北京交通大学英汉翻译基础第二单元遣词法U2_Diction

1、Diction 遣词用字遣词用字一、教学重点：一、教学重点： 1.1.语境在翻译中的重要性语境在翻译中的重要性 2.2.英汉词字层次对等关系英汉词字层次对等关系 3.3.词义的选择和引申词义的选择和引申二、教学内容：二、教学内容：1.1.英汉词字层次对等关系英汉词字层次对等关系2.2.英语词义辨析法英语词义辨析法3.3.词义的选择词义的选择4.4.词义的引申词义的引申Idioms Related to the Animals猫哭老鼠猫哭老鼠-假慈悲假慈悲 牛头不对马嘴牛头不对马嘴 骑虎难下骑虎难下 兔子不吃窝边草兔子不吃窝边草 shed crocodile tears totally irre

2、levant have a wolf by the ears; in a dilemma The fox preys farthest from home. Idioms Related to the Animals车水马龙车水马龙杯弓蛇影杯弓蛇影马到成功马到成功 endless stream of horses and carriages - heavy traffic (on the street); a flow of traffic; be crowded with people and vehicles an illusory snake in a goblet to win suc

3、cess immediately upon arrival; to gain an immediate victory; to win instant success .wish you every success . Idioms Related to the Animals 替罪羊替罪羊猴精猴精的猴精猴精的闻鸡起舞闻鸡起舞挂羊头卖狗肉挂羊头卖狗肉猪猪狗不如狗不如 鸡毛蒜皮的小事儿鸡毛蒜皮的小事儿披着羊皮的狼披着羊皮的狼猴年马月猴年马月偷鸡摸狗偷鸡摸狗人怕出名猪怕壮人怕出名猪怕壮 落汤鸡落汤鸡痛打落水狗痛打落水狗 替罪羊替罪羊scapegoat披着羊皮的狼披着羊皮的狼猴精猴精的猴精猴精的 a

4、 wolf in sheeps skin ; a wolf in the disguise of 猴年马月猴年马月canny, shrewddonkeys years鸡毛蒜皮鸡毛蒜皮petty (or trifling) things; trifles 落汤鸡落汤鸡(look like) a drowned rat挂羊头卖狗肉挂羊头卖狗肉 to offer to give or sell sth. that is inferior to what you claim it to be偷鸡摸狗偷鸡摸狗on the sly猪狗不如猪狗不如act like a bruteIdioms Related

5、 to the Animals Idioms Related to the Animals 痛打落水狗痛打落水狗 to beat a drowning dog; to attack someone already down in his luck 人怕出名猪怕壮人怕出名猪怕壮 fame invites trouble for men just as fattening does for pigs闻鸡起舞闻鸡起舞 rising up upon hearing the crow of a rooster to practise sword playing; be roused into actio

6、nQuestion: After discussing the above phrases and idioms in both languages, what differences have you found between the two cultures mentioned? What proper words should be used in the target language?. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word2、Judging from the References1) t

7、hird person pronouns; indefinite pronouns: some, any, each, both; definite pronouns: much, many, few, little He (father) sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself . 他送约翰上大学，巴望能让他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子儿子出类拔莽。出类拔莽。2、Judging from the References2) demonstrative pronouns: this, tha

8、t, these, those; demonstrative adverbs: here, there, now, then, etc. Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为健康比财富更重要，因为财富财富不能像不能像健康健康那样给人那么多幸福。那样给人那么多幸福。. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word. Methods of Discriminating the Orig

9、inal Meaning of an English Word2、Judging from the References3) references of comparison I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable. 我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿欢穿灰衬衫灰衬衫. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word3、Judging from the Contex

10、t and CollocationnHis plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生发生故障故障)nModem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生产生升力升力 )nInspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod.

11、 ( 研制研制避雷针避雷针)nA hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations. (得出得出论断论断)nMost of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育培育新品种新品种)nSeveral attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit. (开采开采矿床矿床) . Meth

12、ods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word4、Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties n“base”: “词根词根” in lexicology; “本金本金” in business; “底涂底涂” in painting; “基线基线” in survey; “根据地根据地” in military science The lathe should be set on a firm base. 车床应安装在坚实的车床应安装在坚实的底

13、座底座上。上。(机械机械) AB is the base of the triangle ABC. AB线是三角形线是三角形 ABC的的底边底边。 ( 数学数学) He is on the second base. 他在二他在二垒垒。（体育）。（体育） nsoft music nsoft woodnsoft hatnsoft answernsoft heartnsoft firensoft wordsnsoft drinknsoft lightnsoft goodsnsoft cushionnsoft breezen轻柔的音乐轻柔的音乐n软木软木n呢帽呢帽n委婉的回答委婉的回答n易感动的心易感

14、动的心n文火文火n和蔼的话和蔼的话n不含酒精的饮料不含酒精的饮料n柔和的灯光柔和的灯光n毛织品毛织品n靠垫靠垫n和风和风. Diction 词义的选择词义的选择nlight musicnlight lossnlight stepnlight heartnlight carnlight outfitnlight worknlight mannernlight voicen轻音乐轻音乐n轻微的损失轻微的损失n轻快的脚步轻快的脚步n轻松的心情轻松的心情n轻便的轿车轻便的轿车n轻巧的装备轻巧的装备n轻松的工作轻松的工作n轻浮的举止轻浮的举止n轻柔的声音轻柔的声音. Diction 词义的选择词义的选择

15、将词义作抽象化的引伸将词义作抽象化的引伸1、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词nThere is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既帝国主义者的性格既残暴残暴，又，又狡猾狡猾。 这里把这里把tiger（老虎）和（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴残暴”和和“狡狡猾猾”。nEvery life has its roses and

16、 thorns. 每个人的生活都有每个人的生活都有苦和甜苦和甜。 这里把这里把roses（玫瑰）和（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜甜”和和“苦苦”。. 词义的引申词义的引申2、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词nIn fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitlers storm troops go

17、ose-stepped into power in Furt in 1930. 事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三公众的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的冲锋队员就年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀耀武扬威地夺取了武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。菲尔特镇的权力。 To goosestep 是从名词是从名词Goosestep（鹅步；正步）转化来的动（鹅步；正步）转化来的动词，本作词，本作“鹅步走鹅步走”或或“正步走正步走”解，这里解，这里goose-stepped into根据例句上下文引伸为根据例句上下文引伸为“耀

18、武扬威地夺取耀武扬威地夺取”。nSee-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。，一直没有明朗化。 see-sawing是从是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为解，这里根

19、据上下文引伸为“两种情况不断两种情况不断地交替出现地交替出现”。 将词义作具体化的引伸将词义作具体化的引伸1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。 nAs the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the Presidents Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 在政

20、治局向勃列日涅夫开放在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯绿灯时，时， 尼克松和基辛尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。nVietnam was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖敲门砖。他担任政府。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。. 词义的引申词义的

21、引申n It was a girl with good manners.？nThese were all labeled as good eggs. ？ nDogs are often regarded as mans good friends. ？ nShe is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher. ？Time to Practicen It was a girl with good manners.这是一位举止这是一位举止得体的得体的姑娘。姑娘。nThese we

22、re all labeled as good eggs.这些都被标为这些都被标为新鲜的新鲜的鸡蛋。鸡蛋。nDogs are often regarded as mans good friends. 狗经常被认为是人们的狗经常被认为是人们的忠实忠实朋友。朋友。nShe is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher. 她是一个她是一个虔诚的虔诚的基督徒，一个基督徒，一个慈爱的慈爱的母亲，一个母亲，一个贤惠的贤惠的妻子，一个妻子，一个孝顺的孝顺的女儿，一个女儿，一个合格的合格的教

23、师。教师。Time to Practice老老战士战士 老老领导领导 老老师傅师傅 老老黄牛黄牛(比喻勤勤比喻勤勤恳恳做事而不恳恳做事而不计名利的人计名利的人 )老老芹菜芹菜老老皇历皇历老老生常谈生常谈老老捣乱捣乱a veteran a senior leader a master craftsman a willing ox (diligent and conscientious person)overgrown celery last year calendar commonplacealways make trouble申请申请书书报告报告书书协议协议书书 成绩通知成绩通知书书 (使用使

24、用)说明说明书书成交确认成交确认书书 电视机使用说明电视机使用说明书书白皮白皮书书家家书书 letter of application report agreement grade report directions sales confirmation television operation guide white book a letter from home n密码密码n口水口水n救火救火n洗牌洗牌n大片大片n早恋早恋n青春痘青春痘n方便面方便面n隐形眼镜隐形眼镜n流动资金流动资金n买一赠一买一赠一n*secret coden*mouth watern*to save a firen*

25、to wash the playing cardsn*big movien*early loven*youth spotn*convenient noodlesn*invisible glassesn*circulating fundsn*buy one, present onen密码密码n口水口水n救火救火n洗牌洗牌n大片大片n早恋早恋n青春痘青春痘n方便面方便面n隐形眼镜隐形眼镜n流动资金流动资金n买一赠一买一赠一npasswordnsaliva slav nto fight a firento shuffle the playing cardsnblockbusternpuppy lov

26、enacneninstant noodlesncontact lensesnworking capitalnbuy one and get one freen密码密码n口水口水n救火救火n洗牌洗牌n大片大片n早恋早恋n青春痘青春痘n方便面方便面n隐形眼镜隐形眼镜n流动资金流动资金n买一赠一买一赠一n*secret coden*mouth watern*to save a firen*to wash the playing cardsn*big movien*early loven*youth spotn*convenient noodlesn*invisible glassesn*circul

27、ating fundsn*buy one, present onenpasswordnsaliva slav nto fight a firento shuffle the playing cardsnblockbusternpuppy lovenacneninstant noodlesncontact lensesnworking capitalnbuy one and get one freen酸奶酸奶n绿豆绿豆n食言食言n戴绿帽戴绿帽n黄色书籍黄色书籍n*sour milk (酸牛奶酸牛奶)n*green bean （四季豆）（四季豆）n*to eat ones words (承认自承认

28、自己说错话己说错话)n*have/wear a green bonnet (生意失败生意失败/破产破产)n*yellow bookn酸奶酸奶n绿豆绿豆n食言食言n戴绿帽戴绿帽n黄色书籍黄色书籍nyoghurtnmung beannbreak ones promise/wordnbe a cuckoldndirty/adult bookn酸奶酸奶n绿豆绿豆n食言食言n戴绿帽戴绿帽n黄色书籍黄色书籍n*sour milk (酸牛奶酸牛奶)n*green bean （四季（四季豆）豆）n*to eat ones words (承认自己说错话承认自己说错话)n*have/wear a green bo

29、nnet (生意失败生意失败/破破产产)n*yellow booknyoghurtnmung beannbreak ones promise/wordnbe a cuckoldndirty/adult book炉子炉子着着得很旺。得很旺。The fire is burning briskly in the stove.她她着着凉了。凉了。She has caught a cold.上不上不着着天，下不天，下不着着地。地。Be suspended in mid air.你猜你猜着着了。了。Youve guessed right.老李躺下就老李躺下就着着了。了。Lao Li fell asleep

30、 as soon as he lay down.他走错了一他走错了一着着。He has made a false move.(or:taken a wrong step)这些孩子穿这些孩子穿着着整齐。整齐。These children are all neatly dressed. 学习学习知识知识 学习学习技术技术 学习学习外语外语 学习学习成绩成绩 学习学习别人的长处别人的长处 互相互相学习学习 以雷锋为以雷锋为学习学习榜样榜样 acquire knowledge master a skill study a foreign language academic records emulat

31、e others strong points learn from each other follow the example of Lei Feng他的英语他的英语水平水平比比我高。我高。 把军政素质搞到把军政素质搞到一个新一个新水平水平各级领导干部必各级领导干部必须提高领导须提高领导水平。水平。He knows more English than I do. raise the military and political quality to a new heightLeaders of various ranks must improve their art of leadership

32、.Use correct English collocation in C-E translation Now lets practice.You can discuss with yourpartners how to collocate. n你们应当趁着年轻多学知识。你们应当趁着年轻多学知识。n旅游真能开阔眼界。旅游真能开阔眼界。n抢劫事件令全体职员加强了安全防范意识。抢劫事件令全体职员加强了安全防范意识。n你年纪不小了，该考虑要个孩子了。你年纪不小了，该考虑要个孩子了。n我在英国留学期间非常想念家人。我在英国留学期间非常想念家人。n每年在这家医院做的心脏手术不下每年在这家医院做的心脏手术

33、不下200例。例。1）你们应当趁着年轻多学知识。）你们应当趁着年轻多学知识。 learn knowledge?You should try your best to acquire knowledge when you are still young. 2）旅游真能开阔眼界。）旅游真能开阔眼界。open ones eyes?Traveling really broadens ones mind. Traveling really helps to extend ones horizon. 3）抢劫事件令全体职员加强了安全防范意识。）抢劫事件令全体职员加强了安全防范意识。strengthen o

34、nes awareness?The robbery has served to sharpen the security awareness of the staff. 4）你年纪不小了，该考虑要个孩子了。）你年纪不小了，该考虑要个孩子了。 want children? ask for a child?You are not young anymore. You should think about starting a family. 5）我在英国留学期间非常想念家人。）我在英国留学期间非常想念家人。think of my family? or think about ?I really m

35、issed my family when I was studying in the U.K. 6）每年在这家医院做的心脏手术不下）每年在这家医院做的心脏手术不下200例。例。do an operation? More than 200 heart operations are performed in this hospital. n她讲话声音很小。她讲话声音很小。n他的广东口音很重。他的广东口音很重。n高峰时段交通总是很拥挤。高峰时段交通总是很拥挤。n他妻子离家出走这段时间他烟抽得很厉他妻子离家出走这段时间他烟抽得很厉害。害。n他回家的路上赶上了大雨，他回家的路上赶上了大雨， 淋成了落淋成

36、了落汤鸡。汤鸡。n我早晨喜欢喝浓咖啡，下午喜欢喝淡茶。我早晨喜欢喝浓咖啡，下午喜欢喝淡茶。n这门课是为中级学生开设的。这门课是为中级学生开设的。n-你穿几号的？你穿几号的？-我穿中号。我穿中号。1）她讲话声音很小。）她讲话声音很小。a small voice? She has a very soft voice.2）他的广东口音很重。）他的广东口音很重。He has a strong/broad/thick Guangdong accent. ( Cantonese accent) a heavy accent?3）高峰时段交通总是很拥挤。）高峰时段交通总是很拥挤。Crowded traffi

37、c? You always get heavy traffic during rush hours. 4）他妻子离家出走这段时间他烟抽得很厉害。）他妻子离家出走这段时间他烟抽得很厉害。Serious smoker or smoke badly? He was a heavy smoker while his wife left him. 5）他回家的路上赶上了大雨，）他回家的路上赶上了大雨， 淋成了落汤鸡。淋成了落汤鸡。Big rain? A chicken in soup? He was caught in the heavy rain on his way home and got soa

38、ked all through. 6）我早晨喜欢喝浓咖啡，下午喜欢喝淡茶。）我早晨喜欢喝浓咖啡，下午喜欢喝淡茶。Strong, heavy, light, weak. Which one? I prefer strong coffee in the morning but weak tea in the afternoon. 7）这门课是为中级学生开设的。）这门课是为中级学生开设的。Middle-level students? This course is intended for the intermediate learners. 8） -你穿几号的？你穿几号的？-我穿中号。我穿中号。 m

39、iddle number?-What size do you take? -I take medium size. medium height 中等身高中等身高1. 对令堂的病我深表遗憾。对令堂的病我深表遗憾。2. 已经快半夜了，他不大可能来了。已经快半夜了，他不大可能来了。3. 要在月底前完成论文，这一点非常重要。要在月底前完成论文，这一点非常重要。4. 每年的这个时候我们都特别忙。每年的这个时候我们都特别忙。5. 你们在翻译当中要充分认识词汇搭配的不同。你们在翻译当中要充分认识词汇搭配的不同。6. 演出真是棒极了。演出真是棒极了。 7. 得知中大奖时我们简直惊呆了。得知中大奖时我们简直惊呆了。1）对令堂的病我深表遗憾。）对令堂的病我深表遗憾。 Im terribly sorry to hear about your mothers