欧洲文化入门名词解释

1、欧洲文化入门名词解释：1PaxRomana：IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed（保证）bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomanaTheNewTestament名词解释TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine教（义）ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”mean

2、s“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.Pentateuch名词解释：TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks：Genesis（创世记），Exodus（出埃及记），Leviticus（教义记）,Numbers（逃亡记）,Deuteronomy（摩西遗言记）。Genesis名词解释Genesisisoneofthefivebooksin

3、Pentateuc,hittellsaboutareligiousaccount（描述）oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareer（经历）ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections：？BooksofJoshuaBooksofJudgesBooksofSamuelBooksofKingsBooksoftheChroniclesBooksofEzraBooksof

4、Nehemiah.theMiddleages名词解释InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific（具体说来）,fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.Thetransitional（过渡时期）periodiscalledt

5、hemiddleages,betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.7、Feudalism名词解释FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding（土地所有）asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice（军事力量）。Theword“feudalism”wasderived（来源）fromtheLatin“feudum”，agrant（许可的）ofland.8、codeofchivalry（骑士制度）名词解释Asaknight，hewerepledgedtoprotectth

6、eweak，tofightforthechurch，tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry，fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.9、Gothie名词解释TheGothiestylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand，insomear

7、eas，intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.TheGothiewasanoutgrowth（丰富与发展）oftheRomanesque.（罗马式）TheCanterburyTales：TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaueer.ChaueerintrodueedFrenehandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.（压头韵）BothChaueerandTheCanterburyTalesareth

8、ebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEngliRenaissance名词解释文艺复兴Generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival（复兴），specificallyinthisperiodofhistory，revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance，inessence（从实质上讲），wasahistoricalperiod

9、inwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattempts（试图）togetridofconservatism（保守主义思想）infeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie（资产阶级），tolifttherestrictions（禁忌）inallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.（权利威信）Generallyspeaking，Renaissancereferstotheper

10、iodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings，sculpture（雕塑）andarchitecture.最早开始于paintingFlorencewasthegoldencitywhichgavegirthtoawholegenerationofpoets，scholars，artistsandsculptors（雕塑家）。.RenaissanceArt名词解释Aradical（根本的）breakwithmedieval（中古的）metho

11、dsofrepresentingthevisible（可见的）worldoccurred（发生）inItalyduringthesecondhalfofthe13thcentury.Itwasnotuntiltheseconddecade（十年）ofthe15thcenturythattherewasadecidedbreakwiththemedievalpictorialtradition田（园式风格）。Reformation名词解释TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellas（同时）asocio-political（社会政治）

12、movement.ItbeganasMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberg（机智）his95thesis（论题）。Thismovementwhichsweptover（席卷了）thewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposing（反对）theabsoluteauthority（权威）oftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacing（代替）itwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.Thereformists（改革者）eng

13、aged（使用）themselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经Calvinism名词解释CalvinismwasestablishedbyCalvinintheperiodofRenaissance.Presbyteriangovernment（长老会）。OnlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodcanbesaved（上帝的选民）.Thisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspath（有助于资本主

14、义的兴起）。Counter-Reformation（反宗教改革）名词解释Bylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermany.TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle（坐以待毙）。Theymustered（召集）theirforces，thededicated（专用的）Catholicgroups，toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroducereformsandimprovements（改良），tobringbackitsvitali

15、ty（活力）。ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.16thelawsofgravitation（万有引力的内容）：thesun，themoon，theearth，theplanets，andalltheotherbodies（天体）intheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce，whichiscallgravitation.演绎方法Induetivemethod名词解释InductivemethodwasestablishedbyFrancis

16、Baconin17thcentury.Inductionmeansreasoning（推理）frompartieularfaetsorindividualeasestoageneralconclusion.（从特殊推一般）。InduetionwasputoveragainstDeductivemethod.18、洛克Allourideasareultimately最后）derivedfromsensation（感受）orfromreflection（反思）andthesetwomakeupexperienceandallourknowledgespringsfromexperienceaswe

17、ll.认知论TheoryofKnowledge名词解释简答Descartesemployed（使用）methodicdoubt（置疑方法论）withaviewtodiscoveringwhethertherewasanyindubitable（不容置疑的）truth.Idoubt，thereforeIthink：Ithink，thereforeIam.Doubtingisthinking，thinkingistheessenceofthemind（精髓所在）。Descartesbelievedthattheyarenotdependable.（置疑是不可*的）20、DescartessDual

18、ism二元论Thought（思维）wasthefoundationofallknowledge（认知）whilethesensesmightdeceive（欺骗）us.Thisisidealist.（唯心主义者）Theexternal（外部）worldexisted（存在），whichwasindependent（无关）ofthehumanmind.Thisismaterialist.不（以人的意识为转移）21、Classicism（新古典主义）名词解释Classicismimplies（意味着）therevival（复苏）oftheformsandtraditionsoftheancient

19、world，areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.ButFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival（并非古典主义的复苏）。Itintendedtoproducealiterature，Frenchtothecore（以法语为中心），whichwasworthyof（与相媲美）Greekandclassicalideals.Thisneoclassicism（新古典主义）reacheditsclimaxinFr

20、anceinthe17thcentury.（代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒）22、Rationalism（理性主义）wasbelievedtobeabletodiscoverthebestprinciples（原则）ofhumanconduct（行为）andtheuniversal（通用的）principlesofnaturallaws.HereDescartesprovided（提供的）thephilosophicalfoundationfortheFrenchneoclassicism.（新古典主义）BaroqueArt名词解释承上启下的（法国新古典主义时期重要的）艺术形式BaroqueA

21、rt，flourishedfirstinItaly，andthenspreadtoSpain，Portugal，FranceinsouthEuropeandtoFlanderandtheNetherlands荷（兰）intheNorth.Itwascharacterizedbydramaticintensity（强烈的艺术性）andsentimentalappeal（哀婉的格调）withalotofemphasisonlightandcolour.（强烈的明暗对比）启蒙运动Enlightenment名词解释简答：Enlightementwasanintellectual（知识分子）moveme

22、ntoriginatinginFrance，whichattracted（吸引）widespread（普遍的）support（支持）amongtheruling（统治阶级）andintellecturalclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.Itcharacterizestheefforts（作用）bycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreason（批评推理）tofreemindsfromprejudice偏（见），unexaminedauthority（权威）andopp

23、ression（压迫）byChurchorState（国家政权）。ThereforetheEnlightenmentissometimescalledtheAgeofReason（理智的年代）。25（三权分立理论）ThetheoryoftheseparationofpowerswasputforwardbyMontesquieuinhisworkTheSpiritoftheLaws.Hebelievedthatthelegislative（立法），executive（行政）andjudicial（司法）powersmustbeconfided（托付）todifferentindividuals

24、，actingindependently.（独立的行为）ThetheoryoftheseparationofpowerswasacceptedbytheU.S.Constitution.（三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受）27TheMusicalEnlightenment（音乐启蒙运动）名词解释Bythebeginningofthe18thcenturytheartofcreatingmusichadbecomealmostentirely（完全）rationalized（理性化）。Itcametoitsrichestfruition（高潮）intheworksofBach（巴赫）andHand

25、el（亨德尔）。BachandHandelrepresentedatrend（趋势）towardsgreaterregularity（规律性）ofstyleintheclearlydefinedtypesandforms，inaseries（系列）ofstandardizedformulas（公式）。、Romanticism名词解释Romanticismwasamovementinliterature，philosophy，musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.Startingfromtheide

26、asofRousseauinFranceandfromtheStormandStressmovement（狂飙运动）inGermany.Romanticismemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirations（灵感）abovethoseofsociety.Asareaction（反应）totheindustrialrevolution（工业革命），itlookedto（承上启下）theMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnature（与大自然的直接接触）forinspiration（灵感）。Romanticismgaveimpetus（

27、动力支持）tothenationalliberationmovement（民族解放运动）in19thcenturyEurope.Byronichero名词解释ByronicherowascreatedbyByronintheRomanticperiodoftheEnglishliterature.TheByronicheroischaracterizedbybraveryandhardworkingspirit，suchasDonJuanasthebestrepresentativeoftheByronichero.RomanticMusic浪漫主义音乐名词解释承前启后的年代音乐家是重点The

28、RomanticMovementinmusicdominated（统治）theperiodabout1830toabout1900.Itwasmerelypartofageneralmovement，which，alloverEurope，especiallyinGermanyandFrance，affected（感染着）allarts.TheRomanticMusicisdividedintotwoperiods：TheearlyRomanticMusicrepresentedbyBeethoven，Schubert，Chopin，Schumann，andthelaterRomanticMu

29、sicrepresentedbyBrahmsandTchaikovsky.31达尔文的进化论Darwinstheoryofevolutioncontainsfourmajorarguments：newspeciesappear（新物种的发现）。thosenewspecieshaveevolved（进化）fromolderspecies.Theevolutionofspeciesisresult（导致）ofnaturalselection.Thenaturalselectiondependsonvariations变异）andthemaintenance（保护）ofvariationsinspi

30、teof（不管）thetendency（趋势）ofnaturalselectiontoeliminate（消除）unfit（不适当的）variants.Naturalselection名词解释社会达尔文主义SocialDarwinism名词解释Fortheterm“naturalselection”Spencersubstituted（替代）thesurvivalofthefittest.（适者生存）Realism现实主义名词解释Inartandliteraturethetermrealismisusedtoidentify（区分）aliterarymovementinEuropeandthe

31、UnitedStates（选）inthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Butthepractice（应用）ofrealismisveryoldandcanbetracedbacktoancienttimes.Thisisfundamentally（根本的）thedifferencebetweenromanticismandrealism.InEurope，theRealistmovementarose（起源于）inthe50softhe19thcenturyandhaditsorigininFrance.Itc

32、entredinthenovel（侧重于小说的创作）andlayemphasisonfidelity（准确的）toactualexperience.（用现实主义创作现实）印象主义Impressionism（艺术的表现形式）名词解释Impressionismwasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19thcentury.Itwasmostpervasive（普及）inpainting，butitwasalsofoundinliteratureandart.（在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影）Theterm“impressionism”firstappearedin1874

33、inanewspaperreviewofanexhibitionheldinthestudio（工作室）byagroupofyoungpainters.ItwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonets（莫纳）Impression：Sunrise.（日出印象）（后印象主义）Post-Impressionism名词解释Duringthe2ndhalfofthe19thcentury，Frenchimpressionismcreatedadramaticbreakwiththeartofthepast，andcreatedaformofartthatwastoaffect

34、（影响）nearlyeveryambitious（有雄心的）artistintheWesternworld.VanGoghreactedagainstimpressionismbyusingcolourtosuggesthisownemotionandtemperament（气质）。现代主义Modernism名词解释Modernismwasacomplexanddiverse复杂多样的）internationalmovementinallthecreativearts（创造性艺术），originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovided（出现）the

35、greatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets（方面），suchassymbolism，surrealism（超现实主义），cubism（立体主义），expressionism，futurism（未来主义），ect.TheEgoandId（自我与本我）Id名词解释FreuddividedhumanpersonalityintothreefunctionalpartsId，EgoandSuperego.TheIdisthecontainer（容器）oftheinstinctualurges（本能的主张）。It

36、istheunconscious（无意识的）partofmind，whichseeks（查找）immediate（即刻的）satisfactionofdesires（欲望）。Idisconcernedwithwhatapersonwantstodo.Ego名词解释FreuddividedhumanpersonalityintothreefunctionalpartsId,EgoandSuperego.Egoistherational（理性的），thoughtful（深思的），realisticpersonalityprocess.Itischaracterizedbyadesireforind

37、ependence（独立的），autonomy（自发的）andself-direction.Egoisconcernedwithability.FreuddividedhumanpersonalityintothreefunctionalpartsId，EgoandSuperego.超我Superegoistheidealized（理想化的）imagethatapersonbuildsofhimselfinresponse（反映，响应）toauthority（权威）andsocialpressures（压力）。38、俄狄浦斯情结：OedipusComplex名词解释OedipusComplex

38、isaFreudiantermoriginatingfromaGreektragedy，inwhichKingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.OedipusComplexwasestablishedbyFreud.39、迷失的一代：TheLostgeneration名词解释TheLostgenerationreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals（知识分子）whocamebackfromwar，wereinjured（受伤害）bothphysically（身体上）andmentally（精神上

39、）。Theylivedbyindulging（放任）themselvesintheBohemian（波西米亚）wayoflife.TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned（破灭了）。ThebestrepresentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.40、垮掉的一代：TheBeatGeneration名词解释垮掉的一代TheBeatGenerationinAmericareferstoagroupofAmericanyoungsters（儿童）whorefusedtoaccept“respectability”and

40、conventional（传统的）socialbehaviourandwhocultivated（培养）arootlessmannerofliving.Thedistinctivefeatures（有特色的特征）oftheBeatGenerationisthattheyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz.TheBeatGenerationwasrepresentedbyGinsbergsHowl（嚎叫）andJackKeroualsontheroad.年轻愤怒的一代：AngryYoungMen名词解释AngryYoungMenwasatermreferr

41、ingtoagroupofEnglishwriterswhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits（不能适应环境的人）。Theyfelttheyweresociallystateless（无政府状态）。Eventhoughtheywereuniversitygraduates.Theywereverysensitive（敏感）totheundesirable（讨厌的人）thingsofthesociety.AngryYoungMenwasrepresentedbyJohnOsbornesplayLookBackinAnger（愤怒问题）andAmisnovelLuck

42、yJim.42、新小说主义：NouveauRoman名词解释NouveauRomanreferstosome20th-centuryFrenchnovels.ThetermNouveauRomancameintobeingwiththepublication（发表）ofsomeessays（短文）byGrillet（新小说主义源于他），aFrenchwriter.TheNewNoveltendstobeobjective客（观的）。Humancharactersareonanequalfooting（地位）withthings.TheNewNoveliststrytoavoidtakingsi

43、des（走极端）whentheycometothedescriptionofcharacters，makingnodistinction（不加以区别）betweengoodandbadorbetweenimportantandtrivial（平凡）。Therefore，theircharactersareoftenshapeless（无形状态）andsometimesevennameless（没有姓名）。存在主义：Existentialism名词解释Existentialismisaphilosophy（哲学倾向）thatbecameaself-consciousmovement（自发的运动）

44、inthe20thcentury.Itsbasicconcernishumanexistence（人的存在）。Akeyconcept（关键概念）ofexistentialismisthatmanisonlywhathemakesofhimself.ExistentialisminliteraturewasrepresentedbyBernardShawsproblemplays.AndSartres（萨达尔）BeingandNothingness（存在与虚无）。荒诞剧：TheTheatreoftheabsurd名词解释TheTheatreoftheabsurdisatermreferringt

45、otheworksofsomeEuropean，particularlyFrench，playwrights（剧作家）ofthe1950sand60s.Theword“absurd”originatedfromtheworksofCamus（加谬斯）。TheplaywritersoftheTheatreoftheabsuredemployed（被使用）manytechniquesusedbythepopulartheatresuchas：acrobatics（杂技）。Theirlanguageisveryoftendislocated（错位）,withplentyofjargon（行话）,cl

46、iches（老生常谈）andrepetitions（反复使用）。TheTheatreoftheAbsurdofrepresentedbyBecketts（贝克特）waitingforGodot（等待哥达）。黑色幽默：BlackHumour名词解释BlackHumourisatermderived源（于）fromBlackComedy.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktoShakespearestime.Butnowtheterm术（语）isusuallyusedtorefertosomeWestern,especiallyAmericanPost-WorldWarIIwriters.Blackhumouriskindofdesperatehumour（会让人产生绝望的幽默）。InBlackhumour，mansfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.（人的命运自有安排）BlackhumourwasrepresentedbyJosephHellersCatch-22.46。