美国文学史复习要点手动

1、美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England : Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, RhodeIsland, and Connecticut.Doctrines of Puritanism 清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定），original sin（原罪），total depravity （彻底的堕落）,and limited atonement （ 有限的赎罪）from God s grace.Writing style :

2、 fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility ; the rhetoric is plain and honest.4、Life style : hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、 Main writer:Thomas Paine 托马斯 潘恩work： Common Sense （1776）常识American Crisis （1776-1783） 美国危机The Rights of Man 人权The Age of Reason 理性时代Benjamin Franklin（本杰明

3、富兰克林）Poor Richard s Almanac穷查理历书Autobiography 富兰克林自传3） Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊独立宣言Declaration of Independence (1776)二、 American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期、 Characteristics ：A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for

4、romanticsthan reason and common sense.感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group,against authority.强调个人主义 , 将个人与团体, 反对权威。Stress on the close relationship between man and nature.强调人与自然之间的密切关系。Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the rem

5、ote,the mysterious, and the strange疯狂的迷恋, 不规则 , 不定 , 远程 , 神秘 , 奇怪Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.对过去有强烈的兴趣, 特别是中世纪。、 Features ： New experience in the American Romanticism.A deep influence from the American Puritanism.The “ newness” of the Americans as a nation.3、 wr

6、iters and works:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利 瓦兹沃思 朗费罗A Psalm of Life (1838)人生礼赞夜吟Voices of the Night (1839)The Song of Hiawatha (1855)海华沙之歌The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858)迈尔斯 斯坦迪什的求婚Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863)路边客栈的故事Washington Irving华盛顿 欧文A History of New York (1809)纽约外史The Sketch Book (181

7、9-1820)见闻札记“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ”睡谷的传说“ Rip Van Winkle ”瑞普凡温克尔(The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person .)Bracebridge Hall (1822)布雷斯布里奇田庄Tales of a Traveller (1824)旅客谈James Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯费尼莫尔库柏Leather-stocking Tales皮袜子故事集The Pioneer拓荒者The Prairie大草原The Spy间谍三、New England

8、 Transcendentalism(新英格兰超验主义 )1、Over-soul (超灵)was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent 简答)Individualism individual was the most importanta fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God.2、writers and works:Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生Nature (1836) 论自然The American Scholar (1837)论

9、美国学者Divinity School Address (1838)神学院演说Self-Reliance (1841)论自助Representative Men (1850)代表人物The Transcendentalist超验主义者The Over-Soul论超灵Henry David Thoreau梭罗Walden; or Life in the Woods (1854)瓦尔登湖； 或林中生活节选 Our village life would stagnate if it were not for the unexploredforests and meadows which surrou

10、nd it. We can never have enough ofNature. 四、American Romanticism (later period)浪漫主义后期我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后白勺文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。1、High Romantics in fiction2、 Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑Twice-Told Tales (1837)尽人皆知的故事Mosses fr

11、om an Old Manse (1846)古屋青苔The Scarlet letter (1850)红字The House of Sever Gables (1851)有七个尖角阁的房子Blithedale Romance (1852)福谷传奇The Marble Faun (1860)玉石雕像Our Old House (1863)我们的故居symbols and setting, ambiguity, supernatural elements. His style issoft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but

12、 hisobservation is somber.Herman Melville赫尔曼麦尔维尔Moby-Dick (1851)白鲸(pp113-118)Pierre (1852)皮埃尔Typee (1846)泰比Omoo (1847)奥穆Mardi (1849)玛迪2、High Romantics in poetry Edgar Allan Poe艾伦坡怪诞故事集Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque （1840）“The Raven（1845）乌鸦“Annabel Lee （1849）安娜贝尔李Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼Leaves of Gra

13、ss草叶集Features in Whitman s poems：Organic form : extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.Thought rhythm : does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts.Parallelism : The parallel lines say the samething but use different words.Cataloguing technique : long lists of

14、 images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.Free verse （自由诗）Emily Dickinson 艾米丽狄金森Theme Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life& deathNaturefriendship love &marriageWork： I died for beautyFeatures : frequent use of dashes （破折号），sporadic capitalizationof nouns （零星的名词） , convoluted and ungrammatica

15、l phrasing（措辞费 解不合文法),off-rhymes (压尾韵),broken meters, bold and unconventionaland often startling metaphors(大胆的隐喻)，and aphoristic wit(警句).五、The Age of Realism美国现实主义文学at the later part of the 19th century.simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature.based on the accurate of human e

16、xperiences.It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.feature : objective and realWriters and works: Howells Their Wedding Journey (1872)结婚旅行Hen

17、ry James 亨利詹姆斯The American (1877)一个美国人Daisy Miller (1878)黛西密勒The Portrait of a Lady (1881)贵妇画像The Art of Fiction (1884)“小说的艺术”The Bostonians (1886)波士顿人The Tragic Muse (1890)悲惨的缪斯The Wings of Dove (1902)鸽翼The Ambassadors (1903)专使The Golden Bowl (1904)金碗六、Regionalism & Local Colorism(乡土文学与地方色彩文学)prese

18、nts a locale which is distinguished from the outside world.describes the exotic and the picturesque.glorifies the past.attempts to show things as they are.stresses the influence of setting on character.Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristicWriters and works:Mark Twain 马克 吐温“the Lincol

19、n of literatureThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)汤姆 索亚历险记The Prince and the Pauper (1882)王子与贫儿Life on Mississippi (1883)密西西比河上The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D.Warner)镀金时代The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)哈克贝利 费恩历险记Feature : use Vernacular language. local colorStyle : unpretentious, collo

20、quial, poetic.Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特 比彻 斯托汤姆叔叔的小屋Uncle Tom s Cabin (1852)3) Francis Bret Harte弗朗西斯布雷特哈特沉船咆哮营里的幸运儿The Lost Galleon (1867)The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870)Mrs. Skaggs s Husbands (1873)斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们An Heiress of Red Dog (1879)红狗的女继承人七、American Naturalism美国自然主义文学美国文学自然主义者认为， 人同时受制于(are cont

21、rolled )自然环境与社会环境，因而遗传因素(laws of heredity ) 与社会环境(environment )是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。他们认为，在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的。more inclusive and less selective than realism.比现实主义更具包容性，选择却更少Determinism governs everything决定论支配一切It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topicsas divorce,

22、 sex, adultery, poverty, and crime. It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions,or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.1、writers and works:Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬克莱恩The Red Badge of Courage (1895)红色英勇勋章 Frank Norris弗兰克诺里斯American novel; a consciouslyMcTeague (18

23、99)麦克提格Theodore Dressier 西奥多 德莱塞An American Tragedy (1925)美国悲剧嘉莉妹妹Sister Carrie (1900)Jennie Gerhardt (1911)珍妮姑娘The Financier (1912)金融家The Titan (1914)巨人The Stoic (1947)斯多葛The Genius (1915)天才4) Jack London 杰克伦敦Martin Eden (1909)马丁伊登The Son of the Wolf (1900)狼之子The Call of the Wild (1903)野性的呼唤The Sea

24、 Wolf (1904)海狼White Fang (1906)白瞭牙“Love of Life ” (1907)热爱生命Upton Sinclair厄普顿辛克莱The Jungle屠场八、Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌feature : fragmentation (分散，碎片)stream-of-consciousness(意识流的)a break with the pastwriters and works:Ezra Pound庞德Des Imagists意象派诗选Cantos诗章Cathay华夏Hugh Selwyn Mauberley ” 休赛尔温毛伯利九、

25、Modern American Fiction美国现代小说 T. S. Eliot托马斯斯特尔那斯艾略特The Waste Land (1922)荒原Family Reunion (1950)大团圆Robert Frost 罗伯特弗罗斯特A Boy s Will (1913)少年的心愿North of Boston (1914)波士顿以北After Apple Picking (1914)摘苹果之后Mountain Interval (1916)山间洼地New Hampshire (1923)新罕布什尔West-Running Brook (1928)西流的溪涧A Further Range

26、(1936)又一片牧场A Witness Tress (1942)一株见证的树“Mending Wall ”“修墙”“The Road Not Taken ”“没有走过的路”C Carl Sandburg卡尔桑德伯格In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂想Cornhuskers国歌袋Smoke and Steel年代辗米机The American Songbag烟与钢The Prairie Years美草原的Good Morning, America早上好，美国The People, Yes人民，好1、The Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）Writers and wo

27、rks: Ernest Hemingway 海明威He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details.Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in face of tragedy.They reveal mans impotence and despairing courage to assert

28、 himself against overwhelming odds.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(一座冰山在海面上移动是很壮观的，因为只有八分之一露出水面。)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)老人与海The Sun Also Rises (1926)太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms (1929)永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time (1

29、925)在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring (1926)春潮Men without Women (1927)没有女人的男人Winner Take Nothing (1933)胜者无所得To Have and to Have Not (1937)贫与富Style : Hemingway s style is noted for itssimplicity. In diction, hefocus on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives.

30、In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments. F. Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯斯科特基菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby (1925)This Side of Paradise (1920)Flappers and Philosophers (1920)The Beautiful and the Damned (1922)Tales of the Jazz Age (1922)All the

31、 Sad Young Men (1926)Tender is the Night (1934)The Last Tycoon (1941)了不起的盖茨比人间天堂新潮女郎与哲学家美丽的和倒霉的爵士乐时代的故事所有悲伤的年轻人夜色温柔最后一个巨头2、others Sherwood Anderson舍伍德安德森Winesburg, Ohio (1919)小镇畸人Poor white (1920)穷白人Horses and Men (1923)马与人The Triumph of the Egg (1921)鸡蛋的胜利Death in the Woods (1933)林中之死Windy McPherso

32、n s Son (1916)饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子Willa Cather薇拉额瑟云雀之歌The Song of the Lark (1915)My Antonia (1918)我的安东尼亚O Pioneers! (1913)啊，拓荒者！ A Lost Lady (1923)失踪的女士The Professor s House (1925)教授之家Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927)大主教之死Shadows on the Rock (1931)岩石上的阴影Sinclair Lewis辛克来刘易斯Babbitt (1922)巴比特4) John Steinbe

33、ck约翰斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath (1939)愤怒的葡萄The Moon is Down (1942)The Winter of Our Discontent (1961)The Pastures of Heaven (1932)In Dubious Battle (1936)Of Mice and Man (1937) John Dos Passos月亮下去了我们不安的冬天天堂牧场胜负未决鼠与人约翰多斯帕索斯The Trilogy U. S. A (1937)美国三部曲The Adventures of a Young Man (1939)一个年轻人的冒险Three S

34、oldiers (1921)Manhattan Transfer (1925) 1919 (1932)The Big Money (1936)Number One (1943)The Grand Design (1949)District of Columbia (1952)三个士兵曼哈顿中转站一九一九赚大钱第一号伟大的计划哥伦比亚特区十、The Southern Renaissance 美国南方文学( Southern Renaissance.1、ThemesChevalier heritage.骑士遗产Agrarian virtue.农业推崇Sartoris (1929)沙托里斯际Sanc

35、tuary (1931)圣殿光The Hamlet (1940)村子摩西The Town (1957)小镇Feature : successfullyadvanced some modern literary意识流种植园农场的贵族生活Plantation aristocracy.Lost cause.失去的事业White supremacy.白人至上的传统Purity of Southern womanhood.南方女性的纯洁2、Writers and worksWilliam Faulkner威廉福克纳The Yoknapatawpha Saga(约克纳帕塔法世系)The Sound and

36、 the Fury (1929)喧嚣与骚动Absalom, Absalom! (1936)押沙龙，押沙龙！Intruder in the Dust (1948)尘土中的入侵者As I Lay Dying (1930)我弥留之Light in August (1932)八月之Go Down, Moses (1942)去吧，“The Bear”“ 熊”techniques: Stream ofconsciousness. (interior monologue)multiple point of view多角度的talk about the violence and evil in all hum

37、an beings His prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction andcadences of American speech. Thomas Wolfe托马斯沃尔夫Look Homeward, Angel (1929) (novel)天使，望乡Of Time and the River (1935) (novel)时间与河流From Death to Morning (1935) (stories)从死亡至早晨The web and the Rock (1939) (manuscript novel)蛛网与岩石Yo

38、u Cant Go Home Again (1940) (manuscript novel)有家归不得The Hills Beyond (1941)远山3) Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳安波特The Flowering JudasThe Jilting of Granny WeatherallPale Horse, Pale RiderLearning Tower and Other Stories开花的犹大树被背弃的老祖母苍白的马，苍白的骑手斜塔和其他故事Ship of Fools Eudora Welty傻瓜的船尤多拉韦尔蒂Death of a Traveling Sa

39、lesman (1936)旅行推销员之死Delta Wedding (1946) Carson McCullers三角洲的婚礼卡森麦卡勒斯The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940)心是孤独的猎手The Ballad of the Sad Caf e (1943/1951)伤心咖啡馆的民谣Mary Flannery OConnor 弗兰纳里奥康纳Wise Blood (1952)A Good Man is Hard to Find (1955)The Violent Bear Is Away (1960)Everything That Rises Must Conve

40、rge (1965) William Styron 威廉斯泰伦Sophies Choice苏菲的抉择Lie Down in Darkness (1951)躺在黑暗中The Confessions of Nat Turner纳特特纳的自白H一- Modern American Drama 现代美国戏剧1、Expressionism(表现主义)：An artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but ratherthe subjective emotions and responses that

41、 objects and eventsarouse inhim. Heand fantasy andaccomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.2、writers and works:Eugene ONeill 尤金奥尼尔Bound East for Cardiff (1914)东航卡迪夫Desire under the Elms (1924)榆树

42、下的欲望Beyond the Horizon (1920)天边外The Emperor Jones (1920)琼斯皇The Hairy Ape (1922) 毛猿All God s Chillum Got Wings (1924)上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown (1926)大神布郎Strange Interlude (1928)奇异的插曲Mourning Becomes Electra (1931) 悲悼The Iceman Cometh (1946)送冰的人来了Long Day s Journey into Night (1956)日长路远夜深沉日mer Rice

43、埃尔莫莱斯Left Bank (1931) 左岸Adding Machine (1923)加算器Judgment Day (1934)审判日On Trial (1914)审讯The Mongrel (1924) 混血儿Street Scene (1929)街景Dream Girl (1945)梦幻姑娘Susan GlaspellTrifles (1916) 琐事The Outside (1917)外界Bernice (1919)贝尔尼斯Inheritors (1921)继承人The Verge (1921) 界限Alison s House (1930)艾里森的房子Clifford Odets

44、Waiting for Lefty (1935)等待老左Golden Boy (1937)金孩子The Country Girl (1950) 乡村姑娘 Night Music (1940)夜曲Awake and Sing! (1935)醒来唱歌Clash by Night (1941)夜间冲突The Flowering Peach (1954)开花的桃树The Big Knife (1948)大刀Tennessee Williams 田纳西威廉姆斯The Streetcar Named Desire (1947)欲望号街车The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园Night of th

45、e Iguana鬣蜥之夜Summer and Smoke夏日烟云Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫The Rose Tattoo玫瑰文身Suddenly Last Summer去年夏天突然Sweet Bird of Youth甜蜜的青春之鸟Period of Adjustment微妙的调整阶段Arthur Miller 米勒All My Sons 都是我儿子Death of a Salesman (1949)推销员之死The Crucible 塔锅/炼狱A View from the Bridge凭桥远眺After the Fall堕落之后Incident at Vic

46、hy维希事件The Archbishop s Ceiling大主教的天花板The Price代价The Creation of the World and Other Business创世记和其他Edward Albee 爱德华阿尔比The Zoo Story (1958)动物园故事The Sandbox (1961)沙袋Three Tall Women (1994)三个高个女人Tiny Alice (1964)小小爱丽丝A Delicate Balance (1966)微妙的平衡All Over (1971)万事皆休WhO s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962)

47、谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1968)毛主席语录David MametAmerican Buffalo美国野牛David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦M. Butterfly蝴蝶君Broken Promises: Four Plays没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本十二、African American Literature美国黑人文学1、Early African American literatureCD Frederick Douglass道格拉斯The Life and Time of Frederick

48、 of Douglass (1881)弗莱德里克道格拉斯的生平和时代Booker T. WashingtonUp from Slavery (1901)W. E. B. DuBoisThe Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches (1903)黑人的灵魂Cane (1923)拐杖2、 Harlem RenaissanceJean Toomer哈莱姆文艺复兴(or The New Negro Movement ) Countee CullenColor (1925)Copper Sun (1927)The Lost Zoo (1940)Zora Neal

49、e HurstonSpunk胆量Mules and Men (1935)卡伦，C.One Way to Heaven (a novel) (1932)The Black Christ (1929)My Lives and How I Lost Them (1942) 佐拉尼尔赫斯顿骡子与人Mountain (1939)山人摩西Langston Hughes“The Negro Speaks of River Shakespeare in Harlem (1947) I Wonder as I Wander (1956)Jonahs Gourd Vine (1934)Tell My Horse

50、(1937)Dust Tracks on a Road (1942)蓝斯顿休斯” (1920)“黑人说河”哈莱姆的莎士比亚我漂泊，我思考The Weary Blues (1926)疲倦的歌声Dear Lovely Death (1931)Mulatto (1936) 混血儿(play)The Best of Simple (1961)约拿的葫芦藤告诉我的马风尘仆仆亲爱的的死神辛普尔精选集3、African American literature in the 1940s and 1950s Richard Wright理查德赖特The Long Dream (1958)漫长的梦Land Tod

51、ay (1963)Ralph Ellison拉尔夫艾里森Invisible Man (1952)看不见的人汤姆叔叔的孩子们有色的窗帘局外人白人，听着！如今的土地12 Million Black Voices (1941) Uncle Tom s Children (1938; Native Son (1940)土生子Black Boy ( 1945)黑孩子 Eight Man (1961)八人行一千二百万黑人的声音enlarged, 1940)The Color Curtain (1956)The Outsider (1953)White Man, Listen! (1957)Shadow a

52、nd Act (1964) (essay collection)影子与行动Going to the Territory (1986) (essay collection)走向领地James Baldwin 詹姆斯鲍德温Notes of a Native Son土生子的笔记nother Country另一国度Nobody Knows My Name没有人知道我的名字Giovanni s Room乔万尼的房间The Amen Corner 阿门角AJust Above My Head就在我头顶上Go Tell it on the Mountains向苍天呼吁Blues for Mister Charley 黑人怨4、Contemporary African American literatureToni Morrison托妮莫里森The Bluest Eye (1970)最蓝的眼睛Sula (1973)苏拉Song of