英语词汇语法(专四、专八、考研)

1、莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅

2、蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿

3、葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄

4、芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈

5、薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂

6、莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆

7、薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃

8、葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈

9、芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节

10、蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆

11、莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆薈衿羅节蒄袈膇肅蒀袇袇莀莆袆罿膃蚅袅肁莈薁袅膄膁蒇羄袃莇莃薀羆膀艿蕿肈莅蚇蕿袇膈薃薈羀蒃葿薇肂芆莅薆膄聿蚄薅袄芄薀蚄羆肇蒆蚃聿芃莂蚃螈肆芈蚂羁芁蚇蚁肃膄薃蚀膅荿葿虿袅膂莄蚈羇莈芀螇肀膀蕿螇蝿莆蒅螆袁腿莁螅肄莄莇螄膆芇蚆螃袆肀薂螂羈芅蒈螁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀袀袂肆膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈

12、膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂

13、肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆

14、芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃

15、肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈

16、羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂

17、膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆

18、羈莂薁羂羄莁螃袄芃莁蒃蚇腿莀薅袃肅荿蚈蚅羁莈莇袁袇蒇蒀蚄膆蒆薂衿肂蒅螄蚂肈蒅蒄羈羄蒄薆螀节蒃虿羆膈蒂螁蝿肄蒁蒁羄羀膈薃螇袆膇蚅羂膅膆莅螅膁膅薇肁肇膄虿袃羃膃螂蚆芁膂蒁袂膇膂薄蚅肃芁蚆袀罿芀莆蚃袅艿蒈袈芄芈蚀螁膀芇螃羇肆芆蒂蝿羂芆薅羅袈芅蚇螈膆莄莇羃肂莃葿螆羈莂 Test One集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如：police, people,cattle,militia,poultry等，通常作复数，用复数动词。如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，如fo

19、liage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。The city council is meeting to set its agenda.4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词如果主语是由“a c

20、ommittee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.近义词辨析tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, wornout这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息，还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫，

21、一到家就上床睡觉去了。exhausted表达的疲惫程度最强，指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。The exhausted engineer fell asleep on the bus.精疲力竭的工程师在公共汽车上睡着了。fatigued所表达的疲劳程度比tired和weary强，表示由于过度劳累而引起疲乏，不能再继续下去。He felt fatigued and didnt want to say a single word.他疲惫不堪，不想说一句话。weary语气比tired强，指由于长时间努力工作或由于做单一的事而引起疲倦。After a long and weary wait, the plan

22、e finally came to take them back.经过漫长而又令人疲乏的等待后，飞机终于来接他们回去了。worn out这个词不太正式，多用于口语。The troops were wornout after winning the battle.战后,部队疲惫不堪。Test Two关于used to的意义和用法1)used to (只有过去时形式，没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态，这种情况现已不复存在。例如：He used to smoke a lot, but he has long given up smoking.2)在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中，用didnt use

23、 to或usednt to均可：He didnt use to smoke cigarettes.He usednt to smoke cigarettes. Didnt Maria use to be interested in the theatre?Usednt Maria to be interested in the theatre? 3)在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式：Used you to go to the same school as Edward?Did you use to go to the same school as Edward? 近义词辨析use, apply,

24、avail, employ, utilize这组词均含有“使用”或“利用”之意。use强调利用人或物作为工具。He used up all his resources in experimenting with the new paint.他为实验新的涂料，花光了一切钱财。apply指把某物或某种方法、原理等加以应用。We should not only know the theory but also know how to apply it to practice.我们不仅要知道理论，还要知道怎样把理论应用于实践。avail 指使用就近的或他人给予的东西，或使别人为自己提供服务。I don

25、t think complaints will avail you much.我觉得抱怨对你没多大用处。We avail ourselves of every opportunity to speak English.我们利用一切机会讲英语。employ指使用未被利用的东西；用于人时表示雇用。He doesnt know how to employ his energy and time.他不知道该怎么利用他的精力和时间。utilize指充分发挥某物的作用，使无用的东西变有用，或使人或物有新用途。She hopes to utilize her artistic talents in the

26、job.她希望在工作中发挥她的艺术才能。Test Three关于dare的意义和用法1)作为情态动词表示“胆敢”，dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。例如：I dare not go there.How dare he say such rude things about me?2)dare作为情态助动词没有过去式形式，其否定式为darent，既可指现在时间，也可指过去时间。例如：Tom wanted to come, but he darent.3)dare还可用主动词，随后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。例如：He does not dare (to) answer.Does she d

27、are (to) go there alone?近义词辨析besides, but, except, except for这组词均含有“除外”的意思。besides “除外，还有”，指更进一步的拥有，包括所“除”事物在内。Have you got any clothes besides these?除了这些衣服你还有别的吗?but不包括所引事物在内，多与nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, all, anybody等连用。He has nobody but himself to blame for that.那件事他没法指责别人，只能怪他自己。exce

28、pt不包括所引事物。常与no, none, nothing等否定词或all,everyone, everything等连用，但不可用于句首。They all went to the Summer Palace except one.除一人之外他们都去了颐和园。except for常指除去所引情况让人稍感遗憾之外，整体情况尚属理想，被除去的事物与正在谈及的事物之间不具有共同属性或性质。The roads were clear except for a few cars.除几辆小汽车外，路面很空旷。Test Four定语从句中关系代词that的用法1)在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。

29、例如：They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited.2)在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如：He is the best student that I have ever met.3)在以“It is.”,“It was.”等开头的强调句中，和相应的疑问句中。如：What is it that he wants?4)在only, all, little的后面This is all that I know.5)在no, every, some和any等词后面，也包括在它们的复合词在内。如

30、：There is no person that is always in the right.Is there anything that I can do for you?近义词辨析beautiful, good looking, handsome, lovely, pretty这组词均含有“美丽”、“漂亮”、“可爱”的意思。beautiful指能不仅给人带来感官上的快乐，而且通过感官产生思想和灵魂的愉悦，在同类词中层次最高。She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我记忆中的她更漂亮了。good looking不如handso

31、me, pretty意思强烈，指一般的“好看”或“悦目”。That good looking young man visited the house once or twice a week.那个长相不错的年轻人一星期光顾一两次。handsome通常是一种客观的不带感情色彩的评价。一个人如被形容为handsome,是指此人外貌符合观察者的要求，但不激发更深层的感受。He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西装显得非常英俊。lovely比感官的快乐更进一步，是强调纯粹情感上的愉悦，指觉得某人或某物“可爱”。Mary has two lovely

32、daughters.玛丽有两个可爱的女儿。pretty也是“漂亮、可爱”的意思。很少形容大而有影响力的事物，多形容事物不以其优秀、完美而以小巧、优雅、精致见长，使人容易接受并喜爱。Her boyfriend believes that she is the prettiest girl in the town.她男朋友觉得她是镇上最漂亮的女孩。Test Fivebe+不定式结构1）表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如：Theres to be an investigation.I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.这一结构常见于报纸和广播，用以宣

33、布官方的计划或决定。例如：The Queen is to visit Japan next year.2）二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如：You are to stand here. Do you understand?Tell her shes not to be back late.3）一般现在时也可表达将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语从句。例如：If she comes, Ill tell her all about it.Wait here till the meeting is over.It wont be long before the rain stops.近义词辨析be

34、gin, commence, initiate, launch, start这组词均含有“开始”的意思。begin在这组词中最常用，泛指开始做某事。但口语中近年来start用得较多。 The band began to play joyful music.乐队开始演奏欢快的音乐。commence比begin用法正式。在宗教或其它仪式及军事用语中人们倾向用commence.The officer ordered the soldiers to commence the attack.军官命令士兵开始进攻。initiate指进程中的第一步，与何时停止或结束没有关系。The government h

35、as initiated a new reform program.政府启动了新的改革方案。launch指开始或着手一项活动、计划等大规模或声势浩大的行动，行动前或行动中有一定的宣传鼓动。The company will launch an advertising compaign to introduce its new product.那个公司要发起广告攻势推出自己的新产品。start与stop构成反义用法，指从一特定地点出发，由静止或等待状态开始做某事。在口语中常可代替begin。They started operations at once.他们马上开始行动。Test Six有关否定1

36、)双重否定最常见的形式有：no(not).but.没有不no(not).without.没有不，除不no(not).unless没有就不not.until直到才例如：There is no one but knows it.没有一个人不知道此事。2)can not与副词too,enough, sufficiently, over, too much等词连用时，意为“无论怎样也不过分”，“越越”。例如：You cannot be too careful.你越仔细越好。We cannot praise him too much.我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。近义词辨析break, crack, cr

37、ush, shatter,break, smash这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。break是这组词中最常用的，指使某件东西破碎。If you break that vase, youll have to pay for it.如果打破了那只花瓶，你就得赔偿。crack指打裂某物，但不一定打碎，因而通常不会成为碎片。You may crack these nuts with a hammer.你可以用锤子把这些坚果敲开。crush强调挤压或踩的动作，毁坏程度取决于被压物的组织结构，或变形，或成小块，或可恢复原状。To make wine, you first crush the grap

38、es.若要造酒，需先将葡萄压碎。shatter打破某物，力大到使碎片飞出很远，常指整件东西完全被毁。The explosion shattered most of the windows in the building.爆炸震碎了那座大楼的大部分窗玻璃。smash突出暴力，击打时动作较猛，被击打的东西往往完全报废。He smashed the window with a brick.他用砖块击碎窗玻璃。 Test Seven形容词层迭修饰时的顺序几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时，其词序一般按下列顺序排列：限定词表示说话人评价的形容词表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国别、来源、

39、材料的形容词表示用途或目的的形容词名词中心词。例如：the towns charming old English churcha well known German medical schoolthe mans first two interesting little red French oil paintings近义词辨析bother, disturb, trouble, worry这组词均含有“不停地烦扰他人或搞得某人心神不宁”的意思。bother和disturb常用于主动和被动两种形式中。用于被动时，bother指常受到时有时无的小事的烦扰。用于主动时，bother的意思比distur

40、b强，带有故意打扰他人的意思。If you return me the book, I will stop bothering you.你归还我的书后，我就不打扰你了。disturb用于被动形式时，意思比bother强烈，有时甚至可指精神错乱。用在主动形式时，意思最弱，指某人无意中打扰他人，这种打扰行为并非存心冲着他人去的。The man was mentally disturbed.这个人精神错乱了。trouble和worry主要用于被动，指被某事搞得心神不宁。trouble比worry稍正式些，指麻烦别人一件事而影响他人舒适、方便、效率、健康或心境的平静等。May I trouble yo

41、u for the book?麻烦您把书递给我好吗?worry主要指因对某事的结果没有把握而焦虑不安，还可指某人沉浸在软弱无助的情绪或思虑中。Worrying about your health can make you sick.经常担心你的健康，会使你生病的。Test EightIt is the first time +that分句1)在“It is/was/will be the first time+that分句”结构中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that分句动词一律用现在完成体，引导词that可以省略。例如：It is the first time Ive been he

42、re.Dont forget, itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.2)当主句动词为was时，that分句动词通常用过去完成体。例如：It was the first time shed been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.近义词辨析fast, hasty, quick, rapid, speedy, swift这组词均含有“迅速的”，“快捷的”的意思。fast强调速度快，且保持不变；又指钟表的时间超过准确的时间。We took a fast train to Beiji

43、ng.我们坐快车来北京。hasty指匆忙、急促，涉及因此而引起的慌乱、疏漏。Dont arrive at hasty conclusions.别匆忙下结论。quick强调动作、行为发生得突然且持续时间短。指人时，暗示聪明、领悟快。The tiger took a quick leap at the sheep.老虎猛地向羊扑去。rapid指就整个过程来讲速度快，但并不一定指这一过程的速度始终均匀不变。The growth of the economy has been rapid in recent years.近年来，经济增长速度很快。speedy指人处理问题迅速或物体运转速度快。His a

44、ccusations brought a speedy denial.他的指控马上遭到了否认。swift与fast和quick同义，但带有文学色彩。Eagles are swift in flight.鹰飞得很快。Test Nine动词后接不定式或动名词1）有些动词或词组如admit, appreciate, avoid, consale, defer, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, mention, mind, miss, quit, postpone, practise, resist, risk, (cant) stand, suggest,

45、 give up, put off等后面只能接动名词。例如：I enjoy playing football.I dont mind sleeping with the door open.2）有些动词如stop, remember, forget, try, mean等接不定式或动名词做宾语，意思各不相同。try doing sth试试看(没有付诸的行动)try to do尽力去做(已有行动)mean doing sth意味着mean to do sth打算近义词辨析change, alter, convert, modify, vary这组词均含有“变化”的意思。change最常用，指任何

46、一种变化过程，但多用于指某人或某物发生根本性转变，失去了原来的身份特征，前后完全不同。Years of hard work had changed her a great deal.多年辛苦劳作使她变了很多。alter指对人或事物的某些特征进行某种程度的更改，但并没有使人或事物的性质发生根本改变。She had to ask the dressmaker to alter the dress for her.她不得不请裁缝把衣服改一下。convert指使事物的条件、性质、功能等发生重要改变、转换、或转化。Scientists are trying to find cheaper ways to

47、 convert salt water to fresh water.科学家在努力寻找将海水淡化的更廉价的方法。modify指在较小的范围内进行形式上的修改或调整。They have to modify the terms of their lease.他们不得不修改租赁条款。vary可以指仅仅改变事物的外观，也可指使事物的内在性质发生变化，通常是在同一组事物中将一种情形改变为另一种情形。She varies the program each month to make it more attractive.每个月她都对节目做些变动，使它更吸引人。Test Ten有关反意疑问句1)“am I”

48、的否定形式是“arent I”，而不是“am not I”或“amnt I”。例如：I am right, arent I?2)everything和nothing作为陈述句的主语时是单数，因此反意疑问句中的主语要用“it”。注意，nothing作为主语时，反意疑问句中的动词要用肯定形式。例如：Nothing is wrong, is it?3)陈述句中的主语为everyone, everybody, anyone, nobody或no one时，反意疑问句中的主语用they。注意，nobody和no one是否定词，因此反意疑问句应该用肯定的。例如：Nobody knows it, do t

49、hey?4)如果陈述句部分有no, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom等词，那么，陈述句本身就是否定的，所以要接一个肯定的反意疑问句。例如：He has never been there, has he?5)如果陈述句中的动词是“wish”,那么反意疑问句中要用“may”。例如：I wish to go there with you, may I?6)包括听话人在内时“lets”的反意疑问句要用“shall we”。反之，反意疑问句中要用“will you”。例如：Lets go, shall we?Let us go, will you?Test

50、Eleven不定式不带to的问题1)在情态成语之后，即在would rather/would sooner/would(just) as soon(宁愿)，may/might as well(不妨)，cannot but/cannot help but之后。例如：You cant help but respect them.Since its a fine day we might as well walk.2)在“使役动词+宾语”之后，即在let, have, make之后。例如：Let there be an end of this misunderstanding.He wont hav

51、e us criticize his work.Abby made him stay to tea.3)在“感觉动词+宾语”之后，即在see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch之后。例如：We feel the house shake.I didnt hear you say that.4)在介词except/but之后如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to的不定式，否则带to。例如：They did nothing except work.Theres no choice but to wait. Test Twelve虚拟条

52、件句中的一些非常规现象1)省略连词if,把were, had, should移到主语前。例如：Were they here now, they would give us some advice.Had it not been for your help, we wouldnt have succeeded.2)用介词或介词短语without, but for, in the absence of, under.Without the leadership of the Party, we could not live a happy life.But for the atmosphere w

53、e would die.3)if only结构，表示“但愿”，“要是”，例如：If only I had more time, I could go to watch the performance.If only I knew where he lives.近义词辨析gather, assemble, collect这组词均含有“召集或聚集成小组、一群或团体”的意思。gather指把很分散的或分布很广的东西聚集到一起，或指自发地形成一组。The pupils are gathered into the auditorium.学生们被召集在大礼堂。assemble指人或组织为了某种共同的或特殊

54、的目的集合或聚集在一起。The football fans assembled on the square to celebrate the victory of their team.球迷们聚集在广场上庆祝他们球队的胜利。collect指有选择地进行收集或采集。They collected some precious butterfly specimens on the mountains.他们在山上收集了一些珍贵的蝴蝶标本。Test Thirteen引起倒装的前置状语1）当句首状语为否定词或带否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。这些词语常见的有：never, not for one min

55、ute, no longer, on no account, no more, nowhere else, at no time, hardly, scarcely, rarely, not for nothing等。例如：Never have I found him in such a good mood.2）句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”、“only+状语分句”构成，也可引起局部倒装。例如：Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.3）以关联连词not only(but also)和so(.t

56、hat)开头的句子，通常引起局部倒装。例如：So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.近义词辨析gaze, glare, gape, peer, stare这组词均含有“注意地或专注地看”的意思。gaze指长时间目不转晴地看或凝视，常用于表达惊奇、羡慕或心不在焉的心情。We gazed at the rough sea lost in thought.我们凝视波涛汹涌的大海，陷入沉思。glare指怒目而视，敌视或仇视。People glared at the man who had assassinated their premier.人

57、们愤怒地瞪着刺杀了他们总理的凶手。gape指目瞪口呆地凝视，常有发呆的意味。Tourists gaped at the animal keeper feeding meat to the lions.游客们目不转晴地看着饲养员给狮子喂肉。peer指眯起眼睛窥视。The detective peered into the room through his binoculars.侦探用望远镜向屋内窥视。stare指睁大眼睛看，带有好奇、猜疑或傲慢等含义。The girl stared at the beggar instead of giving him some money.小女孩冷冷地盯着乞丐

58、，没给他钱。Test Fourteen名词+不定式与名词+介词+ing分词1）有些名词如attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, reason, necessity, opportunity, time, way等，在其后用不定式或介词+ing分词均可，意义无甚区别。例如：The doctor made a bold attempt to save/at saving the childs life.2）有些名词如ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, mind, obligation,

59、 permission, refusal, tendency, wish等，在其后通常带不定式，而不带介词+ing分词。例如：Our ability to think and speak separates us from other mammals.3）还有些名词如aptitude, experience, hope, method, possibility, difficulty, interest, plan, habit, passion, genius等，其后通常带介词+ing分词，而不带不定式。例如：There is no hope of winning the game.近义词辨

60、析strange, eccentric, odd, peculiar, queer, unique这组词均含有“不平常的”或“奇怪的”的意思。strange词义最广。指非一般的、不平常的、费解的或与预期不同的，还强调陌生，不熟悉。With so many strange faces around her, she felt a bit nervous.身边尽是陌生的面孔，她感到有点紧张。eccentric指行为偏离常规，特别是显得古怪或可笑。Youll be considered eccentric if you go to the banquet in your tennis shoes.如