【结构】胡壮麟语言学名词解释

1、文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持【关键字】结构第一章介绍Applied linguistics 运用语言学： findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.Descriptive 描述性的：if a lingui

2、stic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.Prescriptive 规定性的：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “ correct and standard “ behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what the should not say, it i

3、s said to be prescriptive.Synchronic 共时的：the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. synchronic study 共时研究：The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare s time is a synchronic study.Diachronic

4、用时的： the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Diachronic study 用时研究 ：The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a stud

5、y of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare s time is a diachronic study. Langue 语言：refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is abstract.Parole 言语：refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Parole is concrete.Competence： (N

6、. Chomsky) defines as the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance ： defines as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Design features?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of

7、 communication,设计特点是指界定性质的人类区别于其他动物的交际系统。特点：arbitrariness. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For example: the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different ductivity 生成性：Language is productive or creative in that i

8、t makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.duality 双重，性：language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures or two levels.displacement 移位性：language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.cultural transmis

9、sion 文化的传播 ：While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.第二章 phonology音系学phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds

10、 in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phonetics 语音学：is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介 .These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics 发声语音学 ,auditory phonetics 听觉 语音学,and acoustic

11、phonetics 声响语音学 respectively.辅音分类见本子Phone 音素：is a phonetic 语音的 unit or segment.Phoneme 音位：is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.1文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.Allophones 音位变体：refers to the different phones which can represent a phoneme in differen

12、t phoneticenvironments. For example l and lPhonemic contrast 音位对立：phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said toform a phonemic contrast.Complementary distribution 互补分布：if they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each o

13、ther in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments.Minimal pair 最小对： when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. For examples, pill an

14、d bill are a minimal pair. 第三章 morphology形态学Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.Morphemes 词素一the minimal units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Derivational morphemes 派生词素 (do not ch

15、ange grammatical class) : a verb, for example is formed by adding -en to the adjective black, -blacken. -en, -ate,-ic are thus called derivational morphemes, because when they are conjoined to other morphemes(or words)a new word is derived, or formed.Inflectional morphemes 屈折词素：they are attached to

16、words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category.第四章syntax句法学Syntactic categories 句法范畴：a fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can begrouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.Modifiers 修饰语： still another kind

17、of element we have not touched upon so far is modifiers, which specify optionally 选择 expressible properties of heads.第五章 semantics语义学Contextualism 语境论：they hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context elements closely linked with language behaviour. Two kinds of context ar

18、e recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.Behaviorism 行为主义：defines as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.Sense 意义：is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of

19、the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference所指： means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.Predication 述谓结构：in G. Leech snfiework of analysis, the

20、basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument 变元 and predicate 谓语. 第六章 pragmatics语用学Pragmatics: can be defined that it is the study of how speaker of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Context 语境：i

21、s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. (various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e. g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the speci

22、fic situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. ) Constatives 叙事话语： were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable;2文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.Performatives 行事话语：the idea of doing something while sp

23、eaking can certainly be broadened toinclude non-conventional acts such as stating, promising, requesting, and suggesting.locutionary act 言内行为：is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. (the act by the speaker

24、 is his utterance of all the words you , have , door , open , etc. thus expressing what therw)ords literally meaillocutionary act 言夕卜行为：is the act of expressing the speaker s intention; it is the act performed in sayingsomething.(the act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance h

25、e has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.)Perlocutionary act言后行为：is the act of performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of ,or the change brought about by the utte

26、rance.Searle s ssafication of speech acts:representatives 阐述类：sating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.directives 指令类：trying to get the hearer to do missives 承诺类： committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.expressives 表达类： expressing feeling or attitude t

27、owards an existing state.declarations 宣告类： bringing about immediate changes by saying something.Cooperative Principle(C P)合作原贝U: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.t

28、he maxim of quantity 数量准则。2.the maxim of quality 质量准则。3.the maxim of relation 相关准贝U。 4.the maxim of manner 方式准贝U。第八章 language and society 语言和社会Speech community 语言社区： the social group that is singled out for any special study is called speech community.Speech variety 言词变化： (or language variety),refer

29、s to any distinguishable 可区分的 form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.Varieties of language 语言变体： the varieties of a language are the actual manifestations of the general notion of a language are the actual manifestations of the general notion of the language and they are assumed to

30、be related both to the language user and use to which the language is put. 第九章 language and culture语言和文化SWH(Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) 萨丕尔-沃尔夫彳矍说：He believe that language filters people s perception观念 and the way they categorize 分类 experiences.Acculturation文化互渗：we need to learn enough about the languag

31、e cslture so that we cancommunicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also the pragmatic or communicative competence as well. 第十章 language acquisition语言习得Language acquisition : refers to the child s acquisition of his mgtheri.ta how the child comes tou

32、nderstand and speak the language of his community.LAD (Language Acquisition Device) 语言习得装置：Children need access to the samples of a naturallanguage to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his languagecture by matcH in theuinnate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular la

33、nguage.UG (Universal Grammar)普遍语法 is a set of principles that provide parameters 参数 which are givenparticular settings in different languages.Critical Period Hypotheses (CPH ) 关键时期彳矍设：refers to a specific and limited time period forlanguage acquisition.3文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编

34、辑.欢迎下载支持.第 Hsecond language acquisition第二语言习得Second language acquisition (SLA) : refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.Positive transfer 正迁移： would facilitate 使容易 target language learning, and results in correct performance.Nega

35、tive transfer 负迁移： would interfere 干扰 target language learning, and results in errors.补充predicate 谓语:A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentencecognates 同源词：a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word

36、 in another language because both languages have descended from a common sourcecreole 克里奥尔语：A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children lear

37、n it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole.overt thought 线性,甩、想: A term used to refer to speech when language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard speech as“ overt thought. ”instrumental motivation工具性动机 ：the learner s desire tcalee

38、cwnd language because it is usefulfor some functional,a instrumental goals, such as getting a job, passing an examination, or reading forinformation.right ear advantage 右耳优势:linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is ca

39、lled the right ear advantage.free morpheme 自 由语素 ：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaningand can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. For example: help , “table ,room are all free morphemes.euphemism 委婉语：a word or expression that is

40、 thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression.Broca s area罗卡区:refers to the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere, which is vital to language.This area is discovered by Paul Broca, a French surgeon a

41、nd anatomist.bound morphemes 粘着词素：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. For example: -eF , -“djsless are all bound morphemes.deep structure 深层结构 ：D- structure is the level of syntactic

42、representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D- structure. (Phrase structure rules + the lexicon -structure-D Movement rules -structiSfe)hyponymy 上下义关系 :refers to the sense relation between a mor

43、e general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.sound assimilation 语音的同化：refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In an assimilative process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.

44、idiolect 习语：is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or anotherinterference 干扰：the use of one angiustge rule which leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language, because

45、the L1 pattern is different from the counterpart of the target language.Grimm s Law 格林定律：Because these sound changes were so strikingly regular and law-like, they became known as Grimm s Law. According to this law, the Germanic languages were subject to a rule that changed all voiceless stops into f

46、ricatives after they split off from other Indo-European languages.4文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.文档来源为：从网络收集整理,word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.registers 寄存器：a functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.voicing 浊音：Sounds produced while the vocal co

47、rds are vibrating are called voiced sounds.Voiceless 清音：when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds.finite clause 定式子句：a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same

48、 time stands structurally alone. (A simple sentence satisfies the structural requirements of a finite clause.) epenthesis 增音； 插入字母 ：the insertion of the consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word. compounding 复合词：can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new ernal borrowing内音B借用：the application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part ofthe grammar by analogy