1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题与解析

1、1/9Borntowin1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyText2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-busines

2、ssalesmakesensebecause businesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproducttheyrelookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,”saysBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyc

3、onductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompanysprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“ sites.Inthepastyear,however,softwar

4、ecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestoinformationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnews andadvertisementstosubscriberscomputermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizethe

5、informationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompanysWebsitepaniriteusalsVucinheayasrVdsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthat

6、theinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.ThatsaprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.Theexampleso

7、fVirtualVineyards,Amazon,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsiteselling therightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfrom

8、nowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness_.AhasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarketBintendedtofollowafancifulfashionCtriedbutinvaintocontrolthemarketDhasbeenboomingforoneyearorso56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthori

9、mpliesthat_.AthetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusersBbusinesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactionsBorntowinCthereisaradicalchangeinstrategyDitisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners57.IntheviewofNetpurists,_.AthereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlinecultureBmoneymakingshouldbegivenpriorit

10、ytoontheWebCtheWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionsetDthereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat_.ApushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerceBinteractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomersCleadingcompaniesbegantota

11、ketheonlineplungedecadesagoDsettingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpowerText3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudentscareerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubj

12、ecthaveexploredthisdistinction-indeed,contradiction-whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytora

13、ise everyonesjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegally

14、requiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducatedputer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismtha

15、tbetraystheirotherwise cheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEur

16、opeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenare properlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumbe

17、rofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcour

18、se,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelyBorntowindifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake-attheverylongest-acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsa

19、reonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecomingany kindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.59.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis_.Afar-reachingBdubiouslyorientedCself-contradictoryDradi

20、callyreformatory60.Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren_.AisindicativeofapessimismindisguiseBcameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputersCisdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredadvocatesDoriginatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries61.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthe

21、authorscountrytheEuropeanmodelofptrainingis_.AdependentuponthestartingageofcandidatesBworthtryinginvarioussocialsectionsCoflittlepracticalvalueDattractivetoeverykindofprofessional62.Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe_.AincludedasanauxiliarycourseinschoolBhighlightedinacquisitionofprofe

22、ssionalqualificationsCmasteredthroughalife-longcourseDequallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseText4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclo

23、nehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment- althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso-andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup-theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommi

24、ssion(NBAC)-hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton-daysb9a0nonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowly

25、BorntowintoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells-routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discus

26、sedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralcon

27、clusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebody cellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyenda

28、ngeran embryoslife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmost

29、membersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat_.AfederalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumansBtheWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloningCNBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechniqueDtheWhiteHousehasgotthep

30、anelsrecommendationsoncloning64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat_.AthebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealawBthecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrolCitiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloningDitwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing65.NBACwillleavetheissueofe

31、mbryoresearchundiscussedbecause_.AembryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloningBthehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearchCanembryoslifewillnotbeendangeredinembrerysoearchDtheissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat_.AsomeNBACmembershesitatet

32、obanhumancloningcompletelyBalawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotimeCprivatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBACsappealDtheissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledBorntowinText5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperi

33、ments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidnttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapple

34、felldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheu

35、npredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudonthathings,youdonthaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpression

36、thattheyfindthe“scientificthmode”asubstituteforimaginativethought.Iveattendedresearchconferenascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid“thedataarestillinconclusive.”menfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyou

37、think?Isitweogrothinwghoiln?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasshobcekeendathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.He hasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustri

38、alandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarried outaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogical formanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirely reasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistsw

39、hoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywill getthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheother eyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothe scientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfor

40、 discriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho “workwellwiththeteam.”67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat_.AinquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperimentsBscienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconductedCscientistsseldomforgetthee

41、ssentialnatureofresearchDunpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch68.Theauthorassertsthatscientists_.Ashouldntreplace“scientificmethod”withimaginativethoughtBshouldntneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethingsCshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournalsDshouldbeconfidentaboutthe

42、irresearchfindingsBorntowin69.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists_.AhaveakeeninterestinpredictionBoftenspeculateonthefutureCthinkhighlyofcreativethinkingDstickto“scientificmethod”70.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch_.AmaynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpectedBcanbemeasuredindollarsandcentsCr

43、elyonconformitytoastandardpatternDaremostlyunderestimatedbymanagementSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhisto

44、ryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscatte

45、red;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorianscraftisthatitspractitionethattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistorians

46、themselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsource

47、sratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)Thereisnoagreementwhetherm

48、ethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythose soblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnemlethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthena

49、turalsciencest,ftahlelatceychmnisictiaskenly identifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.SectionVWritingBorntowin1999年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)PartB(5points)11.Dwere12.Dsaving13.Cfamily-run14.Cenvironmental15.Bthat16.Ain17.Ctomake18.Dskinned19.Bgreat20.DunlessPartC(10points)21.A22.D2