英语文体学Chapter5PhonologicalOverregularity课件

1、English StylisticsChapter 5 Phonological OverregularityPhonological OveregularityPhonological overregularity is characteristic of such literary genres as poetry. It consists of two aspects, namely Phonemic PatterningRhythmic PatterningPhonemic PatterningPhonemes may be patterned in different ways in

2、 English. The most important types of patterning in English literature are: alliteration, rhyme, assonance, consonance and onomatopoeia.5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. 5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningTwo points ab

3、out alliteration need to be explained.5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningFirstly, what is meant by initial consonant cluster? Lets look at the following syllabic structure. S Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda s t r i: t5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningAs we can see from the above figure, in Eng

4、lish a basic syllable contains an initial consonant (consonant cluster), a vowel, and a final consonant (consonant cluster). 5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningThe initial consonant cluster can be formed by up to 3 consonants, and the final consonant cluster can be formed by up to 4 consonants

5、. In the above example, the word street has a largest initial consonant cluster. While in the word sixths there is a largest final consonant cluster. 5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningSecondly, a misconception may arise that it is the initial syllable of a polysyllabic word which carries alli

6、teration. 5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningIt should be pointed out that it is usually the first stressed syllable of a word that carries the alliteration, not necessarily the initial syllable. E.g. In Tennysons “Here in the long unlovely street”, long alliterates with unlovely.5.1.1 Alliter

7、ation5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is frequently found in proverbial and idiomatic expressions.E.g. last but not the least safe and sound now or never Speech in silver, silence is golden.5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is also a feature of tongue twisters.E.g. A tutor who

8、 tooted a flute Tried to tutor two tutors to toot Said the two to the tutor “Is it harder to toot or To tutor two tutors to toot?”5.1.1 AlliterationFUNCTION?Humor5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration plays an important role in literature.E.g. Cold are the crabs that crawl on yonder hills, Colder the c

9、ucumber that grow beneath. (Edward Lear, Cold Are the Crab)5.1.1 AlliterationSimilar sounds make up similar feeling or thought5.1 Phonemic PatterningE.g. When he saw Grendels gruesome footprints, that great man grieved for his retainers. (Beowulf) She is a child of the people, born in the very heigh

10、t and heat of battle. The best laid schemes o mice and men Gang aft a-gley. (Robert Burns, To a Mouse)5.1.1 AlliterationContrast and Similarity5.1 Phonemic PatterningAlliteration is not only used in literary texts, but also in the titles of the texts.E.g. Pride and Prejudice Sense and Sensibility5.1

11、.1 Alliteration5.1 Phonemic PatterningFunction of Alliteration-A. to create a sense of humor or childlike tone;B. to arouse similar feeling, thought or mood (onomatopoeia);C. to be forceful and emphatic;D. to form a connection of similarity or contrast between the two item.5.1.1 Alliteration5.1 Phon

12、emic PatterningRhyme is the “identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further”. 5.1.2 Rhyme5.1 Phonemic PatterningThus theoretically speaking a rhyme may have multiple syllables, though in actual use rhymes of more than two sylla

13、bles are rare. One-syllable rhymes are referred to as masculine rhymes and two-syllable rhymes are called feminine rhymes. Other kinds of rhymes may be simply called polysyllabic rhymes. 5.1.2 Rhyme5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry sk

14、ies; And all thats best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes; Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. (Byron, She walks in Beauty)5.1.2 RhymeMasculine rhymes5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 Reflections on Ice-breaking Candy Is dandy, But liquor Is quicker.

15、(Ogden Nash)5.1.2 RhymeFeminine rhymes5.1 Phonemic Patterning1) End rhymes Rhymes which occur at the end of verse lines. E.g. Take her up tenderly, Lift her with care, Fashiond so slenderly, Young, and so fair! (Thomas Hood, The Bridge of Sighs)5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes5.1 Phonemic Patterning2) In

16、ternal rhymes Rhymes which occur within a verse line. E.g. Far from citys strident jangle as I angle, smoke and dream. (Newman Levy, Midsummer Jangle)5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes5.1 Phonemic Patterning3) Half-rhymes Rhymes which are formed by repeating either the vowel (or diphthong) or the final con

17、sonant cluster. 5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes5.1 Phonemic Patterning3) Half-rhymesE.g. Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the soul, And sings the tune without the words And never stops at all. (Emily Dickson, Hope Is the Thing with Feathers)5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes5.1 Phonemic Patterni

18、ng4) Pararhymes Rhymes which are formed by repeating the initial consonant cluster as well as the final consonant cluster. E.g. Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred Then, as I probed them, one sprang up and stared (Wilfred Owen, Strange Meeting)5.1.2 Rhyme Types of Rhymes5.1 Phonemic Pattern

19、ingRhymes are arranged in a pattern within a poem. This pattern is called a rhyme-scheme. It is customary and convenient to denote rhyme-schemes briefly by using letters of the alphabet.E.g. 1 LucyE.g. 2 Prothalamion5.1.2 Rhyme5.1 Phonemic PatterningIf a writer plans to adopt a traditional verse for

20、m, then the choice of rhyme-scheme is also determined by the form. For example, a couplet by definition requires the lines to rhyme in pairs.E.g. Leisure5.1.2 Rhyme5.1 Phonemic PatterningA Shakespearean sonnet has a more elaborate rhyme-scheme.E.g. Sonnet 185.1.2 Rhyme5.1 Phonemic PatterningWhat is

21、the function of rhymes?E.g. 1 The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockE.g. 2 The Rape of the Lock5.1.2 Rhyme5.1 Phonemic PatterningWhat is the function of rhymes?A. The general function of rhymes is to get the texts more organized and to bestow “music” to the texts.B. Rhymes can be used to achieve cohesi

22、on (logical association or association in content).5.1.2 Rhyme5.1 Phonemic PatterningAssonance consists of the repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllable of a sequence of words. 5.1.3 Assonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningE.g. 1 Think from how many trees Dead leaves are brought To earth on seed o

23、r wing 5.1.3 Assonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningE.g. 2 Song 5.1.3 Assonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3 Break, break, break, On thy cold grey stones, O sea! (Alfred Tennyson, Break, Break, Break) The double assonance of /ei/ and /u/ suggests the steady, inexorable movement of the sea as well as the

24、 narrators anguish. 5.1.3 Assonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 4 Thou still unravished bride of quietness, Thou foster child of silence and slow time. (John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn) The dipthong /ai/ repeats several times which reinforces the idea of a long, peaceful and quiet existence. 5.1.

25、3 Assonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 5 the great Mississippi, the majestic, the magnificent Mississippi, rolling its mile-wide tide along, shinning in the sun. (Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi)5.1.3 Assonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningA. Assonance is much used in poetic language as an aspect of

26、 sound patterning and cohesion to achieve a particular effect of euphony. B. Assonance not only contributes to musical quality of a literary text, but also to its meaning.Functions of Assonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningConsonance comes from Latin that means to harmonize. Consonance is a harmony of cons

27、onant. It is a kind of end-alliteration or consonantal assonance whereby final consonants in stressed syllables are repeated , but with different preceding vowels. e.g. add-read, stroke-luck, rain-tone, furnished-varnished. 5.1.4 Consonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 Like one in danger, Cautiou

28、s, I offered him a crumb And he unrolled his feathers And rowed him softer home- Than Oars divide the Ocean, Too silver for a seam- Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon Leap, plashless as they swim. (Emily Dickinson, A Bird)5.1.4 Consonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 (Jon Swan, In Her Song She Is

29、Alone) 5.1.4 Consonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3 I am the enemy you killed, my friend. I knew you in this dark; for so you frowned Yesterday, through me as you jabbed and killed. I parried, but my hands were loath and cold. Let us sleep now (Wilfred Owen, Strange Meeting) 5.1.4 Consonance5.1

30、Phonemic PatterningA. Consonance is much used in poetic language as an aspect of sound patterning and cohesion to achieve a particular effect of euphony. B. Consonance not only contributes to musical quality of a literary text, but also to its meaning.Functions of Consonance5.1 Phonemic PatterningOn

31、omatopoeia makes use of imitation of sounds for effects. It is a device used in poetry and prose to add vividness or vitality to description or narration. 5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic PatterningUllmann (1977) classified onomatopoeia into two types: primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.5

32、.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic Patterning1) Primary onomatopoeia Primary onomatopoeia usually imitates sounds made by a person, animal, thing or associated with some action or movement. 5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic Patterning1) Primary onomatopoeia E.g. cackle quack honk twitter chirp grunt roar ch

33、uckle giggle blab hiss miaow5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 Hark, hark! Bow-Bow, The watch-dog barks! Bow-Bow! Hark, hark! I hear The strain of strutting chanticleer, Cry, “Cook-a-doodle-doo!”5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 A deep peal of thunder went rolling an

34、d tumbling down the heavens and lost itself in sullen rumbling in the distance. A sweep of chilly air passed by, rustling all the leaves and snowing the flaky ashes broadcast about the fire. (Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3-6 Sister Carrie

35、The Return of the Native The Skater of Ghost Lake Spring5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic Patterning2) Secondary Onomatopoeia Secondary Onomatopoeia refers to the association between a certain sound and a symbolic meaning. We can also call it sound symbolism. 5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic Patterning2)

36、 Secondary Onomatopoeia Sounds have sensory qualities, which suggest certain impressions. These sensory qualities are not the product of any systematic or scientific study or theory; rather they are recognized as such through long association between the sounds of words and the meanings of words. 5.

37、1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1-3 The Brook Ulysses To Autumn5.1.5 Onomatopoeia5.1 Phonemic Patterning1) Firstly, onomatopoeia can create vividness and vitality. Example 1 My maids of rivulets hurrying through the lawn, The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumera

38、ble bees. (Alfred Tennyson, Come Down, O Maid)5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 I chatter over stony ways, In little sharps and trembles, I bubble into eddying bays, I babble on the pebbles. (Tennyson, The Brook)5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemi

39、c Patterning2) Secondly, onomatopoeia can also be employed to describe concrete objects to make the language be full of sound and color, dramatic and more impressive. 5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 1 As the alarm clock burrs, the bedroom curtain swing silently

40、apart, the Venetian blinds snap up and thermostat boosts the heat to a cozy 70. The percolator in the kitchen starts burbling The TV set blinks on with the days first newscast. (The Age of Miracle Chips) 5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 2 When she came into the y

41、ard the cock sat on the pump and cried: “Cock-a-doodle-do”, Our golden girl has come home again.” (Grimms Fairy Tales)5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample 3 Towards midnight he wanted to make up his fire; as he was blowing at it, he heard voices suddenly crying from

42、one of the corners, “Me-ow, me-ow, how cold we are.” (Grimms Fairy Tales)5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemic Patterning3) Thirdly, onomatopoeia plays an important part in playing up certain circumstances and conveying the feelings of characters. 5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effec

43、t5.1 Phonemic Patterning4) Fourthly, onomatopoeia helps to achieve rhythm and beauty in music. Rhyme and rhythm are the major features of poetry. 5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemic PatterningExample The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew; The furrow followed free, We were the fir

44、st that ever burst Into the silent sea. (S. T. Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)5.1.5 Onomatopoeia Its Stylistic Effect5.1 Phonemic PatterningPhonemicPatterningAlliteration RhymeFull RhymeOnomatopoeiaHalf RhymeAssonance & Consonance5.2 Rhythmic PatterningEnglish is a stress-timed language.

45、 Its rhythm is based on the contrast of the stressed and unstressed syllables.5.2 Rhythmic PatterningIn English, every word except the monosyllabic ones has one syllable that carries the stress.Some polysyllabic words may have two stresses, a primary stress and a secondary one.5.2.1 Stress5.2 Rhythm

46、ic PatterningIt is customary to mark stress with a high vertical stroke before the syllable carrying the stress, leaving lack of stress unmarked. Where it is desirable to indicate secondary stress, this will be marked by a low vertical stroke before the syllable concerned.5.2.1 Stress5.2 Rhythmic Pa

47、tterningGenerally speaking, the stress falls on the first syllable for the two-syllable words.E.g. letter sorry5.2.1 Stress Word Stress5.2 Rhythmic PatterningGenerally speaking, the stress falls on the last but the third syllable for the polysyllabic words.E.g. difficult democracy5.2.1 Stress Word S

48、tress5.2 Rhythmic PatterningIt is usually the words belonging to the open-class that bear stress.E.g. John is a student. We ate the meat hungrily.5.2.1 Stress Sentence Stress5.2 Rhythmic PatterningEnglish verse is more rhythmical than prose or speech for it is the most carefully organized use of lan

49、guage.The rhythmic patterning of English verse is usually analyzed in terms of meter.5.2.2 Meter5.2 Rhythmic PatterningFour kinds of meter 1) length meter 音长型2) accentual meter 音强型3) syllabic meter 音节型4) accentual syllabic meter 重音-音节型 a pattern of regularity both in the number of syllables and in t

50、he number of stresses.5.2.2 Meter5.2 Rhythmic PatterningThe analysis of the meter of a poem usually consists of two steps. The first step is to examine the type of foot it has. The foot is actually the unit of stressed and unstressed syllables which is repeated to form a metrical pattern. The four m

51、ain types of foot in English are: Iamb, Trochee, Anapaest, and Dactyl. 5.2.2 Meter5.2 Rhythmic Patterning1) Iamb Iamb has a pattern alternating stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with an unstressed syllable. E.g. A man put on his hat and walked along the strand and there he met another man

52、whose hat was in his hand5.2.2 Meter5.2 Rhythmic Patterning2) Trochee Trochee or trochaic foot may be described as alternating stressed and unstressed syllables, beginning with a stressed syllable. 5.2.2 Meter5.2 Rhythmic Patterning2) Trochee E.g. Hark, the hour of ten is sounding Hearts with anxiou

53、s fears are bounding Hall of Justice crowds surrounding Breathing hope and fear (Gilbert and Sullivan, Trial by Jury)5.2.2 Meter5.2 Rhythmic Patterning3) Anapaest Anapaest or the anapaestic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllable, but beginning with the two unstressed syllables. 5.2.2 Meter5.2 Rhythmic Patterning3) AnapaestE.g. I conceive you may use any language you ch