【COPD英文课件】Air Quality, Climate Change and Public Health

1、Air QualityClimate Change Training ModuleAir Quality, Climate Change and Public HealthMinnesota Climate and Health ProgramMinnesota Department of HealthEnvironmental Impacts Analysis UnitOctober 2021625 Robert Street NorthPO Box 64975St. Paul, MN 55164-0975NoticeMDH developed this presentation based

2、 on scientific research published in peer-reviewed journals. References for information can be found in the relevant slides and/or at the end of the presentation.2Outline Introduction to Air Quality and Public Health Climate Changes in MN Climate Change and Air Quality Particulate matter Ground-leve

3、l ozone Allergens Public Health/Government Strategies 3Air Quality and Public HealthHistoryIn the twelfth century, air pollution was already associated with urban environments and their higher population densities1948, Donora, PA smog event:20 dead, 4,000 hospitalized1952, “Great Smog in London, Eng

4、land4,000+ excess deaths during 5 day event (Dec 5 9, 1952)12,000+ excess deaths estimated due to persisting effects between Dec 1952 Feb 19534London, Dec 5-9, 1952Donora, Oct 26-29, 1948Air Quality and Public HealthAir quality has been improving From 2001 to 2021:Ground-level ozone is 13% lowerYear

5、-round particle pollution is 24% lowerShort-term particle pollution is 28% lowerHowever, we still have a ways to goHealth impacts occur at lower levels of air pollutants than previously thought41% of U.S. population lives in counties that have unhealthful levels of either ground-level ozone or parti

6、cle pollutionRamsey County received an “F in the American Lung Association 2021 State of the Air report for short-term particle pollution5Air Quality and Public Health6People can be affected by poor air quality because of exposure and/or sensitivity Persons affected due to exposure:Certain occupatio

7、ns, such as professional drivers (trucks, taxis), parking lot attendants, construction workers and others living and working near pollution sourcesAthletes and outdoor workers on high pollution days Persons affected due to sensitivity: Have existing health conditions:Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmo

8、nary Disease (COPD)Heart diseaseAllergiesYoung children Elderly Introduction to Air Quality and Public Health Climate Changes in Minnesota Climate Changes and Air Quality Particulate matter Ground-level ozone Allergens Public Health/Government Strategies 78Weather versus Climate Weather: conditions

9、of the atmosphere over a short period of time Climate: conditions of the atmosphere over long periods of time (30-year standard averaging period)Climate Changes9There have been three recent significant observed climate trends in Minnesota: The average temperature is increasing The average number of

10、days with a high dew point may be increasing The character of precipitation is changingClimate Changes: Temperature10Temperature has been rising in Minnesota.Climate Changes: Temperature11Three significant observations in this overall warming: Winter temperatures have been rising about twice as fast

11、 as annual average temperatures Minimum or overnight low temperatures have been rising faster than the maximum temperature, or daytime high Since the early 1980s, the temperature has risen slightly over 1F in southern Minnesota to a little over 2F in much of the northern part of the state Climate Ch

12、anges: Dew Point12 Dew point definition: Dew point is a measure of water vapor in the air The higher the dew point, the more difficult it is for peoples sweat to evaporate, which is how we cool ourselves The number of days with high dew point temperatures ( 70F) may be increasing in MinnesotaClimate

13、 Changes: Dew Point13Source: Dr. Mark Seeley, Climatologist, University of MinnesotaClimate Changes: Precipitation14On average, the total precipitation in the state has increased since the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s.Climate Changes: Precipitation15 The character of precipitation in Minnesota is chan

14、ging More localized, heavy precipitation events Potential to cause both increased flooding and droughtClimate ChangesWhat do the trends mean?Extreme Weather: Increased extreme heat events and reduced cooling overnight Increased intense, localized storms and flooding Increased localized drought and f

15、iresChanging ecosystems: Earlier ice out Earlier flowering and longer growing season16Climate Change17Climate changes have not only brought Minnesota an earlier growing season but changes in the types of plants that will thrive hereOutline Introduction to Air Quality and Public Health Climate Change

16、 in Minnesota Climate Change and Air Quality Particulate matter Ground-level ozone Allergens Public Health/Government Strategies18Climate Change and Air QualityOne study estimates that each one degree Celsius (1.8F) increase in temperature would cause about 1,000 additional deaths in the US associat

17、ed with air pollution. (Jacobson, 2021)19Climate Change and Air QualityClimate change may affect exposures to air pollutants by: Creating both more windiness and more air stagnation eventsIncreasing temperatures which . . . Increase pollution from fossil fuel combustion to meet electricity demand fo

18、r increased air conditioner useIncrease production of natural sources of air pollutant emissionsIncrease formation of ground-level ozoneLengthening the allergy season, creating more potent allergens20Outline Introduction to Air Quality and Public Health Climate Change in Minnesota Climate Change and

19、 Air Quality Particulate matter Ground-level ozone Allergens Public Health/Government Strategies21Particulate MatterParticulate matter is a major pollutant for which concentrations are anticipated to be affected by climate change, and is therefore emphasized for public health impacts.Particulate mat

20、ter comes in different sizes (coarse and fine) from a number of sources including: Dust and other small particles from construction, mining and agriculture Pollen Fine particles from burning fossil fuels in factories, power plants, and diesel- and gasoline-powered motor vehicles22Particulate MatterP

21、articulate matter (PM) can have serious health impacts Effects of acute exposure : Short-term decrease in lung functionExacerbation of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases Hospitalizations and deaths Effects of long term exposure:Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases Cardiopulmonary and lung ca

22、ncer deaths23Potential health effects of PM exposure, increased risk of:impaired respiratory functionchronic cough bronchitischest illnesschronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)pneumoniacardiovascular diseasesallergic disease and asthmacardiopulmonary diseases cancerParticulate MatterPopulation

23、s at risk of health effects from particulate matter At risk from exposure: Persons living or working in urban areas, especially near high-traffic corridors and/or stationary sources of PM (such as factories or power plants) At risk from sensitivity: Persons with respiratory and cardiovascular diseas

24、esElderly and children Persons with asthma and/or allergies24Particulate MatterClimate change may affect exposures to PM by: Increasing emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants due to demand for electricity for coolingIncreasing natural sources of air pollutant emissionsWildfire smoke induced b

25、y drought and heat25Particulate Matter262021 Boundary Waters Canoe Area wildfire burned nearly 145 square miles and costs reached $21 million. Smoke and ash spread as far as northeast Wisconsin and Traverse City, Michigan. (MPR News, 2021)Outline Introduction to Air Quality and Public Health Climate

26、 Change in Minnesota Climate Change and Air Quality Particulate matter Ground-level ozone Allergens Public Health/Government Strategies27Ground-Level Ozone Ground-level ozone is a main pollutant for which concentrations are anticipated to be affected by climate change, and is therefore emphasized fo

27、r public health impacts. Ground-level ozone is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the presence of sunlight and heat.28Source: American Lung AssociationGround-Level OzoneGround-level ozone exposure is linked to harmful respiratory conditions and ca

28、rdiopulmonary impacts Short-term exposure to elevated ozone can lead to hospitalizations or death Long-term exposure to lower levels of ozone can decrease lung function, and may also cause new-onset asthma Elevated ozone levels can exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma and allergies29Ground-Le

29、vel OzonePopulations at risk of health effects from ground-level ozone: At risk from exposure: Healthy people, especially athletes and outdoor workers in landscape and construction who may be exposed to higher levels of ozone for longer periods of time on high pollution days At risk from sensitivity

30、: Persons with respiratory and cardiovascular diseasesOlder adults and children 30Ground-Level OzoneClimate change could significantly increase summertime ground-level ozone by: Increasing temperatures Creating stagnant air conditions Affecting natural sources of air pollutant emissions (biogenic VO

31、Cs) Overall, increase poor air quality index (AQI) days Effect is most likely during the summer months, downwind of urban areas 31Minnesota Pollution Control AgencyAir Quality Index/ Outline Introduction to Air Quality and Public Health Climate Change in Minnesota Climate Change and Air Quality Part

32、iculate matter Ground-level ozone Allergens Public Health/Government Strategies32Allergens33 An allergy is the bodys immune system overreacting to certain substances Common allergens that may be affected by climate changes include: Pollen Mold Approximately 25 million Americans suffer from hay fever

33、 (allergic rhinitis) It costs approximately $11.2 billion per year to treat allergic rhinitis in the U.S.Giant Ragweed plantSource: Mary Jelks, MD, AAAAIAllergens Allergens can affect persons with allergies and asthma Allergens can interact with air pollution to amplify their individual effects: Whe

34、n ground-level ozone levels are high, it takes much less ragweed pollen to trigger an asthmatic or allergic response Particulate matter also increases allergic responses by extending how long the allergens stay in the body34Climate Change Impacts on Pollen35TemperatureCarbon dioxidePrecipitationClim

35、ate change impacts on pollen: Increased pollen production, longer pollen season, increased potency airborne allergens Proliferation of weedy plant species that are known producers of allergenic pollen Introduction of new allergen-producing plant species Allergens: Pollen36 Allergenic pollen will be

36、worse in urban areas: up to 7x higher than surrounding rural areas Minneapolis has already experienced a 16 day increase in length of ragweed pollen season from 1995 to 2021Check pollen report at / Allergens: Pollen37Source: National Wildlife Federation, 2021Allergens: Mold Mold growth is enhanced b

37、y moisture Increase in precipitation/floods Increase in temperature and/or humidity Increase in plant growth/plant biomass decay (leaf litter) Improper installation or management of air conditioning systems can create conditions ripe for mold Mold can cause coughing, wheezing, nasal and throat condi

38、tions, and adversely affect persons with asthma or weakened immune systems38Extensive mold contamination of ceiling and walls(Source Terry Brennan, :/)Outline Introduction to Air Quality and Public Health Climate Change in Minnesota Climate Change and Air Quality Particulate matter Ground-level ozon

39、e Allergens Public Health/Government Strategies39Public Health/Govt StrategiesMitigationEffective policies to mitigate health impacts from exposure to air pollutants focus on the reduction of air pollutant emissions Reduce production of harmful air pollutantsImprove energy efficiencyUse alternatives

40、 to fossil fuelsReduce combustion of fossil fuelsReduce urban heat island effectMaintain green space40Example of urban heat island mitigation:Target Center Green RoofMinneapolis, MNPublic Health/Govt StrategiesAdaptationPolicies/strategies to adapt to health impacts from exposure to air pollutants i

41、nclude: Monitor AQI days Promote awareness Support public health tracking of diseases such as asthma and allergic disease Utilize low allergenic pollen producing plants for landscaping41SummaryMinnesotas climate is changing: Increases in temperature Increases in high dew point temperaturesIncreases

42、in extreme precipitation eventsClimate changes will likely increase:Particulate matterFormation of ozonePollen and moldCertain populations are at greater risk from exposure to pollution and allergens, especially those with existing respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, the elderly, and children

43、Public health awareness, education and coordinated mitigation planning with other agencies can reduce the health impacts42Thank YouQuestions?43Contact Minnesota Climate and Health Program:651-201-4893651-201-5759 TTY October 3, 2021Acknowledgements44This work was supported by cooperative agreement 5

44、UE1EH000738 from the Centers for Disease Control and PreventionSpecial thanks to the following people for their contributions to the creation of this training module:Wendy Brunner, Minnesota Department of HealthHillary Carpenter, Minnesota Department of Health Anne Claflin, Minnesota Pollution Contr

45、ol AgencyGregory Pratt, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Naomi Shinoda, Minnesota Department of Health References45Amann, Swart, Raes, Tuinstra. 2004. A good climate for clean air: linkages between climate change and air pollution. Climatic Change 66: 263269.American Lung Association. 2021a. Asthm

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57、action of the onset of spring and elevated atmospheric CO2 on ragweed pollen production. Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 865-869.Seeley M. 2021. Climate Trends and Climate Change in Minnesota: A Review. Minnesota State Climatology Office. Available online: State Climatology Office. Department

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