英语专业四级完形填空

1、1.论说文的篇章结构最常见的议论文结构是纵贯式，即：提出问题、分析问题、解决问题，按照这样的逻辑顺序来安排层次的，即开头（引论） 正文（本论） 结尾（结论）。论说文主要有以下四种篇章结构：并列式并列式：文章围绕中心论点，从不同的角度，提出几个并列的分论点层进式：层进式：文章个层次、段落之间环环相扣、层层深入，前一部分的论述是后一部分论述的基础，最后推到出文章的结论。各层的前后顺序有严格的要求，不能随意改动。层进式是议论文经常使用的一种结构方式对照式：对照式：在论证中，把两种事物（或意思）加以对比，或者用另一事物（或意思）来烘托某一事物（或意思）总分式总分式：先提出中心论点（总），然后根据中心论

2、点，逐项展开论述（分） 2004年的完形填空就是一篇典型的层次式结构年的完形填空就是一篇典型的层次式结构的论文短文的论文短文。 短文一开头便点明主题即正常人的生活周期是7-8小时的睡眠与16-17小时的清醒的相互交替，而现在人们面临的问题是如何把这个周期调整过来以适应高度工业自动化的现代社会；下面紧接着分析工人们如何改变生活周期以及由此带来的问题，最后针对出现的问题提出了解决方法。整篇短文结构紧凑、环环相扣、逐层深入，充分体现了层进式结构的特点。 1999和2001的完形填空也是这种类型 2005的完形填空则以总分结构为主，层进结构为辅的论说文。 文章首先点明中心-拥有一个理想的家并不容易，因

3、为所需要的日常开支和所处的地理环境都会带来一些现实问题。首段确定主题后，下面就日常开支和地理位置所带来的弊端分段进行分析论述，并在其中贯穿了解决问题的方法。 2说明文的篇章结构 说明文是以解说事物或者事理为内容，给说明文是以解说事物或者事理为内容，给人以知识为目的，以说明为主要表达手段人以知识为目的，以说明为主要表达手段的文章。的文章。 说明文的总体结构大体可以分为三个部分：首先，引出说明对象（引说部分）；其次，阐述说明对象（主体部分）；最后是总结说明对象（收尾部分）. 就主体部分来讲，由于段落之间的关系不同，形成以下常见的结构形式：并列式：并列式：各层之间的关系是并列的连贯式：连贯式：各层之

4、间按照事物发展过程安排层次，（时间为线索）前后互相承接递进式：递进式：各层之间的关系是由浅入深，由表及里，由现象到本质，各层之间的关系是递进的总分式：总分式： 这种结构形式大致有三种情形：总-分，分总，总分-总。 2008年的完形填空讨论了盐、贝壳和金属仍然时世界上某种流通货币这一中心主题. 2006年的完形填空讨论了英国人的一些迷信思想， 2000年的完形填空时一篇探讨关于气体和液体的区别的说明文。这三篇短文都在开头便提出中心句，然后分别展开阐述说明，充分体现了总分式写作思路。 2003年年完形填空讲述了麦当劳薯条的发展历史，段落之间是以时间为线索联系在一起的属于连贯式连贯式篇章结构。 20

5、02年年完形填空由语言的起源谈起，进而引出爱斯基摩人的语言，然后对其词汇的特点进行了阐述，进一步说明爱斯基摩语被认为时世界上最难学的语言之一。整个短文各个段落之间联系紧密，环环相扣，步步推进，属于典型的层进式结构层进式结构。 完形填空的题型 1 词汇类型词汇类型 主要考察对词汇意义和用法的掌握熟悉程度以及他们之间细微差别的辨识能力，包括单词的基本用法、近义词、同义词、反义词的辨析等，而名名词、动词、形容词则是其重点考察词汇词、动词、形容词则是其重点考察词汇。同时它与词汇选择填空又有所不同，那就是作为一种测试考生综合语言知识和技能的题型，完形填空答案的选择更依赖于上下文的理解，而不仅仅是空白处所

6、在句。 1）词义辨析题In the search ( 31 ) the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had ( 32 ) efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of colour that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. （1999）31. A.for B. of C. on D. at 32. A. progressed B.generated C.developed D.advanced 2）词组释义题Five years ago ,I b

7、ecame the principal of DeMatha.once again. Dr Offutt was there for me, letting me know that I could (49)_ him. (2007)A.count in B.count down C.count out D.count on 3）固定搭配题 The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that the s

8、leep normally coincides(26) _ the hours of darkness. A.in B.with C.of D.over Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are 47 witchcraft. A. concerned about B. related with C. associated with D. connected in2语法类型 与单纯的语法测试不同，完形填空中语法测试的重点是考生综合运用英语语言的能力，即把语法放在语篇或上下文中测试把语法放在

9、语篇或上下文中测试。这就要求考生在熟练掌握各种语法的基础上还要进一步掌握句子和段落之间的衔接手段。 主要考点包括：虚拟语气、各种从句、非虚拟语气、各种从句、非谓语动词、比较句、平行结构、倒装句等谓语动词、比较句、平行结构、倒装句等。 常见的考察有：as和和which引导的非限定引导的非限定性从句性从句; that引导的同位语从句；引导的同位语从句；what引导引导的宾语从句以及的宾语从句以及who引导的定语从句。虚引导的定语从句。虚拟语气主要考察拟语气主要考察if引导的虚拟条件句和倒装引导的虚拟条件句和倒装句。反映在试题上主要是关系代词、关系句。反映在试题上主要是关系代词、关系副词、动词时态和

10、助动词的选择。副词、动词时态和助动词的选择。 The superstition is supposed to （46） in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. （2006） A have originated B be originating C be originated D originatePeople thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion th

11、at it developed gradually as a system of grunts, hisses and cries and _26 a very simple affair in the beginning. （2002）A. must be B. must have been C. ought to be D. should beHe should be willing to work on his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others ( 29 )his own kn

12、owledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand.A. should B. when C. because D. if 3. 语篇类题 除了考察词汇和语法外，英语专业四级考试中的完形填空更加注重考查语篇的衔接性和连贯性。要求学生能够理解语篇的结构，分清句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间内在的逻辑关系，从而在此基础上找出关键词语将整个语篇连贯起来。 经常出现在完形填空中表示逻辑关系的有经常出现在完形填空中表示逻辑关系的有连词、副词、介词词组和插入语等。连词、副词、介词词组和插入语等。逻辑关系词分类 表补充递进：表补充递进：furthermor

13、e, moreover, in addition; additionally; what is more; above all; besides, apart from 等 表等同：表等同：equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way; in a similar way 表转折让步：表转折让步：anyhow, anyway, still, though, yet, in any case, however, but, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, all the same 表对照：表对照：contrasti

14、ngly, conversely, oppositely, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison 表同位与举例：表同位与举例：namely, in other words, for example, for instance, that is, that is to say 表原因：表原因：since, for, as, because, due to, due to the fact that, owing to, thanks to, for the reason that, 表结果：表结果：accordingly, as a conseq

15、uence, in consequence, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, as a result 表两方面：表两方面：alternatively, on the one hand.on the other hand, eitheror 表时间顺序：表时间顺序：in the meantime, meanwhile, meantime, at the same time, prior to, previously, afterwards 表并列：表并列：and, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, on t

16、he one hand on the other hand, .as well as, A gas forms no free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the space available; it must ( 29 ) be kept in a closed container, as in the case of a planets atmosphere. (2000)A. however B. nevertheless C. so D. therefore If you must pass under a ladder you c

17、an avoid bad luck by crossing your fingers and keeping them crossed until you have seen a dog. (36) , you may lick your finger and make a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the mark has dried. A Consequently B However C Comparatively D Alternatively . 解题步骤1.浏览全文，了解大意

18、浏览全文，了解大意完形填空不同于单项的选择填空，它要求学生有较强的语篇分析能力。我们知道一篇文章就是一个整体，尽管被抽掉若干词而显得残缺不全，但文章的基本轮廓不会受到太大的影响。2. 注重首句，推测全文注重首句，推测全文3. 细读全文，综合作答；往返迂回，各个细读全文，综合作答；往返迂回，各个击破击破先易后难，各个击破。一般来说，针对不同的情况，可以分为三个步骤。第一步，第一步，首先选出那些只根据上下文就能确定的，直接明显的答案比如说介词的用法、倒装句、虚拟语气等固定句型以及固定搭配或习惯用法等。 第二步：处理那些在通读过程中未能轻易第二步：处理那些在通读过程中未能轻易猜出答案的题目猜出答案的

19、题目。 这类题目的答案要在对语篇理解的基础上，利用上下文字里行间的线索才能推测出来，所以要先看清题目所在句的句法关系，辨别句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句，并根据语法判断词性，进而推断猜测该词或短语的语义范围。 第三步：集中解决前两步未能解出的题目。第三步：集中解决前两步未能解出的题目。在前两轮筛选的基础上，针对最后的难题，直接对照选项，采用排除法，排除不符合题意的选项，最后敲定答案。 4. 重读全文，核实答案，消除疏漏重读全文，核实答案，消除疏漏. 完形填空解题技巧完形填空解题技巧1. 代入选项排除明显的干扰代入选项排除明显的干扰如果不能很有把握的直接选出某一道的答如果不能很有把握的直接选

20、出某一道的答案，可以先将各选项代入空白处，排除明案，可以先将各选项代入空白处，排除明显不符合题意的选项，从而缩小选择的范显不符合题意的选项，从而缩小选择的范围。具体来说，可以利用以下线索：围。具体来说，可以利用以下线索：判断所填词在句中充当什么成分，应是什么判断所填词在句中充当什么成分，应是什么词性，从而排除干扰项词性，从而排除干扰项根据上下文的时态，语态和语气排除不符合根据上下文的时态，语态和语气排除不符合要求的选项要求的选项 根据名词的数来判断各选项是否符合句子的要根据名词的数来判断各选项是否符合句子的要求求 寻找与空白处构成搭配的词语，从而排除不能寻找与空白处构成搭配的词语，从而排除不能

21、与其搭配的选项与其搭配的选项 将各选项代入空白处将句子译成汉语，排除与将各选项代入空白处将句子译成汉语，排除与句子明显不通顺的选项。句子明显不通顺的选项。 At this 33 , there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease. (2009) A. time B. point C. aspect D. instance2. 搭配照应法 照应法指的是根据空格前或空格后出现的暗示线索选择答案的解题方法。搭配照应搭配照应法是指通过判断主谓搭配、动宾搭配、主法是指通过判断主谓搭配、动宾搭配、主语与表语是否符合逻辑得出答案语与

22、表语是否符合逻辑得出答案。 不要就题解题，孤立的根据一句话进行判断，而应该“左顾右盼”，寻找照应关系词，这样完形填空的准确率就会大大提高。 1） 选项为动词时选项为动词时 要看与其主语在语法上、意义上或主谓搭配是否要看与其主语在语法上、意义上或主谓搭配是否合适，看主语是人还是事物，主语可不可能发出合适，看主语是人还是事物，主语可不可能发出这个动作，同时还要看与其宾语是否搭配合适。这个动作，同时还要看与其宾语是否搭配合适。 例1. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care for them have been m

23、ost likely to (47) _ the illness. A. acquire B. receive C. obtain D. contract2) 选项为四个形容词时 如果是系表结构，主要看主语和表语搭配是否合适。要看主语是人还是物，不是所有的形容词都能修饰人或物。如果直接修饰名词或名词性词组，那么要看它们的逻辑意义是否通顺、褒贬意义是否一致。 例1. Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly ve

24、getable, it is often an (33)_ necessity. （2008） A. abstract B. advantageous C. abundant D. absolute3) 选项为四个名词时选项为四个名词时 如果是名词做主语，要看主谓搭配或主表搭配是否合适。如果该名词作宾语，那么需看动宾搭配是否合适。 例1. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the (48) _ might spread through air, or that the virus might linger for two to

25、three hours on doorknobs or other surfaces. （2009） A. ailment B. ill-health C. disease D. infection3 结构照应法结构照应法 完形填空中经常会测试一些固定结构、固定句式，这时考生就需要用到结构照应法来解题。 例1. In 1997,I needed his (45)_about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school. （2007） A.opinion B.request C.permission D.order 4. 原词复现照

26、应法 短文中为了表达的需要，经常用到“原词复现”，即主题词或其他一些重要的词汇一般会在短文中反复出现，考生需要捕捉此信息点。 例1. Salt, shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world todayCakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in some countries until recent times, and cakes of salt (36)_ buy goods in Borneo

27、 and parts of Africa. (2008) A. even B. also C. still D. never5. 反义词复现照应法 反义词的功能是在两个词项之间可以形成一种意义有区别的对比关系，因而也能促使语篇的衔接，达到语义贯通的目的。 例1. Depending on personality, most have in mind a (an) 31 home. But in general, there are practical limitation of . (2005) A. ideal B. perfect C. imaginary D. satisfactory6

28、. 同义或近义复现照应法 同义词或近义词在语篇中复现能帮助语篇达到句子相互衔接和语义连贯。严格的说，完全同义是非常少的，所以在语篇中使用完全同义的词也非常少，而近义词的使用却比比皆是。 There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most widely held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means stepping off the pavement into a busy street! .Another common （39） is th

29、at it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring （40） to the person who opened it or to the whole household. . the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror 39. A argument B superstition C opinion D idea 40. A loss B difficulty C tragedy D misf

30、ortune There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most widely held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means stepping off the pavement into a busy street! .Another common （39） is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring （40） to the per

31、son who opened it or to the whole household. . the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror 39. A argument B superstition C opinion D idea 40. A loss B difficulty C tragedy D misfortune7. 利用逻辑知识解题 语篇是由一些意义相关的句子被合乎逻辑的组织起来的语义整体。语篇衔接与连贯中的逻辑纽带能表达出作者的思路和篇章的意义重心，因此非常重要。

32、逻辑纽带主要是由表示时间与空间关系、列逻辑纽带主要是由表示时间与空间关系、列举与例证、比较与对比、引申与递进、让步举与例证、比较与对比、引申与递进、让步与转折、推论与归纳、原因与结果等逻辑概与转折、推论与归纳、原因与结果等逻辑概念的过度词组成的。念的过度词组成的。 这类词通常是一些连词和连接副词，或者是一些介词词组、非限定分句、无动词分句等。做完形填空时 正确理解并判断文章的内在逻辑关系，选用正确理解并判断文章的内在逻辑关系，选用正确的过渡词。正确的过渡词。 Nowadays, coins and notes have replaced nearly all the more pictures

33、que forms of money, and (48)_ in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, examples of primitive money will soon be found only in museums. A. while B. although C. because D. if 8 利用常识回答 In Africa, shells were tr

34、aded right across the 40 from East to West. A. city B. district C. community D. continent . 历年真题解析历年真题解析 2009年年 Scientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose, treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease. SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - was (31) _ for the f

35、irst time in February 2003 in Hanoi, (32) _ since then has infected more than 1,600 people in 15 countries, killing 63. At this (33) _, there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease. Symptoms start (34) _ a fever over 100.4 degrees F, chills, headache or body (35)_. Within a week, th

36、e patient has a dry cough, which might (36) _ to shortness of breath. In 10% to 20% of cases, patients require (37)_ ventilation to breathe. About 3.5% die from the disease. Symptoms (38)_ begin in two to seven days, but some reports suggest it (39) _ take as long as 10 days. Scientists are close to

37、 (40) _ a lab test to diagnose SARS. In the meantime, it is diagnosed by its symptoms. There is no evidence (41)_ antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help, (42) _ doctors can offer only supportive care. Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of(43) _ Scientists arent sure yet, b

38、ut some researchers think its a (44) _ discovered coronavirus, the family of viruses that cause some common colds. Most cases appear to have been passed (45) _ droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care (46) _ them have be

39、en most likely to (47) _ the illness. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the (48) _ might spread through air, or that the virus might (49) _ for two to three hours on doorknobs or other (50)_. Health experts say it is unlikely, though, that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected

40、 person would be enough to pass the virus. 2008年 Salt, shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today. Salt may seem rather a strange (31)_ to use as money, (32)_ in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an (33)_ necessity. Cakes

41、 of salt, stamped to show their (34)_, were used as money in some countries until recent (35)_, and cakes of salt (36)_ buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa. Sea shells (37)_ as money at some time(38)_ another over the greater part of the Old World. These were (39)_ mainly from the beaches of the

42、 Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China. In Africa, shells were traded right across the (40)_ from East to West. Metal, valued by weight, (41)_ coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings, is still used in many countries (42)_ paper money. It can

43、 either be exchanged(43)_ goods, or made into tools, weapons, or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze, (44)_ in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called cash. The (45)_ of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old - older than the earli

44、est coins of the eastern Mediterranean. Nowadays, coins and notes have (46)_ nearly all the more picturesque (47)_ of money, and (48)_ in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial (49)_ such as weddings and funerals, examples of (50)_ money will soon b

45、e found only in museums.2007 Until I took Dr Offutts class in DeMatha High school, I was an underachieving student, but I left that class _31_never to underachieve again. He not only taught me to think, he convinced me,(32)_by example as words that it was my moral (33)_to do so and to serve others.

46、(34)_of us could know how our relationship would (35)_over the years .When I came back to DeMatha to teach English, I worked for Dr Offutt, the department chair. My discussion with him were like graduate seminars in adolescent (36)_,classroom management and school leadership. After several years, I

47、was (37)_department chair, and our relationship(38)_again. I thought that it might be (39)_chairing the department ,since all of my (40)_English teachers were (41)_there, but Dr Offutt supported me (42)_.He knew when to give me advice (43)_curriculum, texts and personnel, and when to let me (44)_my

48、own course. In 1997,I needed his (45)_about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.(46)_he had asked me to stay at DeMatha, I might have .(47)_,he encouraged me to seize the opportunity. Five years ago I became the principal of DeMatha.(48)_, Dr Offutt was there for me, letting me kno

49、w that I could (49)_ him. I have learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible (50)_of lessons to teach. 2006 There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most （ 31 ） held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means （32） the pavement into a busy street! （33）

50、 you must pass under a ladder you can （34） bad luck by crossing your fingers and （35） them crossed until you have seen a dog. （36） , you may lick your finger and （37） a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the （38） has dried. Another common （39） is that it is unlucky t

51、o open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring （40） to the person who opened it or to the whole （41）. Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is （42）, as it inevitably brings rain! The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month （43） on a Friday, anyone wish

52、ing to avoid a bad event had better stay （44）. the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, （45） it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to （46） in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. Black cats are generall

53、y considered lucky in Britain, even though they are （47） witchcraft. it is （48） lucky if a black cat crosses your path-although in America the exact opposite belief prevails. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood （49） luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you h

54、ave said something that is tempting fate, such as my car has never （50） , touch wood?2005 A persons home is as much a reflection of his personality as the clothes he wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time. Depending on personality, most have in mind a(n) “(31) _ home”.

55、But in general, and especially for the student or new wage earners, there are practical (32) _ of cash and location on achieving that idea. Cash (33) _, in fact, often means that the only way of (34) _ when you leave school is to stay at home for a while until things (35) _ financially. There are ob

56、vious (36) _of living at homepersonal laundry is usually done (37) _ along with the family wash; meals are provided and there will be a well-established circle of friends to (38) _. And there is (39) _ the responsibility for paying bills, rates, etc. On the other hand, (40) _ depends on how a family

57、 gets on. Do your parents like your friends? You may love your family(41) _do you like them? Are you prepared to be (42) _ when your parents ask where you are going in the evening and what time you expect to be back? If you find that you cannot manage a(n) (43) _, and that you finally have the money

58、 to leave, how do you (44) _ finding somewhere else to live? If you plan to stay in your home area, the possibilities are (45) _well-known to you already. Friends and the local paper are always (46) _. If you are going to work in a (47) _ area, again there are the papersand the accommodation agencie

59、s, (48) _ these should be approached with (49) _. Agencies are allowed to charge a fee, usually the (50) _ of the first weeks rent, if you take accommodation they have found for you.2004 The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness

60、 and that the sleep normally coincides(31) _ the hours of darkness. Our present 32 is with how easily and to what extent this(33)_ can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease 34 which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a(35)_ of growing importance in