein the body of a human or animal.Hapten半抗原：A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself.EpitopeEpitope is the

4、 portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.TI-AgThymus -independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help in general.TD-AgThymus -dependent ant

5、igens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cellsSuper antigenAn antigen which polyclonally activates some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%). Adjuvants: A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immun

6、ogen. ImmunoglobulinThe Immunoglobulins are globulin which function as antibodies or similar to antibodies in chemical structure.Complementarity determining region (CDR)互补决定区：A complementarity determining region (CDR) is a short amino acid sequence found in the variable domains of antigen receptor (

7、e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular antigen.Complement：A group of serum proteins involved in the control of inflammation, the activation of phagocytes and the lytic attack on cell m

8、embranes. It belongs to the innate immune system, and can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.Common receptor subunitThere is same receptor subunit for cytokine signaling among the different cytokine receptors. e.g. common chainCytokine (CK) : Small soluble proteins th

9、at mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocytes and other cells. Soluble cytokine receptor Soluble cytokine receptor is the extracellular part of the receptor, which can competitively bind to cytokineCytokine storm: Under certain circumstances (

10、e.g. septic shock), large amounts of CKs (such as TNF) are produced, they may be active distant from their site of secretion.Leukocyte differentiation antigen白细胞分化抗原：The cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activation.

11、Cluster of differentiation (CD): Cell surface molecules of leucocytes that are distinguishable with monoclonal antibodies as an immunologic marker.Cell adhesion molecules, CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extracellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICA

12、M-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc. IntegrinIntegrinsare transmembranereceptorsthat mediate the attachment between acelland the tissues that surround it, such as other cells or theextracellular matrix(ECM)SelectinsSelectins(CD62) are a family ofcelladhesionmolecules.MHC主要组织相容性复合物：The major histocompatibility

13、 complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates. It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success. PolymorphismThe phenomenon of having multiple alleles at given genetic

14、 locus in the populationSomatic hypermutation体细胞高度突变：Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a mechanism inside cells that is part of the way the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements which confront it (for example, microbes). ITAMAnimmunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif(ITAM) is a cons

15、erved sequence of fouramino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of theimmune system.Negative selection负选择：The death of autoimmune lymphocytes shortly after they develop. Also known as clonal deletion. Positive selection: Double positive cells that b

16、ind, with moderate affinity, to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells survive. DP cell acquire MHC restriction though positive selection.Foxp3A member of the FOX proteinfamily, FOXP3 appears to function as a master transcription factor in the development and function ofregulatory T cells.APC：A variety of ce

17、ll types specialized in the presentation of peptide-MHC to lymphocytes, causing either tolerance or immunity. Cross-presentationClass I MHC molecules present exogenous Ags to CD8+ T cells.Immunological synapseWhen the TCR complex recognizes MHC-associated peptides on an APC, several T cell surface p

18、roteins and intracellular signaling molecules are rapidly mobilized to the site of T cell-APC contact. This region of physical contact between the T cell and the APC has been called the immunological synapse Anergy无反应性：Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the bodys

19、defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. Regulatory T cell调节性T细胞：Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and ther

20、eby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens. AICD激活诱导的细胞死亡：activation-induced cell death (AICD) recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated activation, preventing their overgrowth.Class switchingClass switching is a b

21、iological mechanism that changes a B cells production ofantibodyfrom one class to anotherCentral tolerance is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self during their development in thymus and bone marrow.Secondary Antibody: An antibody that binds to

22、 primary antibodies or antibody fragments. They are typically labeled with probes that make them useful for detection, purification or cell sorting applications.Affinity（亲和力） Strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single Ab combining siteAvidity（亲合力） The overall streng

23、th of binding between an Ag with many determinants and multivalent AbsELISA (Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) An immunological test, using an enzyme as a label to determine presence of target protein.ELISPOT (Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent spot) A common method for monitoring immune responses in hu

24、mans and animals. At appropriate conditions the ELISPOT assay allows visualization of the secretary product of individual activated or responding cells. Immuno-labeling techniquesSpecific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluorescein, enzymes or radioisotopes are used as probes for the detection of Ags (o

25、r Abs).Artificial active immunization: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity. Active immunization results in the production of antibodies directed against the infecting agent or its toxic products; it may also initiate cellular immunity.Artificial passive immunization: Immun

26、ization may be accomplished passively by administering either performed immunoreactive serum (Abs, CKs) or cells.Vaccine: Administration of an antigen for active production of immunity is called artificial active immunization. The agent used for artificial active immunization is called vaccine.Plann

27、ed immunization: A rational program of childhood immunization against infectious disease, when many of the most damaging and preventable infections normally appear.ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy is the approach to balance or intervene the immunologic function in order to fight against the disease by the

28、 principle of immunology.Pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)Pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) are a primitive part of theimmune system. They areproteins expressed by cells of theinnate immune systemto identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), which are associated with microbialpathog

29、ensor cellular stress, as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are associated with cell components released during cell damage.antigen,Ag抗原immunogenicity免疫原性immunoreactivity免疫反应性complete antigen完全抗原incomplete antigen,hapten不完全抗原，半抗原antigenic specificity抗原特异性epitope,antigenic d

30、eterminant抗原表位，抗原决定基antigenic valence抗原结合价sequential epitope,linear epitope顺序表位，线性表位conformational apitope构象表位common apitope共同抗原表位cross-reaction交叉反应cross antigen交叉抗原conformation分子构象accessibility易接近性thymus dependent antigen,TD-Ag胸腺依赖性抗原thymus independent antigen,TI-Ag非胸腺依赖性抗原heterophilic antigen异嗜性抗原

31、xenogenic antigen异种抗原allogenic antigen同种异型抗原autoantigen自身抗原idiotypic antigen独特型抗原endogenous antigen内源性抗原exogenous antigen外源性抗原allergen变应原tolerogen耐受原stimulator免疫刺激剂superantigen超抗原adjuvant佐剂mitogen丝裂原antibody抗体immunoglobilin免疫球蛋白class类type型variable region可变区,V区constant region恒定区，C区hypervariable regio

32、n,HVR高变区complementarity determining region,CDR互补决定区antigen-binding site抗原结合部位framework region,FR骨架区hinge region铰链区joining chainJ链secretory piece,SP,secretory component,S C分泌片，分泌成分papain木瓜蛋白酶pepsin胃蛋白酶fragment of antigen binding,Fab抗原结合片段fragment crystallizable,Fc可结晶片段isotype同种型allotype同种异型idiotype,I

33、d独特型idiotope独特位anti-idiotype antibody,AId独特性抗体opsonization调理作用antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,ADCC抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用macroglobulin巨球蛋白polyclonal antibody,pAb多克隆抗体monoclonal antibody,mAb单克隆抗体complement,C补体complement regulatory protein补体调节蛋白complement receptor,CR补体受体classical pathway经典途径C5 c

34、onvertaseC5转化酶membrane attack complex,MAC攻膜复合物alternative pathway旁路途径，替代激活途径lectin pathway,MBL pathway凝集素途径mannose-binding lectin,MBL甘露糖结合凝集素ficolin ,FCN纤维胶原素MBL-associated serine protease,MASPMBL相关丝氨酸蛋白酶C1 inhibitor,C1INHC1抑制物C4 binding protein,C4bpC4结合蛋白decay-accelerating factor ,DAF衰变加速因子immune a

35、dherence免疫黏附cytokine细胞因子autocrine自分泌paracrine旁分泌endocrine内分泌pleiotropism多效性redundancy重叠性synergy协同性antagonoism拮抗性interleukin,IL白细胞介素colony-stimulating factor,CSF集落刺激因子interferon,IFN干扰素tumor necrosis factor,TNF肿瘤坏死因子growth factor,GF生长因子chemokine趋化因子class1 cytokine receptor family1类细胞因子受体家族class 2 cyto

36、kine receptor family2类细胞因子受体家族tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,TNFRSF肿瘤坏死因子受体家族Ig superfamily receptor,Ig SFR免疫球蛋白超家族受体chemokine receptor family趋化因子受体家族cytokine storm细胞因子风暴cell surface marker细胞表面标记human leukocyte differentiation antigen,HLDA人白细胞分化抗原lineage谱系cluster of differentiation,CD分化c

37、ell adhension molecule,CAM细胞黏附分子extracellular matrix,ECM细胞外基质immunoglobulin superfamily,IgSF免疫球蛋白超家族integrin family整合素家族selectin family选择素家族lymphocyte homing receptor,LHR淋巴细胞归巢受体HEV高内皮微静脉major histocompatibility complex主要组织相容性复合体human leukocyte antigen人类白细胞抗原B2 microglobulin,b2m微球蛋白polymorphism多态性HL

38、A genotypingHLA基因分型haplotype单体型linkage disequilibrium连锁不平衡anchor position锚定位anchor residue锚定残基MHC restrictionMHC限制性cross-matching交叉配合B lymphocyteB淋巴细胞bursa of Fabricius禽类法氏囊B cell receptor,BCRB细胞受体gene rearrengement基因重排gene segment基因片段recombinase重组酶recombination activating gene,RAG重组激活酶基因recombinati

39、on signal sequence,RSS重组信号序列terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase,TdT末端脱氧核苷酸序列allelic exclusion等位排斥isotype exclusion同型排斥combinational diversity组合多样性junctional diversity连接多样性receptor editing受体编辑somatic hypermutation体细胞高频突变pro-BCR前B细胞受体pro-B cell祖B细胞pre-B cell前B细胞immature B cell未成熟B细胞mature B cell成熟B细

40、胞clone deletion克隆清除anergy失能immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif,ITAM免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序coreceptor共受体co-stimulatory molecule共刺激分子self-renewal自我更新polyreactivity多反应性natural antibody天然抗体plasma cell浆细胞memory B cell记忆B细胞regulatory B cell调节性B细胞T lymphocyteT淋巴细胞thymus胸腺hematopoietic,HSC骨髓多能造血干细胞lymphoid progenitor cell淋巴样祖细胞double negative cell,DN cell双阴性细胞double positive cell,DP cell双阳性细胞sigle positive cell,SP cell单阳性细胞positive selection阳性选择negative selection阴性选择immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif,ITIM免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序phytohem