阅读策略生物医学英文文献阅读策略与方法

1、会计学1阅读策略生物医学英文文献阅读策略与阅读策略生物医学英文文献阅读策略与方法方法确定题目（选题过程）1提出问题(Problem) 2文献查阅(Critical review of literatures) 3假说形成(Formulation of hypothesis) 4陈述问题(Statement of the problem)安排实验5实验设计(Experimental design) 6实验观察(Experimental investigation)7数据资料积累(Accumulation of raw data) 总结工作 完成论文8数据资料处理(Treatment of raw

2、 data)9统计分析(Statistical analysis) 10. 提炼出新发现、新概念、新理论，完成总结工作， 书写论文(Conclusions) u文献阅读是医学研究中重要的组成部分 阅读文献在科学研究活动中重要作用寻求选题依据，判定选题的价值、合理性和科学性，避免 重复研究 构思和完善科研假说的基础（科学性和假定性评价） 在科研工作总结阶段是论点形成的基础之一三、医学文献最常见的形式 论文 (Original article) 综述 (Review or Review article)其它： 新闻、观点、讨论、展望和评述 (News,View or viewpoint , dis

3、cussion , perspective, & comments) 来信、通信 (Letter 、 correspondence) 病例报告 (Case report or case records) - e.g. “Clinical implications of basic research” (NEJM)论著 (Original article)Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review or synthesis of earlier publications

4、on the subject of research. This material is of a primary source character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified).Originality is the aspect of created or invented works by as bein

5、g new or novel, and thus can be distinguished from reproductions, clones, forgeries, or derivative works.citation needed An original work is one not received from others nor one copied based on the work of others.citation needed The term originality is often applied as a compliment to the creativity

6、 of artists, writers, and thinkers.citation neededFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia论著或论文是我们阅读的主要文献形式，因为论著来源于原创性研究，提供新知识。原创性是论著的关键特征及其核心价值From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 综述 (Review or Review article)文献综述是旨在复习一个特定的科学领域或科学问题当前知识的关键点，包括新的科学发现及其理论上和方法学贡献的一种文

7、献形式文献综述只是次生科学知识来源，并不报告任何新的或原始实验结果文献综述的一个重要的目的是向读者提供特定命题最新的文献知识，以作为进一步研究的基础文献综述版式l文献综述专刊l一本杂志中定期刊载l一本杂志中不定期刊载一本杂志中定期或不定期刊载l文献综述专刊Subject scope（文献综述内容范围）Broad overview of the subject as a whole 特定命题的全面综述Overview of major topic within the subject 在特定命题内对一主要问题的综述Review of specific topic较限定的科学问题的研究综述（min

8、i review)In statistics a meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses IL-12和 IL-23：固有免疫和继承性免疫的关键调节因子固有免疫：对继承性免疫的影响丙型肝炎病毒颠覆免疫应答：超越免疫逃避的免疫调节策略其它： Clinical implications of basic research (NEJM)Although elimination may be key to a healthy respon

9、se to some microbes, a recent paper in Nature reports that regulatory T cells actually aid the survival of some intracellular parasites, which ensures a memory response.读者可在“新闻与观点”中了解到他们自己的领域以及其他领域中什么是最热门的。这种文章必须将某一项成果讲清楚，必须能让读者找到一个兴奋点，然而 又必须客观公正地对研究工作进行评价，并与他人的研究工作进行比较。这样的文章大 多数都是约稿“新闻与观点”Letters可读

10、性较强，非常快地发表重要研究工作Case records四、医学文献阅读的策略及方法的建议 要有目的性和针对性盖以我观书，而处处得益；以书博我，释卷而茫然 汉书黄庭坚 获取特定的科学信息时 制订科学研究计划时 选题的初始意向或待研究的科学问题 （始终以自己的课题为中心，重点深入 阅读与自己的主题有关的资料） 博览 做搜索性的大致浏览，起筛选资料的作用p 充分利用检索工具 - “关键词”（key words)的设置p 读题p 读摘要 广泛博览与专精攻读相结合 有利于扩大阅读面，增加阅读量Step by step !举例Clinical progression and viral load in

11、a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective studyJ S M Peiris, C M Chu, V C C Cheng, K S Chan, I F N Hung, L L M Poon, K I Law, B S F Tang, T Y W Hon, C S Chan, K H Chan,J S C Ng, B J Zheng, W L Ng, R W M Lai, Y Guan, K Y Yuen, and members of the HKU/UCH SARS Study G

12、roup*THE LANCET Published online May 9, 2003 http:/image.the 1读题Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study 处理(施加)因素、 受试对象、 实验效应 关键词Key words: SARS pneumonia ; Community outbreak ; Clinical progression; Viral load; Prospec

13、tive studyBackground We investigated the temporal progression of theclinical, radiological, and virological changes in a communityoutbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).Methods We followed up 75 patients for 3 weeks Findings （Results)Fever Interpretation The consistent clinical progres

14、sion, shiftingradiological infiltrates, 读摘要 精读 经过浏览筛选出与课题有关的资料，必须 下一番工夫，确实弄懂并获取相关科学信息, 精读也可是选读或全读 选读 读两头（引言和讨论），以了解问题的提出的相关背景，待研究的科学问题及意义，拟采用的研究路线（引言），和本研究的新发现和结论，获取主要论据和启发性的观点（讨论） 全读 与课题设计、技术路线的确定和方法学的选 择密切相关的资料；通过相关的数据、论证 方法和结论的资料，提炼有价值的论点，并 寻找需进一步研究的相关线索 要有外围，阅读才能有深度，但外围又必须为主题服务 教科书、参考书有关系统论述部分及主

15、要概念、术语 为理解某一关键问题、论点，甚至是研究设计和方法 需采取追踪阅读的方法 多读要求快读，快读则需通过大量阅读积累，由慢到快是提高阅读效率的必由之路 掌握相关的语言知识和科学背景知识 （词汇、术语、基本理论和概念及其表达方式） “阅”和“读”（眼、口并用）读思结合读思结合 读而不思或不善思，仅仅为读而读，为积累资料而读，虽苦读和记忆了许多，到头来只不过是资料罗列而已，抓不住或提炼不出有价值的观点。 正确的阅读态度应是带着问题、提出问题、思考问题，提倡所谓Critical Reading v. Critical Thinking 读效果的方法读效果的方法 Thank You !Calcu

16、lationIn a given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years.1 For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on

17、average. The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows:A = the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008 B = the total number of citable items published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. (Citable items are usually articles, re

18、views, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.) 2008 impact factor = A/B (Note that 2008 impact factors are actually published in 2009; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency.)Subject scope（文献综述内容范围）Broad overvi

19、ew of the subject as a whole 特定命题的全面综述Overview of major topic within the subject 在特定命题内对一主要问题的综述Review of specific topic较限定的科学问题的研究综述（mini review)In statistics a meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses IL-12和 IL-23：固有免疫和继承性免疫的关键调节因子固有免疫：对继承性免疫的影响丙型肝炎病毒颠覆免疫应答：超越免疫逃避的免疫调节策略Although elimination may be key to a healthy response to some micro