临床医学英语教学课件：Lecture 3 Word Formation of Medical Terms

1、Lecture 3Word Formation of Medical TermsBuilding ElementsRootPrefixSuffixCombining VowelRootA root is what remains when all added elements in a word have been removed, the part that is not further divisible. The root, the core in a word, provides the fundamental meaning of that word. derm skin epide

2、rmis, dermis, dermatology, dermatitis, dermatosis, dermatoidPrefixA prefix is a letter or a letter combination placed before a word or a combining form to alter or modify the basic meaning of the word. A larger proportion of prefixes describe spatial relationship. Others negate concepts, describe ph

3、ysical properties or qualities of objects or concepts.SuffixSuffix: attached to the end of a word base to change either the meaning of the base or the class of the word. two types: simple suffix and compound suffix. (1) Simple suffixes: those that have nothing added to them. -itis inflammation as in

4、 nephritis and hepatitis. Suffix(2) Compound suffix: a combination of a base and a simple suffix. -pathy patho- (disease, suffering) + -y (condition, act, process) “disease, or a diseased condition ” -ectomy ec- (out) + tom- (to cut) + -y (act, process) “the surgical removal, the process of cutting

5、out, or excision” tonsillectomy appendectomy thyroidectomyCombining Vowel1. Types of combining vowels Greek source (1) -o- cardi + o cardio- o + logy -ology (2) -a- par + a para- (3) -y- brad + y brady- pol + y poly-Latin source -i- mult + i multi- i + cide -icide ov + i ovi-Combining Vowel2. arrang

6、ement of the combining vowels(1) gastr/o + pathy gastropathy par/a + thyroid parathyroid (2) gastr/o + algia gastralgia gastr/o + itis gastritis par/a + enteral parenteral(3) gastr/o + intestinal gastrointestinal nephr/o + abdominal nephroabdominal (4) gastr/o + rhagia gastrorrhagia splen/o + rhaphy

7、 splenorrhaphy a + rhythm + ia arrhythmiaWord FormationAffixationCompositionConversionBlendingBackformationClippingInitialism and AcronymAffixation Affixation: formation of words by means of affixes (prefix and suffix). prefixation suffixation Prefixation a prefix is attached to the front of base au

8、tograft isograft allograft (homograft) xenograft (heterograft) Suffixation a suffix is attached to the end of base immune immunity immunize immunizationRules Of Word FormationArrangement of the morphemes (1) lymphadenitis lymphadenitis 1 2 3 淋巴 腺 炎症 mastectomy mastectomy 4 5 乳房 切除术 lipoma lipoma 6 7

9、 脂肪 肿瘤Rules Of Word Formationmastadenitismastitisadenomalipectomy adenitislymphomalymphadenoma mastadenomaadenolipomalymphadenectomyadenectomyRules Of Word Formation(2) phagocyte cytophagy blastocyte cytoblastTwo situations of the combination of the morphemes: parallel connection and restrictive con

10、nectionRules Of Word Formationnasopharyngeal pharyngonasal nose throat dentosurgical tooth surgerydyschondroplasia chondrodysplasia bad cartilage development, formationTypical Patterns of Affixation1.prefix + roote.g. inject : in- (into) + jec (t)- (to throw) put material into a particular location,

11、 often using a syringe2. prefix + combining vowel + roote.g. ectoderm : ect- (outside) + derm- (skin), the outer layer of the embryoTypical Patterns of Affixation3. root + suffixe.g. stasis : sta- (to stand) + -sis (a condition of), slowing of fluid movement4. root + combining vowel + suffixe.g. scl

12、erosis : scler- (to harden) + -sis (a condition of) hardening or stiffening of a tissueTypical Patterns of Affixation5. prefix + root + suffix e.g. perirenal: peri- (around) + ren- (kidney) + -al (pertaining to) located around the kidney6. prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix e.g. synarthrosis :

13、 syn- (together) + arthr- (joint)+ -sis (a condition of) immobilization of a joint by fusionTypical Patterns of Affixation7. prefx + prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix e.g. contraindication : contra- (against) + in- (toward) + dic(t)- (to speak) + -tion (the action or process involved ) a cond

14、ition that precludes using a drug8. root + root + suffix e.g. sialadenitis : sial- (saliva) + aden- (gland) + -itis (an inflammatory condition), inflammation of a salivary glandTypical Patterns of Affixation 9. root + combining vowel + root + suffix e.g. hemophilia : hemo- (blood) + phil- (beloved,

15、loving) + -ia (pathological or abnormal condition) any of several hereditary blood- coagulation disorders10. prefix + root + root + suffix e.g. hyperglycemia : hyper- (excessive) + glyc- (sweet) + (h)em- (blood) + -ia (condition) the presence of an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blo

16、odComposition a word-forming process by joining two or more words: open compound hyphenated compound solid compound open compound an open compound is made up of two or more words written separately:woman doctorman nursesleeping sicknessbrain deathfamily planningbirth controlgray matterwhite matter h

17、yphenated compoundA hyphenated compound consists of two or more words connected by a hyphen:high-resolutionhost-specificdeaf-muteair-bornebottle-feedgraft-versus-host solid compound A solid compound consists of two words written as one word: windpipeSleepwalkoverweight nosebleed. neoclassical compou

18、nds compounds coined from elements of the classical languages (Latin and Greek): biocidelysosomebio-sciencepsychanalysisbiophysicschemotherapy Conversion a word is adapted or converted to a new class without any change of form:stent (v. n.) love (v. n.) taste (v. n.)smell (v. n.)skin (v. n.)plaster

19、(v. n.)mask (v. n.)faint (adj. n.)Blending part + part genome (gene + chromosome) affluenza (affluent + influenza) redox ( reduction oxidation)whole + part breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)part + whole medicaid (medical + aid) medicare (medical + care) paramedic (parachute + medic) surgitool (surgica

20、l tool)Backformation vaccinate vaccination automate automation diagnose diagnosis injure injury contracept contraception ovulate ovulation palpitate palpitation vivisect vivisection proliferate proliferation adolesce adolescence psychoanalyze psychoanalysis Backformationbiograph biographyclaustropho

21、be claustrophobiachemist alchemistparamedic paramedicalpathogen pathogenic gloom gloomy Clippingexam examinationad advertisementdoc doctor CA/ca cancer/carcinomalab laboratoryflu influenzaspecs spectaclespolio poliomyelitispsych psychologyquack quacksalver InitializationInitialization(首字母简略法) are ve

22、ry common in medical literature. An acronym is a word coined from the initial letters of a group of words. They have been very active and have been increasing in number especially in science and technology. A large number of acronyms have been created in medical Literature.Initialization WHO (World

23、Health Organization) FDA (Food and Drug Administration) CT (computerized tomography) RBC (red blood cell) CC (chief complaint) BMR (basal metabolic rate) BP (blood pressure) GP (general practitioner) NP (nurse practitioner)Initialiam and Acronym abbreviations that are formed using the initial compon

24、ents in a phrase or name An acronym is a series of letters pronounced as a word (e.g. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization). An initialism is a series of letters pronounced as individual letters (e.g. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid). InitialiamsWHO (World Health Organization)FDA (Food and Drug Admin

25、istration)CT (computerized tomography) RBC (red blood cell) CC (chief complaint) BMR (basal metabolic rate)BP (blood pressure) GP (general practitioner) NP (nurse practitioner) JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association)MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)AcronymsAIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency

26、Syndrome)SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)LASER/laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)Initialiam and AcronymSome words are mostly composed of the initial letter of the word plus the first letter of other components of the same word, such as: TB (tuberculosis) OD (overdose) IV (intravenous) IM/im (intramuscular) Hb (hemoglobin), RT (radiotherapy) NP (neuropsychiatry)Initialiam and AcronymInitialiams from Latin or Greek: a.c. (ante cibum = before meal) p.c. (post cibum = after meal) b