英汉互译课件

1、n一、词字对等 (X-P22)Marxism 马克思主义 Aspirin 阿司匹林radar 雷达New York 纽约 Peking University 北京大学激光 laser白血病 leukemian三、一词多义cousin堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿president总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长carry搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧n四、词语搭配 (F-P9-13)1) run a race 参加赛跑2) run for presidency竞选总统 3) run to sbs aid 赶去帮助某人4) ru

2、n aground（船）搁浅 5) run wild发狂 6) run to extremes 走向极端7) run the streets流浪街头8) run a hare 追捕野兔追捕坐车不买票的人13) run oil 提炼石油14) run sb into difficulties使某人陷入困境 15) run the risk of 冒着的危险16) run ones eyes down a list 匆匆看一下单子17) run a simile too far把一个明喻用得牵强附会18) run a fever 发烧19) run a sword through sb用刀刺穿某人

3、20) run a thread through an eyelet 把线穿过小孔21) run ones head into a wall撞南墙，碰壁22) The idea runs in his mind. 这个念头萦绕在他的脑海里。23) The street runs north. 大街向北延伸。24) The news runs rapidly in the town. 这个消息迅速在镇上传开。1)上班 to go to work; to be on duty 2)上报 to appear in the newspaper3)上膘 (of animal) to become fat

4、4)上场 to appear on the stage (court) 5)上当 to be taken in6)上灯 to light the lamp7)上吊 to hang oneself 8)上冻 to freeze9)上坟 to visit a grave to honor the memory of the dead10)上供 to offer up a sacrifice 11)上钩 to rise to the bait 12)上火 to get angry 13)上进 to make progress 14)上课 to attend class 15)上口 to be sui

5、table for reading aloud16)上路 to set out on a journey 17)上马 to mount a horse 18)上门 to visit; to shut the door19)上年纪 to be getting on in years 20)上任 to take up an official post 21)上台 to come to power22)上膛 (of a gun) to be loaded 23)上相（上照）to come out well in a photograph; to be photogenic24)上刑 to put s

6、b to torture 25)上演 to perform 26)上阵 to go into battle 27)上瘾 to be addicted (to sth)28)干部要能上能下。A cadre should be ready to take a lower as well as a higher post.29)随函附上2角钱邮票1张。Enclosed herewith is a 20-fen stamp.30)这一盘你上。You play this game.31)行李还没上架。The luggage has not been put on the rack yet.32)我来给门

7、上漆。Let me paint the door.33)这事已上了电视。It has been publicized on TV.34)表该上了。The watch needs winding.35)一连上了好几道菜。Several courses were served in succession. 1) man and his wife丈夫丈夫和妻子2) officers and men官和兵兵3) his man Friday他的仆人仆人礼拜五（丹尼尔迪福鲁滨逊漂流记）man男子汉男子汉sophisticatedsophisticated狡黠的狡黠的老练的老练的sophisticated

8、高度精密的高度精密的尖端尖端n五、上下文意义 (contextual meaning) 所谓表达得体就是使译文恰如其分，不仅和原文的意思相符而且和原文的风格相符。如何在翻译中做到表达得体？1. 一定要联系上下文，这是确定词义、表达得体的基础。2. 注意文字表达的分寸与褒贬。3. 活用词典，即不能照抄词典上的译文。只能根据各种词典所赋予的基本意思，融会贯通，自己创造出恰如其分的措词或词典上碰巧合适的译文。4. 充分发挥汉语和英语的优势，使译文更地道，做到精益求精。英、汉语各有自己的优势。如汉语中四字成语很多，使用得当，无疑会使译文大生光彩。另外汉语的同义词很丰富，选准了就会文语得体，选错了就会酿

9、成笑话。1) He was badly wounded in the head. 他头部头部受重伤。2) You should use your head a bit.你该用一下自己的头脑头脑。3) He has a good head for mathematics.他的数学能力能力很强。4) The dinner cost us five dollars a head.这顿饭花去我们每人每人5块钱。5) Prick with the head of a needle.用针尖针尖挑。6) He was standing at the head of the staircase.他站在楼梯的顶

10、端顶端。7) Lets discuss the question under five heads.让我们分5个题目题目来讨论这个问题。8) The head of his bed was piled with books.他的床头头堆满了书。9) Present at the meeting were the heads of government of the four countries.出席会议的有4国政府的首脑首脑。10) Go and ask the head of our department.问我们系的头头去。11) Heads of tails?正面正面还是反面？12) Wh

11、ere is the head?厕所厕所在哪里？（船上用语）1)这娃娃头头真大。The baby has got a big head.2)她正在梳头头。She was combing her hair.3)他的女儿在山头头上玩。His daughter is playing on the top of the hill.4)一辆小车停在桥西头头。A car was parked at the west end of the bridge.5)让我从头头讲起吧。Let me tell the story from the very beginning.6)他把铅笔头头扔了。He has thr

12、own away the pencil stub (stump).7)她是我们组的头头儿。She is the head (chief) of our group.8)他们是一头头儿的。They are on the same side.9)事情不能只顾一头头。We mustnt pay attention to only one aspect of the matter.10)这还是我头头一次来杭州呢。This is the first time I have been in Hangzhou.11)我们有30头头牛。We have thirty head(s) of cattle.the

13、previous1) Please tell me, if you can help me.= Please tell me in case you can help us. 如果你能帮助我们，请告诉我一下。= Please tell me whether you can help us.请告诉我，你是否能帮助我们。2) Im sure Ill beat John this time.= Im sure Ill defeat John this time. 我这次肯定会（在比赛中）战胜约翰。= Im sure Ill hit John this time. 我这次肯定要揍约翰一顿。3) We

14、have no spring here.= We have no spring season here.我们这里没有春天。= We have no mechanical spring here.我们这里没有弹簧。= We have no fountain here.我们这里没有泉水。4) He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. (F-P18-19)我们又一次领受了他那广博的广博的知识、丰富的丰富的经验和无穷的无穷的智慧。5) In every Chinese city, we got in

15、to the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.在中国我们每到一个城市，就逛逛大街、逛逛商店、逛逛公园、上上剧场、下下饭馆。 英美动物学家把所有动物分为三大类，即predator, prey和scavenger。predator指靠捕食其它动物为生的，如虎、狼。prey是指为其它动物所捕食的，如野兔、山羊。scavenger是指自己不杀生，专吃别的动物杀死的动物的，如秃鹫、鬣狗。中国动物学家没有这种分法，因而这三个词汉语都没有相应的对等词。翻译时就需要创造，或用解释来进行释义。如：predator以猎食其它动物为生的动物 (Fan-

16、P24)prey被别的动物捕食的动物scavenger吃死动物的动物 这种释义清楚明确，也可以为读者所接受，但不是翻译。这时需要进行创造。创造时要注意两个原则：一是意思准确明白，一是易为读者所接受。如把predator 译为“掠夺者”或“掠夺动物”，就不能为汉语读者所接受。因为读者不明白是什么意思。若把predator译为“食肉动物”，prey译为“食草动物”，这种译法可以为汉语读者所接受，但意思不明确。因为predator的主要特点是“杀生”，不是“食肉”。老鼠偷吃也包括肉食，但不杀生，不能算 predator。prey的特点是“被吃”而不是“吃草”。有的动物既是 predator (因捕食

17、其它动物)又是prey(被另一动物捕食)，如蛇吃青蛙、田鼠，是predator，但又被鹰吃，所以又是prey。又有人把predator译成“猛兽”“猛禽”，这当然符合汉语习惯，因汉语本来就有猛兽、猛禽这类词，但用它来翻译predator不合适，也不准确。蜘蛛是predator，但它既不是猛禽更不是猛兽。麻雀有时也捕食小虫，也是predator但谁也不把麻雀叫做猛禽。有人把scavenger译成“食腐动物”，这也不准确。因为从汉语字面上看给人一种印象，即这种动物专吃腐烂的食物。其实不然。scavenger 的特点是它自己不杀生，而专吃别的动物杀死后吃剩下的东西，并不是吃腐烂的尸体。因此上述几种译

18、法都不理想，都是不可取的。根据上述原则可以考虑把这三个词翻译如下：predator猎食动物prey被食动物scavenger 食尸动物六、原文与译文在文体、语域、比喻形象和感情色彩上的对应 (F-P16)1) to go to sleep长眠2) to be no more没了，不在了3) to close ones eyes闭眼，合眼4) to lay down ones life献身5) to die a martyr牺牲6) to expire逝世7) to pass away去世，与世长辞8) to end ones day寿终9) to breathe ones last咽气，断气1

19、0) to go west归西天，归西11) to come to a violent death横死，凶死，强死，死于非命12) to give up the ghost见阎王13) to kick the bucket翘辫子，翻白眼14) to kick up ones heels蹬腿，伸腿15) to answer the last call授命16) to abandon the world弃世，谢世17) to pay the debt of nature了解尘缘18) to depart to the world of shadows命归黄泉19) to pass over to

20、the great beyond跨鹤西游（见马克思）20) to go to glory（尊翁）仙游，仙逝21) to return to dust入土22) to join the choir invisible入寂，归寂23) to release souls from suffering超度24) to go to Nirvana去极乐世界25) to demise崩，薨Unit 4 Conversion 词类转换CONVERSION在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行词类转换，如：把原文中的名词转换为动词，把原文中的副词转换为介词，等等。(F-P66)CONVERSION1. Viet

21、namese War is a drain on American resources.越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。（名转动）2. The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。（名转动）CONVERSION3. I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时侯他总是不断地鼓励我。4. Millions of the peop

22、le in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。（介转动）CONVERSION5. What are you after?你追求什么？（介转动）6. It was a very informative meeting.会上透露了许多信息。（形转动）CONVERSION7. It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the meeting.官方宣布，巴黎应邀出席会议。（副转名）8. I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝

23、酒，也不抽烟。（名转动）CONVERSION9. He objected that the plan is not practical.他反对的理由是：这个计划不现实。（动转名）10. The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 贸易的巨增给两国带来了益处。（动+副 转 形+名）CONVERSION11. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in t

24、his direction.有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很好的评价。（动+副 转 动+形+名）CONVERSION12. Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。（副转形）13. We have known a similar past of humiliation and exploitation.在过去，我们都同样遭受到凌辱和剥削。（形转副）CONVERSION14. We are enemies of all wars, but above al

25、l of dynastic wars.我们反对一切战争，特别是反对王朝战争。（系表结构+of 转 动）CONVERSION15. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.目前我国各地对各种消费品的需要量已大大增加。（形+名 转 副+动）CONVERSION16. What kind of sailor are you?你晕不晕船？(be a bad sailor 晕船；be a good sailor 不晕船)（形+名 转 动）17. Paren

26、ts love of children is perfect and minute.父母爱子女无微不至。（名+介 转 动）CONVERSION18. On these issues, Stalin was subjective and one-sided.斯大林在这些问题上，陷入了主观性和片面性。（系表结构 转 动宾结构）CONVERSION19. It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.生于社会，不能脱离社会。（be+形+of 转 动）CONVERSION20. The delegates at th

27、e conference unanimously expressed their determination to oppose hegemonism on the part of that superpower.会上，代表们一致表示坚决地反对那个超级大国的霸权主义。（名转副）CONVERSION21. Thousands of Chinese overseas have asked to be permitted to return to China, but they have met with all sorts of unreasonable obstacles, which have

28、 prevented them from returning to their motherland.成千上万的中国侨民要求回国，但受到种种无理阻挠，以致不能回到祖国。（定转状）CONVERSION22. For 20 years we were passive witness to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.我们在20年内坐视原料价格下跌与工业品价格暴涨。（形+名 转 副+动）CONVERSION2

29、3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。（名转形）CONVERSION24. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。Xu Beihongs drawings (paintings) of horses are exceptionally good.（动 转 名+of）25.“一定要少说空话，多做工作。”“There must be less empty talk and more hard work.” （副+动+宾 转 形+主）CONVERSION26. 林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁。Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.（副+动 转 形+名；动转名）CONVERSION27. 我儿子拉洋车。(F-P68)M