翻译理论和概述TranslationTheoriesandPracticesSemesterII

1、翻译理论和概述TranslationTheories and PracticesSemester IIPart One: An Introduction to Translation Definitions, Classifications, Significance, Competence of a Translator; History, Criteria, Process, Influencing Factors, Major Translation StrategiesPart Two: Translation at Lexical LevelDiction; Repetition;

2、Amplification; Omission; Conversion; Negation(to be continued)Last SemesterPart Three: Translation at Syntactical Level (10 Credit Hours)Restructuring; Splitting; Long Sentences; Passive VoicePart Four: Translation at Rhetorical Level (8 Credit Hours)Polishing; Rhetorical Devices (Pun; Parody)Teachi

3、ng Plan for This SemesterPart Five: Translation of Practical Writings (10 Credit Hours)Public Signs; Advertisements and Trademarks; Titles of Papers, Movies and TV Series; Resumes; MenusPart Six: Translation and Culture (4 Credit Hours)Colour Words; Animal Words; Plant Words; Numerals; Euphemisms &

4、Vulgarisms; Other IdiomsPart Seven: Translation of Literary Works (4 Credit Hours)PoetryTeaching Plan for This Semester公示语的翻译广告与商标的翻译影视剧片名的翻译菜谱的翻译色彩词文化与翻译动物词文化与翻译植物词文化与翻译数字词文化与翻译委婉语与粗俗语的翻译其他习语翻译（成语、谚语、歇后语）Tell me and I forget; Teach me and I remember; Involve me and I learn.Assessment Final written

5、examination60% Attendance10%Participation and performance in classroom activities (Presentation)15%Completion of assignments15%Reference Books 方梦之、毛忠明、陈小慰，英汉-汉英应用翻译综合教程，上海外语教育出版社，2008年。张胜义，英语实用文体翻译，中国科学技术大学出版社，2009年。李明，翻译工作坊（汉译英），武汉大学出版社，2010年。包惠南、包昂，中国文化与汉英翻译，外文出版社，2004年。 尹邦彦，汉语熟语英译词典，上海外语教育出版社，200

6、6年。杨元刚，英汉词语文化语义对比研究，武汉大学出版社，2008年。李明，翻译批评与赏析，武汉大学出版社，2010年。Reference WebsitesReference WebsitesReference WebsitesReference WebsitesTranslation at Syntactical Level Part ThreeAccording to Lian Shuneng (2010), there are ten pairs of features between English and Chinese:Synthetic vs. AnalyticRigid vs.

7、Supple Hypotactic vs. Paratactic Complex vs. Simplex Impersonal vs. Personal Passive vs. Active Static vs. Dynamic Abstract vs. Concrete Indirect vs. Direct Substitutive vs. Repetitive IntroductionAccording to Lian Shuneng (2010), there are ten pairs of features between English and Chinese:Synthetic

8、 vs. Analytic (lexical, morphological, syntactical, phonetic, phonological)Rigid vs. Supple (syntactical)Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (syntactical)Complex vs. Simplex (syntactical)Impersonal vs. Personal (syntactical)Passive vs. Active (syntactical)Static vs. Dynamic (lexical)Abstract vs. Concrete (sem

9、antic, thinking mode)Indirect vs. Direct (semantic; pragmatic; rhetorical)Substitutive vs. Repetitive (lexical; textual; rhetorical)IntroductionTranslation at Syntactical Level Part ThreeRestructuringDifferences in Word OrderSynthetic vs. Analytic12Restructuring in E-C Translation3Main ContentRestru

10、cturing in C-E Translation4Synthetic vs. AnalyticA synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to e

11、xpress syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.Synthetic vs. AnalyticModern English has become analytic but still frequently uses some hereditary inflections from Old English (a synthetic language). It is therefore a synthetic-analytic language. Chinese is a typical analytic language.Syn

12、thetic vs. AnalyticWhen the words of a language are inflective in form, they are said to be associative in quality and therefore synthetic in construction. On the other hand, words not inflective in form are considered as isolating in quality and therefore analytic in construction.Inflection (变化词形),

13、 word order (安排词序) and the use of function words (运用虚词) are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences.Synthetic vs. AnalyticThe inflection of a language has much to do with the position of words in the sentence. The less inflective a language, the more rigid the word or

14、der. Hence word order in English is not so rigid as in Chinese .你死了，我去当和尚。If you should die, I would go and be a monk.I would go and be a monk if you should die.我去当和尚，你死了。（X）Differences in Word Order真，善，美fair, kind and true劳动模范model worker温总理Premier Wen钢铁iron and steel东北northeast1203班Class 1203左顾右盼l

15、ook right and left田径track and field迟早sooner or later中小型small and medium sized衣、食、住、行food, clothing, sheltering and transportation来来回回back and forth水火无情fire and water have no mercy不论晴雨rain or shine悲欢离合joy and sorrow, reunion and departureDifferences in Word OrderMost of the information we got is thro

16、ugh that channel.大部分消息我们得到的均是来自那个渠道。（X） 我们得到的大部分消息均是来自那个渠道。(different order of the attributive phrases and clauses)His address is No. 11, Xueyuan Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei.他的地址是湖北省武汉市武昌区学院路11号。(different order of the sequence of adverbials of place)Differences in Word OrderMy uncle passed

17、 away in hospital at 2.30 a.m. on September 12th,2009.我的伯父于2009年9月12日凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。(different order of the adverbials of time and place)It is dangerous to drive through this area!真是太危险了，驾车经过这一地区！驾车经过这一地区真是太危险了！(different order of judgment and narration)Restructuring in E-C TranslationAs one of the tr

18、anslation techniques or means, the necessary or inevitable change of word order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. It is also called rearrangement or inversion. （郭著章，1996）英语和汉语在语法结构上有着许多差别。在翻译的过程中，我们经常需要更换原文词语的前后次序。对原文的词序照抄照搬，丝毫不顾译文的习惯，这样的机械性翻译，定会显得滑稽可笑，译文会丝毫

19、无通顺可言。翻译时根据译文的语言习惯，对原文的词序进行调整，使译文做到最大程度上的通顺，这就是换序译法。 （冯庆华，2001）Restructuring in E-C Translation1. Different Sequences in Customary Sentence Arrangement English sentences are generally bound by syntactical rules and they are often arranged in order of importance; While Chinese sentences are more flex

20、ible, and usually arranged according to the sequence of time.Restructuring in E-C TranslationHe had to quit the position and went into exile, having been deprived of power.他被剥夺了权利之后，只好离职，流落他乡。Rocket research has confirmed a strange phenomenon which had already been suspected: there is a “high temper

21、ature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground.人们早就怀疑大气层中有一个“高温带”,其中心在距地面大约30英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究以后，这一奇异的现象已得到了证实。Restructuring in E-C Translation2.Subordinate Clauses in a Complex Sentence Adverbial clauses of condition, purpose, concession or cause, and so on in En

22、glish may stand either before or after a principle clause; For their Chinese counterparts, they are normally placed before the principle clause. Restructuring in E-C Translation你再不起床，我要掀被子了。If you refuse to get up, I would pull off your quilt.I would pull off your quilt if you refuse to get up.他人老心不

23、老。Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.He remains young at heart although he has aged physically.Restructuring in E-C Translation3.Cases Involving Adverbials There are cases in which an adverbial (or an adj. phrases) in English functions as an adverbial clause (or non-restricti

24、ve clause). In Chinese the adverbial (or adj. phrase) is usually placed at the end of the sentence and is amplified into a sentence.Restructuring in E-C TranslationThey, not unexpectedly, did not respond.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满以为会有奇迹般的解决办法，这显然

25、不合情理。With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。Restructuring in E-C Translation4.“that- ”Clause Used as a Judgment or Conclusion “that-”clause is usually adopted in expressing a judg

26、ment or conclusion. When a “that-”clause which serves as the subject (of a sentence or a clause ) is too long, it is simultaneously used as the “formal subject” consequently.Restructuring in E-C TranslationI believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should incre

27、asingly unite and speak with a common voice.我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。It is not surprising that, when humidity is low, the water evaporates rapidly from the fruit.在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里面的水分蒸发就快，这是不足为奇的。Restructuring in E-C TranslationIt was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the vi

28、sit I had intended to pay to China in January.我原打算在今年1月访问中国，后来我又不得不予以推迟，这使我深感失望。Restructuring in C-E TranslationGenerally speaking, the restructuring of the word order mainly takes place in four aspects: 1) restructuring of the order of the attributives;2) restructuring of the order of adverbials;3)

29、 restructuring of the order of the sequence of adverbials of time, place and manner;4) restructuring of the order of judgment and narration.Restructuring in C-E Translation1. Restructuring of the order of attributivesGenerally speaking, attributives in Chinese are usually put before the nouns；While

30、in English the attributives are often put after the noun, especially when they are in the form of phrases or clauses. Restructuring in C-E Translation奥巴马总统中国之行的最后一站 the last leg of President Obamas trip to China人口与经济、社会、资源、环境的协调发展a coordinated development between population and economy, society, res

31、ources and environment 各条战线上的先进工作者们advanced workers from various fields能想象得出的最好解决办法 the best solution that can be imaginableRestructuring in C-E Translation2. Restructuring of the order of adverbialsAdverbials in Chinese are normally put between the subject and the predicate. Sometimes for the sake

32、of emphasis, they may also be put before the subject. In English, the position of adverbials is quite flexible. It can be at the beginning of the sentence, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. If the adverbial is comparably long, it is often put at the beginning or at the end of the sentence

33、.Restructuring in C-E Translation他们刚刚做了一项物理实验。Just now, they made an experiment in physics.They made an experiment in physics just now.你上学老是迟到。You are always late for school.You are late for school all the time.Restructuring in C-E Translation3. Restructuring of the adverbials of time, place and man

34、ner他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。He studies hard in the classroom every morning.我昨天晚上和室友们一起在金逸国际电影城看了哈利波特这部大片。I watched the blockbuster Harry Potter with my roommates at Jinyi international cinema last night.Restructuring in C-E Translation4. Restructuring of judgment and narration如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。It would be app

35、reciated if samples or brochure could be soon forwarded to us.你说的那句话本身并没有错，但是你说话不注意当时的场合，这就是你的不对了。There was nothing inherently wrong with the sentence you said, but it was wrong of you to speak without taking notice of the setting at the time.SummaryWhen expressing temporal or logical sequences, Eng

36、lish may make full use of inflections and function words to make its word order flexible, while Chinese, with the help of function words, arranges its word order according to certain rules of temporal or logical sequences.AssignmentWe believe that it is right and necessary that people with different

37、 political and social systems should live side by sidenot just in a passive way but as active friends.The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievement of the Chinese people.It is regrettable that the aggressive market strategy of Japanese colleagues and

38、their “apprentices” in Korea has resulted in destructive price erosion for consumer electronics goods.I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. It is a great pleasure to be

39、 here in Beijing and to have this occasion for thanking the Chinese Government and the people of China for all kindness and hospitality which they have shown me.成立十年多以来，腾讯一直秉承“一切以用户价值为依归”的经营理念，始终处于稳健发展的状态。（腾讯官网简介）在这里，我谨代表中国政府和人民，向今年以来在各方面给予我们大力支持的各国政府和人民，表示衷心的感谢！(胡锦涛主席2011新年祝词) 中美两国人民相互怀有深厚的友好感情，曾经在

40、决定人类前途命运的重大历史关头并肩战斗。（胡锦涛主席2010白宫致辞）Translation at Syntactical Level Part ThreeSplittingIntroduction to SplittingComplex vs. Simplex 12Ways of Splitting3Main ContentWarm-upeg:Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all siz

41、es and coloursThere are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I metWarm-upCan you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?V1: 你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?V2: 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗?In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and coloursV

42、1: 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。V2: 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I metV1: 关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事可以讲。V2: 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。Complex vs. SimplexSubordination (从属结构), the placing of certain elements in modifying r

43、oles, is a fundamental principle of English. With plenty of subordinate clauses (从属句) and phrases, English has comparatively longer and more complicated sentences than Chinese which, on the other hand, is marked by its coordination (并列结构), loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句),

44、elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列形式的复句). (Lian Shuneng, 2006: 49)Complex vs. SimplexEnglish sentences-building is characterized by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese, a “chronicle style” (流水记事法

45、) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures. In a word, English sentences are often complex while Chinese sentences are often simplex. (Lian Shuneng, 2006: 49)Complex vs. SimplexEnglish SentencesChinese Sentencessubordinationcoordinationarchitecture stylechronicle stylelonger and more com

46、plicated sentences loose or minor sentences;contracted sentences;elliptical sentences;run-on sentences;composite sentencescomplexsimplexComplex vs. SimplexThe complication of sentences in English is developed in the way as a tree with its branches produced from their stem and their twigs produced fr

47、om the branches. (“tree-type”)Complex vs. SimplexThe complication of sentences in Chinese is developed in the way a bamboo grows with each upper piece coming out from the lower one which comes our from the base.(“bamboo-type”)(Xiao Liming, 2010: 75) Complex vs. Simplex 从属结构(subordination)是现代英语最重要的特点

48、之一。从句和短语可以充当句子的主要成分和从属成分。从句可以层层环扣，短语往往不短，书面语句子常常显得又繁又长(long-winded)，有的句子可长达100至200个单词，甚至长至整个大段。现代英语虽较不常用特长的句子，但包孕式的复合句(complex sentences with embedded clauses)仍很常见，因而句子仍然具有一定的长度。据统计，专业作者写的句子平均长度为20个词，受过教育的人写的句子平均长度为25个词。总的看来，英语句子比汉语句子长得多。Complex vs. Simplex 汉语句子多数显得结构简化，无拖沓、盘错之感，“甚至有些西洋人看见了中国作品的译文，觉

49、得简短可爱。”英语句子，尤其是书面语的句子，常常是环扣镶嵌，盘根错节，句中有句。（连淑能，2010：93） 谈到英语句子结构的差异时，庄绎传教授曾形象地说到：“我感觉汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节一节地连接下去；而英语的句子结构好比一串葡萄，主干可能很短，累累果实附着在上面。”（仝益民，2009：80）Complex vs. Simplex 英语句子成分的前后都可有修饰词语，主句与从句之间有明确的关联词，句子繁简交替，长短交错，从句套从句，构成多层次的复合句；短语套短语，形成重叠式多级短语。由此构成的句子宛如一棵“参天大树，枝杈横生”。 汉语常用短句，小句与小句之间常常省略关联词，句子的逻辑

50、关系和语义由小句的前后顺序来体现；名词不允许带后置定语，而前置定语又不宜太长。由此产生的句子犹似“万顷碧波，层层推进”。（陈定安，1998）Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion树 一棵树一棵枝繁叶茂的大树校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树湖北大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树历史悠久的湖北大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树Complex vs. Simplex一棵大树Limited left-extending structure 厦门是一座气候宜人、风景秀丽、建筑风格多样、令人流连忘返的海滨城市。 厦门是一座海滨城市，这里气候宜人，风景秀丽，建筑风格多

51、样，令人流连忘返。Complex vs. SimplexEnglish: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacockThis is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat

52、that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.Complex vs. SimplexChineseChinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言EnglishEnglish: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言Complex vs. SimplexComplex vs. SimplexThe reason why longer English adjective clauses are so a

53、rranged lies in the fact that Chinese has no English-like “adjective clauses”, and the Chinese attribute should be placed before the noun and is thereby considerably limited in length because - 汉语的定语只能放在前边，就不便很长。定语长了，听的人（或读的人）老在惦着那个被修饰的名词，不知道你说的是什么人或什么东西，就要着急，也容易疲劳，搞得不好还会“迷路”。英语的定语从句放在后头，说的是什么人或什么东西

54、已经在前边交代了，听的人就不着急了，因此英语里的定语从句可以拉得很长。（吕叔湘，1980：156）Introduction to SplittingDue to differences between the complex and the simplex, if we follow the original sentence structure in translation, we may find it hard to reproduce the original thought. Besides other ways to deal with this case, we may spli

55、t such a sentence into two or more parts by picking out those words, phrases or clauses which are “hard nuts to crack” and making them into Chinese word-groups, clauses or sentences, coordinate or subordinate.Introduction to SplittingThus we have to determine where to split, how to split, what the subject or the predicated of the new clause or sentence should be, and how to rearrange various parts of the origina