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1、初中英语 语法基础知识总结 一、名词 1可数名词 可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词,包括个体名词和集体名词,有 单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下:以 s,x,ch, sh 结尾的名词加 -es(除 stomach)。y 结尾 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词, 要变 y 为-ies。但以元音字母加 时直接加 -s。 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词须直接加 -s 的,如:beliefs, proofs。变 f 或 fe 为-ves 的,如:knives,leaves,wives,lives,thieveswolves,shelves,。注意 handkerchief 的复数可直接加 -s。也可变 f 为

2、 -ves。以 o 结尾直接加 -s,如:zoos,pianos,kilos ,photos,autos,radios。加-es,如: Negroes,heroes,potatoes。复数不规则的名词,如:manmen,woman women, footfeet,goosegeese,oxoxen,childchildren,toothteeth等。单复数形式一样的名词, 如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,means,works 等。2不可数名词 不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。以-ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。某些以

3、 -s 结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。3名词的所有格(1) “ 所有格。一般名词后加“ 。如: Toms brother。s bag以-s 或-es结尾的复数名词,在名词右上方加“ 。如: the workers organization。 以-s 结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音 Z 结尾,一般可在名词右上方加 “ ,也可加 “ 。如: Dickens /Dickens s cup如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只有后一个名词加“ ;如果不是共有的,两个名词后都要加“ 。如: Tom and Marys room(共有);Marys and Tom s cups(不共有)。(2) 表示无

4、生命东西的名词, 通常采用 of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,总的来讲 of 所有格是 of the school。s所有格的一种替换形式。 如:the classroom (3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加 “ 来构成所有格。如: todays newspaper一、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式:1. pencil-box _ 2. wife _ 3. Sunday_ 4. city_ 5. dress _6. Englishman _ 7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _ 10. exam_ 11. German _ 12.

5、I have a lot of _(作业 ) to do every day. 13. His _(裤子 ) are new, but mine are old. 14. It is the best one of the _ (照片 ) in my family. 15. Are they building any _ (图书馆 ) in the city? 16. Can you cut this big pear into two _(半)? 17. At the end of _(八月 ), you must get ready for the new school year. 二、提

6、高型来源:1.June 1st is _ Day all over the world. A. Childs B. Childs C. ChildrensD. Childrens2.September 10th is _ Day in China, isnt it?A. TeachersB. TeachersC. TeacherD. Teache _ is made of _. A. Glass; glassB. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses 3.This is _ news. A. such a good B. a

7、 very good C. so good a D. such good 4.What _ it is! Lets go swimming.A. a fine weatherB. fine dayC. a fine dayD. bad weather 5.They like Chinese _. A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people 6.Lucy and I go to school _ every day. A. on feetB. on footC. by footsD.

8、 by buses1 7. What are you listening to, Jane? _ or _? A. a music; a newsB. music; newsC. music; newsD. music; a news 8.How many _ and _ are there in your class? A. boy student; girl onesB. girls students; boys ones C. boys student; girl oneD. girl students; boy ones 9.A group of _ are talking with

9、two _ over there. A. Frenchmen; GermansB. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; FrenchmenD. Germans; Frenchmans 10. That bus driver drank two _. A. glass of waterB. glasses of watersC. cups of teaD. cup of tea 11. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _. A. Bob s motherB. Bobs mothersC. mother of BobD. Bob mother12

10、. The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher. A. Tom and CarlB. Toms and CarlsC. Tom and Carls13.esterday a few _ came to visit some _ in Shantou. A. German; places of interestB. Germans; places of interests C. Germans; places of interestD. Germen; places of interest 14.hen autumn comes, _ of most tr

11、ees turn yellow and then fall down. A. leafB. leafsC. leave D. leaves 二、冠词1不定冠词 a,an 表示 one 或 every。如: You have a mouth。表示某一类人、事或物,相当于any。如: A spade is a tool。用于某些固定词组中。如:a bit, a lot of。泛指某人或某物。如:A boy is waiting for her 。用在 rather,many,what 等词之后。如: You are rather a fool。注意:名词以元音音素开头时,前面若加不定冠词,要用“

12、an”。2定冠词 the 表示上文已提到过或下文将要提到的人或事物。如:I am very interested in the book。表示独一无二的人或事物。 如:the world,the sun,the moon,the earth。用在序数词、形容词最高级及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的 比较级前。如: the young,the second story,the largest room。用在以 -ese,-ch,-sh 等结尾和表示国家、党派等专有名词前,以及在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。如:the Great Lake。the Changjiang River,用在方

13、位名词前以及某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。如:in the west,on the right。用在形容词前表示一类人。如:the young,the dead。在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人,或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。如:The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table。用在单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物。如:The horse is a use-ful animal。 在艺术、文娱活动名称前通常用定冠词。如:go to the cinema。3不加冠词 (1) 一般专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前不 加冠词。如: America,Chi

14、na,Shanghai Railway Station。但是当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,前面加the。如: The milk in the bottle has gone bad抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰 词,指概念的 “一种 ”、“一类 ”、“一次 ”等时,用不定冠词。如:After a swim ,he had a rest。(2) 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。如:This book is mine。(3) 季节、月份、日期、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。 如:Summer is the warmest season

15、of the year。如果月份等被一个限定性定语修饰,就要加 冠词。如: Jack joined the Army in the spring of 2002。(4) 表示语言学科名称、 球类运动的名词前一般不用冠词。如:He is studying French in Paris。但是在 the Chinese language,the English lan-guage等中要用定冠词。(5) 在以 “普通名词或形容词最高级 面不加冠词。如: Shortest as he is。+as”开始的让步状语从句中,前用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“ ”1. Tomorrow is _ T

16、eachers Day and well make _ card for our English teacher. 2. The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour. 3. Mary is interested in _ science. 4. Some people dont like to talk at _ table. 5. Last night I went to_ bed very late. 6. Dont worry. We still have _ little time left. 7. What _ beautiful day

17、! And what _ fine weather! 8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in _Shanghai. 9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class. 10. We cant live without _ water or _ air. 11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, _capital of_ France, for Washington by_ air. 12. We were having_ lunch when they came i

18、n. 13. This is _ book you gave me last week. 14. What did you do _ last Saturday? 15. March 8 is _ Womens Day. 16. If _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park. 17. I prefer playing _ piano to playing _ basketball. 18. At _ age of five, he read a lot of books. 19. Tom and Lucy are of _ same

19、 age. 20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn. 三、数词1基数词(1) 21 99 之间的二位数由十位数加个位数再加连字符构成。如 24可写成 twenty-four 。(2) 101999之间的三位数由 hundred加 and再加二位数或末位数构成。加 489 可写成 four hundred and eighty-nine。(3) 表示确切数目时,基数词hundred,thousand,million ,billion不加 s。如 several hundred,ten million 。但是表示不确定数目时,要用 复数形式。如 hundred

20、s of。(4) 表示 “在几十年代 ”用“ in+the+逢十的数词复数 ”。如 in the1980s 或 80s。2序数词一般由基数词加 -th 构成,前面一般加定冠词 hundredth。the。如 the two 以 y 结尾的基数词构成序数词时, 把 y 改成 i,再加 -eth。如 the fiftieth 。不规则的序数词有 first,second,third,fifth ,eighth,ninth,twelfth 。3其他几种数词 (1) 分数由基数词和序数词合成,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于 l 时,分母的序数词要用复数形式。如 11/3 读做 three and

21、 two thirds 1/3 读做 one(a)third;但 1/2 读做 one(a)half, 1/4 读做 one(a)quarter。(2) 小数点读做 point; “零”读做 zero;带小数点的数字从左至右依 次读出。如 0.2 读做 zero point two。(3) 百分数读做 percent。如 17读做 seventeen percent。四、代词 1人称代词 人称代词的主格做主语;宾格做宾语或表语。2物主代词 物主代词有两大类,一般形容词性物主代词做定语;名词性物主代词做主语、宾语和表语。3反身代词反身代词由形容词性物主代词加-self 或-selves构成如:m

22、yself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves 反身代词在句子中可充当宾语、表语和同位语。4疑问代词常用的疑问代词有who,whom,whose,whoever,which,what 等。疑问代词用来构成特殊疑问句,可用做主语、宾语、表语和定语。5指示代词指示代词表示单数的有this,that;表示复数的有these,those。用法如下:(1) 在句中做主语、宾语和定语。(2) this(these)一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物;that(those)指 时间和空间上较远的人或物。6不定代词 不

23、定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数与不可数的区别。不 定代词的种类较多,用法和侧重点略有不同,介绍如下。(1) one, some与 any 的区别: one 作为不定代词可以泛指任何人,还可以替代名词词组或名词词组中的中心词,其复数形式为ones;some表示肯定意义,一般用于肯定旬;问、否定句中。any 表示否定或疑问意义,多用于疑(2) each与 every 的区别: each通常用来指小到两个,强调个别,可以充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语;every 则通常指三个以上的人,强调整体,相当于汉语的“每个都 ”,在句中只做定语。(3) none 与 no 的区别: no(not any

24、)在句子中做定语; none 在句中做 主语或宾语,代替不可数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可 数名词做主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。(4) other 与 another 的区别:other 可用于单数和复数, 泛指 “另外的 ”,做定语,常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用;others 是 other 的复数形式,泛指 “别的人或物 ”,但不是全部; the other 指“两者中的另一个 ”,常与 one连用,做定语修饰复数名词时, 表示另一方中的 “全部其余的 ”;the others是 the other 的复数形式,特指 “全部其余的人或物 ”;another 指不确

25、定的另一个, 三个或三个以上中的 “任何一个 ”、“再一 ” 、“另一 个”,做代词或形容词。(5) both 与 all 的区别:both 指两个人或物; all 指三个以上的人或物。两者在句中都可做主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。(6) either 与 neither 的区别: either 表示 “两个中的任何一个 ”;neither表示 “两个中的任何一个都不 选择填空 . ”。两个词都表示单数。1. Mr. More has more money than Mr. Little . But he doesnt enjoy _. A. he B. him C. his D. hims

26、elf 2. Lily was 9 years old. _ was old enough to go to school _. A. She , she B. She , herself C. Her, herself D. Her. she 3. Jims watch is much newer than _.A. hers B.she C. her D. herself 4.Would you like _for super? A: something Chinese B:Chinese something C: anything Chinese D: Chinese anything

27、5._ piano is too old ,but she still liked playing it. A. She B. Shes C. Hers D. Her6.Who taught you English last year? Nobody taught me . I taught _. A. me B. myself C. mine D. I 7.That bike is _? Ahe B. him C. his D. it 8. We bought _ a present, but _ didn” t like it. A. they, them B. them , they C

28、. themselves , their D.theirs, they 五、情态动词情态动词表示的是说话人的态度,没有人称和数的变化,虽然其本身具有一定的词汇意义, 但不能独立使用。它与其后边的动词原形构成谓语。具体用法如下:1can 和 could 的用法表示智力或体力方面的能力或表示客观的可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中,表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。2may 和 might 的用法表示可能、允许。表示请求、允许时,might 比 may 客气些。否定回答时可用 cant或 mustnt,表示 “不可以 ”、“禁止 ”、“阻止 ”之意。用 May I 征询对方许可

29、,在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,特别是在现代口语中,用 见。Can I 征询对方意见更为常用于祈使句中表示祝愿。表示推测、可能 (不用于疑问句 )。3must 和 have to 的用法(1) 表示 “必要的 ” must问句,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustn,而要用 neednt或 dont have to。(2) 表示 “可能性很大的 “推测,结构为 “ must be+表语 ”,它的否定或疑问形式用 can代替 must。(3) must 和 have to 表示 “必须 ”时,意思很相似, 但应注意下列几点区别: must 表示的是说话人的主观看法;而have t

30、o 则往往强调客观条件的作用。must 一般只有现在时; have to 则有更多的时态形式。must 可以表示推断;而have to 则不能表示推断。询问对方的意愿时应用 must。二者的否定意义大不相同。must not 表示禁止,是说话人强有力的劝告,意为 “绝不可以 ”、“不准 ”、“不允许 ”。dont have to 意为 “不必 ”。4shall 和 should 的用法shall 用于第一人称时,表示说话人征求对方的意愿,用于第一、第三人称疑问旬中时, 表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求,用于第二、第三人称时,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允许或威胁。should 表示劝告、

31、建议、命令,其同义词是 通常用 should 代替 ought to。5will 和 would 的用法ought to。在疑问句中,(1) 表示请求、建议时,would 的语气比 will 委婉。(2) 表示意志、愿望和决心时用 will 。(3) 表示过去习惯用 的含义。would,比 used to 正式,且没有 “现已无此习惯 ”(4) would 表示估计或猜想。练习题1 John_ come to see us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. may B. can C. has to D. must 2 They _ do well i

32、n the exam. A. can be able to B. be able to C. can able to D. are able to 3 -May I take this book out? -No, you_. A. cant B. may not C. neednt D. arent 4 You_ go and see a doctor at once because youre got a feve r. A. can B. must C. dare D. would 5 -Can you speak Japanese? -No, I_. A. mustnt B. cant

33、 C. neednt D. may not 1 -He_ be in the classroom, I think. -No, he _ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute a go. A. can; may not B. must; may not C. may; cant D. may; mustnt 2 -Shall I get one more cake for you, Dad? 第 9 / 12 页-Thanks, but you_, Ive had enough. A. may not B. must not C. ca

34、nt D. neednt 3 Even the top students in our class cant work out this problem, so it_ be very difficult. A. may B. must C. can D. need 4 He isnt at school. I think he _ be ill. o A. can B. shall C. must D. has to 5 _ I take this one? A. May B. Will C. Are D. Do 1 The children_ play football on the ro

35、ad. A. cant B. can C. mustnt D. must 2 You _ be late for school again next time. A. mustnt B. neednt C. dont have to D. dont need to 3 -Must I do my homework at once? -No, you_. A. neednt B. mustnt C. cant D. may not 1 His arm is all right. He_ go and see the doctor. A. has not to B. dont have to C.

36、 havent to D. doesnt have to 2 He had to give up the plan, _ he? A. did B. didnt C. does D. doesnt 3 They had to walk here, _ they? A. mustnt B. did C. didnt D. hadnt 1 He had better stay here, _ he? A. didnt B. dont C. hadnt D. isnt 2 Youd better_late next time. A. not to be B. not be C. wont be D.

37、 dont be 3 Youd better _ your hair _ once a month. A. had; cut B. had; cutted C. have; cut D. have; cutted 4 You_ ask that man over there. Maybe he knows the way. A. had better not to B. had not better C. had better D. had bette r not 1 -Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday? A. Here

38、you are B. Sorry, I cant C. Yes, please D. Let me try 2 -Why dont you ask Mike to go with us? -Thanks, _. A. I will B. I wont C. lean D. I may 3 -_ I take the newspaper away? -No, you mustnt. You_read it only here. A. Must; can B. May; can C. Need; must D. Must; must 1 Excuse me. _ you please pass me that cup? A. Do B

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