6 Unit 3 Groundless Beliefs-供参考

1、Unit 3 一、授课时间：第6-7周二授课类型：课文分析10课时；习题讲解2课时三授课题目：Groundless Beliefs四授课时数：12五教学目的和要求：通过讲授课文使学生了解文章开门见山，通过假设的方式提出观点，即日常生活中遇到的很多观点都是毫无根据的。接着深入探讨分析，分别论述了毫无根据的观点的五种不同来源。最后，作者深化主题、鼓励读者以清晰、理性的方式来思考问题，勇于承认事实，并不惜代价追求真理以避免形成毫无根据的观点。学会用英语解释句子以达到学以致用的目的。要求学生主动地预习课文，课前准备练习，学会分析文章体裁和进行段落划分。六教学重点和难点：1）背景知识的传授：Polyga

2、my; Infanticide; Headhunting; Gladiatorial fighting; Dueling; Galileo Galilei; Prohibition; William James2）文章的体裁分析及段落划分；3）语言点的理解：Groundless; proposition; rest upon/on sth.; assertion; a shadow of; uncritically; staunch; be consistent with sth.; fit in with sb./sth.; be on sbs guard; enquire into sth

3、.; in (the) light of sth.; beyond questionGrammar Focus: Learn to use abbreviated adverbial clauses; Learn more about the subjunctive mood七教学基本内容和纲要Part One Warm up1.1 Warm-up Questions1. What is the author talking about here? Why do you think he wrote this article?2. What is your overall impression

4、 of this essay? Do you find any points raised by the author particular enlightening?3. Do you agree that many of our beliefs are actually groundless? Think carefully and list at least 10 of your strongly-held convictions which, upon serious examination, must be classified as groundless. Try and anal

5、yze why now you think they are groundless.4. Can you think of some personal convictions that you are determined not to give away although their logical ground is highly questionable? Can you explain why?5. Why do we have to bother whether our beliefs are well-grounded or not？As most of us will proba

6、bly be translators or interpreters rather than important decision-makers, cant we just take orders, get things done, and earn our honest living?6. Do you have anything in your mind to challenge the author? Are his views about groundless beliefs well-grounded themselves?Part Two Background Informatio

7、n2.1 Author 2.2 Catholic Belief; Presbyterian Belief; Aristotle vs. Galileo; William James; The Principles of Psychology; Headhunting in South Asia; Gladiatorial GamesPart Three Text Appreciation3.1 Text Analysis3.1.1 Theme of the text 3.1.2 Structure of the text3.2 Writing Devices3.2.1 Ellipsis: A

8、figure of speech characterized by the omission of one or more words that, while essential to the grammatic structure of the sentence, are easily supplied by the reader. 3.3 Sentence ParaphrasePart Four Language Study4.1 Phrases and Expressions 4.1.1 Word list:4.1.2 Phrases and expressions list: 4.1.

9、3 Word Building4.2 Grammar 4.2.1 Object Part Five Extension5.1 Group discussion5.2 Debating 八、教学方法和措施本单元将运用黑板、粉笔、多媒体网络辅助教学设备等教学手段，主要采用以学生为主体、教师为主导的任务型、合作型等教学模式，具体运用教师讲授法、师生讨论、生生讨论等方法进行教学。九作业，讨论题，思考题完成课后练习；多看英语报刊杂志及英语经典小说，扩大阅读量；精听与泛听相结合，逐步提高自己的听力水平；积极参加英语角等有助于提高英语口语的活动；坚持用英语写日记；做一些专四相关练习；十参考资料：杨立民主编,

10、现代大学英语精读（4）第二版，学生用书。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2012。杨立民主编,现代大学英语精读（4）第二版，教师用书。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2012。李观仪主编，新编英语教程（第三、四册）。上海:上海外语教学研究出版, 1999。黄源深，虞苏美等主编，综合英语教程（1-4册）。北京：高等教育出版社，1998。 高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲，北京：外语教学研究出版社，2000。Judy Pearsall主编，新牛津英语词典。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998。丁往道、吴冰等编著，英语写作手册。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。张道真，现代英语用法词典（重排本）。北京：外语教学与研究出

11、版社，1994。张道真，温志达, 英语语法大全上、下卷。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998。十一、课后小结Unit 3 Text A Groundless BeliefsPart One Warm up1.1 Warm-up Questions1. What is the author talking about here? Why do you think he wrote this article?2. What is your overall impression of this essay? Do you find any points raised by the author pa

12、rticular enlightening?3. Do you agree that many of our beliefs are actually groundless? Think carefully and list at least 10 of your strongly-held convictions which, upon serious examination, must be classified as groundless. Try and analyze why now you think they are groundless.4. Can you think of

13、some personal convictions that you are determined not to give away although their logical ground is highly questionable? Can you explain why?5. Why do we have to bother whether our beliefs are well-grounded or not？As most of us will probably be translators or interpreters rather than important decis

14、ion-makers, cant we just take orders, get things done, and earn our honest living?6. Do you have anything in your mind to challenge the author? Are his views about groundless beliefs well-grounded themselves?Part Two Background Information2.1 Catholic BeliefTo gain the happiness of heaven we must kn

15、ow, love, and serve God in this world. Man must know, love and serve God in a supernatural manner in order to gain happiness of heaven. Man is raised to the supernatural order only by grace恩泽, a free gift of God. We learn to know, love, and serve God from Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who teaches us

16、 through the Catholic Church. “In order to be saved, all persons who have attained the use of reason must believe explicitly that God exists and that he rewards the good and punishes the wicked; in practice they must also believe in the mysteries of the Blessed Trinity and the Incarnation. By the Bl

17、essed Trinity we mean one and the same God in three divine persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.圣父、圣子、圣灵By the Incarnation is meant that the Son of God, retaining His divine nature, took to Himself a human nature, that is, a body and soul like ours. （教堂里的）会众；集会；集合；人群The Church is the con

18、gregation of all baptized persons united in the same true faith, the same sacrifice, and the same sacraments, （天主教的）圣事；圣礼under the authority of the Sovereign Pontiff罗马教皇 and the bishops in communion with him. We find the chief truths taught by Jesus Christ through the Catholic Church in the Apostles

19、 Creed.宗徒信经 2.2 Presbyterian BeliefWe believe the Bible is the written word of God, inspired by the Holy Spirit and without error in the original manuscripts. The Bible is the revelation of Gods truth and is infallible一贯正确的and authoritative权威的;威严的;有威信的in all matters of faith and practice. We believe

20、 in the Holy Trinity. There is one God, who exists eternally in three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. We believe that all are sinners and totally unable to save themselves from Gods displeasure, except by His mercy. We believe that Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God, who throu

21、gh His perfect life and sacrificial death atoned for赎罪the sins of all who will trust in Him, alone, for salvation. We believe that the Holy Spirit indwells Gods people and gives them the strength and wisdom to trust Christ and follow Him. We believe that Jesus will return, bodily and visibly, to jud

22、ge all mankind and to receive His people to Himself. 2.3 Aristotle (384-322 BC.):Let me introduce myself, I am Aristotle. I lived from 384-322 B.C., I was a pupil of Plato, another Greek philosopher. Most do not realize that I was a tutor of Alexander the Great. My authorship includes works on ethic

23、s, logic, metaphysics, natural sciences, politics, and poetry. Some say I had a profound influence on current Western thought. My philosophical system theory follows empirical observation and logic-the essential method of rational inquiry.2.4 Galileo (1564 - 1642). Galileo was an astronomer and math

24、ematician, born in Pisa, Italy. He entered Pisa University as a medical student in 1581, and became professor of mathematics at Padua (1592-1610), where he improved the refracting telescope (1610), and was the first to use it for astronomy. 帕多瓦（意大利东北部城市）; 折射望远镜Among his other discoveries were the la

25、w of uniformly accelerated motion towards the Earth, the parabolic path of projectiles, and the law that all bodies have weight. 匀加速运动规律; 弹丸的抛物线轨迹2.5 William James (1842-1910)1842 - Born. New York City, January 111861- Enters Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University1864 - William enters Harvar

26、d Medical School.1890 - Publication of The Principles of Psychology.1910 - Died. Chocorua, August 26, at the age of 68.The Principles of PsychologyJames analysis of the stream of thoughtHis characterization of the selfHis theory of emotion. His analysis of the stream of thoughtJamess analysis of the

27、 stream of thought consisted of a number of components. The first of these components was an attack on the idea that sensations constituted the fundamental elements of consciousness. Sensation, James argued, was an abstraction from not a fact of experience. The two remaining components emphasized ch

28、ange and continuity in thought. For James, thought contained no constant elements of any kind, be they sensations or ideas. Every perception was relative and contextualized, every thought occurred in a mind modified by every previous thought. States of mind were never repeated. His characterization

29、of the selfJamess chapter on the self introduced numerous self-related concepts and distinctions into psychology. The phenomenal self (the experienced self, the me self, the self as known) was distinguished from the self thought (the I-self, the self as knower). In discussing the me-self, James wrot

30、e of three different but interrelated aspects of self: the material self (all those aspects of material existence in which we feel a strong sense of ownership, our bodies, our families, our possessions), the social self (our felt social relations), and the spiritual self (our feelings of our own sub

31、jectivity). In addressing the I-self, James turned first to the feeling of self identity, the experience that I am the same self that I was yesterday.His theory of emotionFinally, Jamess chapter on the emotions presented his famous theory of emotion.伴随物;相伴物The chapter began with a clear recognition

32、of the close relationship between action and the expressive and physiological concomitants of emotion Objects of rage, love, fear, etc., he wrote, not only prompt a man to outward deeds, but provoke characteristic alterations in his attitude and visage, and affect his breathing, circulation, and oth

33、er organic functions in specific ways.Here James also made it clear that emotion could be as easily triggered by memory or imagination as by direct perception of an emotion producing event. As he phrased it, One may get angrier in thinking over ones insult than at the moment of receiving it.2.6 HEAD

34、-HUNTING IN SOUTHEAST ASIAWhile the anthropological literature on headhunting is vast, one can condense the interpretations into five major interpretive frameworks. These five views are summarized below :Religious ViewColonial ViewCosmological View adj. 宇宙哲学的，宇宙论的Emotions and the Life Cycle ViewIdeo

35、logical View adj. 思想的；意识形态的Religious ViewHeadhunting was not just about violence, revenge, or savagery. Ethnographers n. 民族志学者，人种学者noted that cosmology宇宙论 among upland Southeast Asian groups had much to do with the practice of headhunting. By displaying a victims head in public and treating it throu

36、gh ritual purification, one could conceivably be recruiting the soul of the enemy into an ally. The spirit of such allies could then be considered part of your ancestral spirit group and aid or support your ancestral spirits in the afterlife. Since the afterlife in what was known as the skyworld res

37、embled life on this earth, a beheaded victims spirit could also be considered as a recruit to your ancestors warrior or army in the skyworld. At the very least, they could not become the enemies of your ancestors after death.Colonial ViewEuropean colonial powers from the 1500s to 1800s were not used

38、 to the ritualized仪式化的 violence associated with headhunting in Southeast Asia and understood little about its connection to indigenous本土的; cosmology, agricultural and human fertility and religious power. Headhunting victims often were innocent children and women as well as men since fulfilling the r

39、eligious, emotional or vengeance goals of tribal Southeast Asians did not require one to distinguish one kind of victim as more worthy than another. In contrast, patriarchal （男性）家长制的，族长制的；父权制的European military men considered women and children unacceptable targets of warfare because they were consid

40、ered helpless. Cosmological ViewThe cosmology of South Asians consisted of a basic three-layered world: the skyworld (the abode住所；公寓of spirits, culture heroes, and gods), this world (the realm of their village settlements and of true humans), and the underworld (the realm of spirits and deities 神，女神

41、responsible for, among other things, agricultural and human fertility). The reason why the head was chosen by Southeast Asians as the appropriate representational part of the victim is because the head contains the face. Faces are overt symbols of the individual as a social person. Furthermore, as n

42、oted in the rituals of Southeast Asian tribal peoples, the gods instructed them to take heads as a beneficent行善的；慈善的；有益的virtue that would enable them to increase the fertility of crops, humans, and to acquire other blessings from the ancestral and other sacred beings of the skyworld.Emotions and the

43、 Life Cycle View In South Asia, Young men explained that headhunting gave them the right to gain the spirit of the beheaded victim, which then allowed them to wear hornbill犀鸟earrings and have respect among their elders. It also enabled them to ask a woman to marry them. Men have more passion than wo

44、men as a result of their broader range of experiences and travel to distant places. In order to tame their passion, or effectiveness, taking another individuals head quiets their spirit and restlessness, hence allowing knowledge and maturity to gain control and grow. The spirits of the victims remai

45、n with their killers and are harmless. The act of killing itself serves to excite envy and admiration among other youths, to increase ones reputation among the elders, and enables one to attract a wife. Ideological ViewIn many parts of contemporary Southeast Asia, headhunting is a part of the past p

46、reserved in narrative form.In some areas, headhunting rituals continue with a wooden substitute for a real human head, attempts to achieve the cosmological benefits of agricultural fertility without the violence long since outlawed by national laws. In different areas, headhunting varied in practice

47、 and meaning. 地名 安哥拉 松巴In East Sumba, headhunting is a symbol of their history and their past; their defiance against colonial Dutch outsiders.In West Sumba, headhunting is a heritage that symbolizes and expresses local desires for some degree of autonomy vis-a-vis the modern nation of Indonesia. 和面

48、对面，同相比，关于Hence, as a ritual and cosmological complex合成体, headhunting has taken on different political meanings for different peoples, either as a symbol of popular resistance to outside control in the past (e.g., the heroic tradition of East Sumba), or as a symbol of contemporary desires and resista

49、nce to outside control today (West Sumba).2.7 Gladiatorial GamesHistory of Gladiatorial GamesThe Romans believed that they inherited the practice of gladiatorial games from the Etruscans who used them as part of a funeral ritual (servants would duel to the death for the right to provide companionshi

50、p to their owners in eternity). The first gladiatorial games were offered in Rome in 264 BCE by sons of Junius Brutus Pera in their fathers honor after he had died. Gladiatorial combat became a very popular form of public spectacle表演very quickly in Rome. Those who offered games began to compete in t

51、erms of the numbers of matches offered. Whereas the sons of Brutus Pera offered three matches, a century later, Titus Flamininus offered 74 pairs in games in honor of his father that lasted over three days.弗拉米尼努斯（意大利中西部古国）伊特鲁里亚的The early Christians interpreted the gladiatorial games as a type of hum

52、an sacrifice. Julius Caesar promised 320 matches in funeral games for his daughter, Julia, but the Senate passed legislation limiting the amount of money that could be spent on gladiatorial games to stop him. Thus, during the Republic, gladiatorial combat was associated in Rome with a) a death and b

53、) elite competition. Such displays provided members of the elite with a vehicle by which to advertise the newest generation in a family which sought to rule Romans. The ColosseumThe Colosseum is one of Romes most famous buildings. Initiated by Vespaisian, the official opening ceremonies were conduct

54、ed by emperor Titus in AD 80.维斯佩西安; 提图斯（古罗马皇帝）In its prime the huge theater consisted of four floors. The first three had arched entrances, while the fourth floor utilized rectangular doorways.2.8 GladiatorsThe gladiators who fought in these games were mostly prisoners, slaves and criminals who trai

55、ned long and hard in schools like the one Caesar built; although a few such fighters were paid volunteers. Some of the latter became involved because they had financial difficulties, and these events offered generous prize money for the winners. Other volunteers were motivated by the physical challe

56、nge and appeal of danger or the prospect of becoming popular idols and sex symbols who could have their pick of pretty young women. Among the graffiti slogans still scrawled on walls at Pompeii, the famous Roman town preserved under a layer of volcanic ash, are: Caladus, the Thracian, makes all the

57、girls sigh, and Crescens, the net fighter, holds the hearts of all the girls.克劳多斯;色雷斯人A more common outcome of the battle was when one gladiator went down wounded. He was allowed to raise one finger, a sign of appeal for mercy, after which the emperor decided his fate, usually in accordance with the

58、 crowds wishes.If the spectators desired a fighter spared, they pointed their thumbs downward, the signal for the victor to drop his sword. At the same time they shouted Mitte! (Spare him!) On the other hand, if the choice was death, they Pressed their thumbs toward their own chests (symbolizing a s

59、word through the heart) and yelled lugula! (Cut his throat!).Another possible outcome was when one fighter killed an opponent outright; and still another when the fallen combatant pretended to be dead. Few were successful at this ruse, for men dressed like the Etruscan demon Charun (a retained custo

60、m illustrating the games Etruscan roots) ran out and applied hot irons to the bodies. Any fakers exposed in this way promptly had their throats cut. Then young boys cleaned the bloodstains from the sand, and men dressed as the god Mercury (transporter of tile dead) whisked迅速送走away the corpses, all i