2013年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案

1、 2013年职称英语理工A级真题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。Therulesaretoorigidtoallowforhumaneerror.inflexibleB.generalC.complexD.directThisspecieshasnearlydiedoutbecauseitshabitatisbeingdestroyed.A.turneddeadB.passedbyC.carriedawayD.becomeextinct # #Thecontractbetween

2、thetwocompanieswillexpiresoon.A.shortenB.endC.startD.resume # #Threeworld-classtennisplayerscametocontendforthistitle.A.argueB.claimC.wishD.competeThemethodsofcommunicationusedduringthewarwereprimitive.A.simpleB.reliableC.effectiveD.alternative # #Respectforlifeisacardinalprincipleofthelaw.A.moralB.

3、regularC.fundamentalD.hard # #Thedrinkingwaterhasbecomecontaminatedwithlead.A.pollutedB.treatedC.testedD.corrupted # #Comeout,orIllbustthedoordown.A.shutB.setC.breakD.beat # #Sheshedafewtearsatherdaughterswedding. A.wipedinjectedproducedremovedTheydidntseemtoappreciatethemagnitudeoftheproblem.A.exis

4、tenceB.importanceC.causeThetowerremainsintactevenaftertwohundredyears.A.unknownB.unusualC.undamagedManyexpertsremainskepticalabouthisclaims.A.doubtfulB.untouchedC.certainTheproposalwasendorsedbythemajorityofmembers.A.rejectedB.submittedC.consideredRumorsbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialproblems.A.se

5、ndB.spreadC.hearThepolicewillneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaoftown.A.nakedB.cautiousC.blindD.situationD.unstableD.silentD.approvedD.confirmD.private2013年职称英语真题理工(A)词汇题的答案:A：inflexibleD：becomeextinctB：endD：competeA：simpleC：fundamentalA:pollutedC：breakC：produceB：importanceC：undamagedA：doubtfulD：approvedB

6、：spreadB：cautious第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。NewUnderstandingofNaturalSilksMysteriesNaturalsilk,asweallknow,hasastrengththatman-madematerialshavelongstruggledtomatch.InadiscoverythatsoundsmorelikeanancientChinesepro

7、verbthanamaterialssciencebreakthrough,MITresearchershavediscoveredthatsilkgetsitsstrengthfromitsweakness.Or,morespecifically,itsmanyweaknesses.Silkgetsitsextraordinarydurabilityandductility（柔韧性）fromanunusualarrangementofhydrogenbondsthatareintrinsicallyveryweakbutthatworktogethertocreateastrong,flex

8、iblestructure.Mostmaterialsespeciallytheonesweengineerforstrengthgettheirtoughnessfrombrittleness.Assuch,naturalsilkslikethoseproducedbyspidershavelongfascinatedbothbiologistsandengineersbecauseoftheirlightweight,ductilityandhighstrength（poundforpound,silkisstrongerthansteelandfarlessbrittle）.Butoni

9、tsface,itdoesntseemthatsilksshouldbeasstrongastheyare;molecularly,theyareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds,whicharefarweakerthanthecovalent（共价的）bondsfoundinothermolecules.Togetabetterunderstandingofhowsilkmanagestoproducesuchstrengththroughsuchweakbonds,theMITteamcreatedasetofcomputermodelsthatallowedthem

10、toobservethewaysilkbehavesattheatomiclevel.Theyfoundthatthearrangementofthetinysilknanocrystals纳米晶体）issuchthatthehydrogenbondsareabletoworkcooperatively,reinforcingoneanotheragainstexternalforcesandfailingslowlywhentheydofail,soasnotsoallowasuddenfracturetospreadacrossasilkstructure.Theresultisnatur

11、alsilksthatcanstretchandbendwhileretainingahighdegreeofstrength.Butwhilethatsallwellandgoodforspiders,beesandthelike,thisunderstandingofsilkgeometrycouldleadtonewmaterialsthatarestrongerandmoreductilethanthosewecancurrentlymanufacture.Ourbestandstrongestmaterialsaregenerallyexpensiveanddifficulttopr

12、oduce（requiringhightemperaturetreatmentsorenergy-intensiveprocesses）.Bylookingtosilkasamodel,researcherscouldpotentiallydevisenewmanufacturingmethodsthatrelyoninexpensivematerialsandweakbondstocreatelessrigid,moreforgivingmaterialsthatarenonethelessstrongerthananythingcurrentlyonoffer.Andifyouthough

13、tyouweregoingtogetoutofthismaterialssciencestorywithouthearingaboutcarbonnanotubes（纳米碳管）,thinkagain.TheMITteamisalreadyinthelablookingintowaysofsynthesizingsilk-likestructuresoutofmaterialsthatarestrongerthannaturalsilklikecarbonnanotubes.Super-silksareonthehorizon.MITresearcherscarryoutthestudytoil

14、lustrateanancientChineseproverb.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned17.Silksstrengthcomesfromitsweakhydrogenbondsworkingtogether.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned18.Biologistsandengineersareinterestedinunderstandingnaturalsilksbecausetheyareverylightandbrittle.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned19.Ifthehydrogenbondsbre

15、akduetoexternalforces,theybreakfast.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned20.TheMITteamhadtrieddifferentmaterialsbeforetheystudiesnaturalsilkintheresearch.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned21.Carbonnanotubesarecurrentlythemostpopulartopicinmaterialsscience.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned22.Itisindicatedthatmaterialsst

16、rongerthannaturalsilkcanbeexpectedinthefuture.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned2013年职称英语真题理工(A)阅读判断答案解析:16-22BABBCAA第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。BlackHolesBlackholescanbebestdescribedasasortofvacuum,suckingupeverything

17、inspace.Scientistshavediscoveredthatblackholescomefromanexplosionofhugestars.Starsthatareneardeathcannolongerburnduetolossoffuel,andbecauseitstemperaturecannolongercontrolthegravitational（重力的）force,hydrogenendsupputtingpressureontothestarssurfaceuntilitsuddenlyexplodesthencollapses.Blackholescomefro

18、mstarsthataremadeofhydrogen,othergasesandafewmetals.Whentheseexplodeitcanturnintoastellar-mass（恒星质量）blackhole,whichcanonlyoccurifthestarislargeenough（shouldbebiggerthanthesun）fortheexplosiontobreakitintopieces,andthegravitystartstocompacteverypieceintothetiniestparticle.Trytoseeandcompare:ifastartha

19、tstentimesthesizeofthesunendsupbeingablackholethatsnolongerthan70kilometers,thentheEarthwouldbecomeablackholethatsonlyafractionofaninch!Objectsthatgetsuckedinablackholewillalwaysremainthere,nevertobreakfree.Butrememberthatblackholescanonlygobbleup（吞噬）objectswithinaspecificdistancetoit.Itspossiblefor

20、alargestarnearthesuntobecomeablackhole,butthesunwillcontinuetostayinplace.Orbitsdonotchangebecausethenewlyformedblackholecontainsexactlythesameamountofmassaswhenitwasastar,onlythistimeitsmassistotallycontractedthatitcanendupasnobiggerthanastate.Sofar,astronomershavefiguredoutthatblackholesexistbecau

21、seofAlbertEinsteinstheoryofrelativity.Intheend,throughnumerousstudies,theyhavediscoveredthatblackholestrulyexist.Sinceblackholestraplightanddonotgiveofflight,itisnearlyimpossibletodetectblackholesviaatelescope.Butastronomerscontinuetostudygalaxies,spaceandthesolarsystemtounderstandhowblackholesmight

22、evolve.Itispossiblethatblackholescanexistformillionsofyears,andlatercontributetoabiggerprocessingalaxies,whichcaneventuallyleadtocreationofnewentities.Scientistsalsocreditblackholesashelpfulinlearninghowgalaxiesbegantoform.23.Paragraph124.Paragraph225.Paragraph326.Paragraph4Isthereproofthatblackhole

23、sreallyexist?Whataredifferenttypesofblackholes?Howareblackholesformed?Howwereblackholesnamed?Whathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackhole?Whatareblackholesmadeof?TOC o 1-5 h zBlackholesareformedafter.Whenalargestarexplodes,thegravitycompactseverypieceintoAnewlyformedblackholeandthestaritcomesfromareof.Al

24、bertEinsteinstheoryofrelativityhelpstoprove.thecreationofnewentitiesanexplosionofhugestarsthetiniestparticlethesameamountofmasstheexistenceofblackholesafractionofaninch答案：23-26CFEA27-30BCDE第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇ForecastingMethodsThereareseveraldifferent

25、methodsthatcanbeusedtocreateaforecast.Themethodaforecasterchoosesdependsupontheexperienceoftheforecaster,theamountofinformationavailabletotheforecaster,thelevelofdifficultythattheforecastsituationpresents,andthedegreeofaccuracyorconfidenceneededintheforecast.Thefirstofthesemethodsisthepersistencemet

26、hod;thesimplestwayofproducingaforecast.Thepersistencemethodassumesthattheconditionsatthetimeoftheforecastwillnotchange.Forexample,ifitissunnyand87degreestoday,thepersistencemethodpredictsthatitwillbesunnyand87degreestomorrow.Iftwoinchesofrainfelltoday,thepersistencemethodwouldpredicttwoinchesofrainf

27、ortomorrow.However,ifweatherconditionschangesignificantlyfromdaytoday,thepersistencemethodusuallybreaksdownandisnotthebestforecastingmethodtouse.Thetrendsmethodinvolvesdeterminingthespeedanddirectionofmovementforfronts,highandlowpressurecenters,andareasofcloudsandprecipitation.Usingthisinformation,t

28、heforecastercanpredictwhereheorsheexpectsthosefeaturestobeatsomefuturetime.Forexample,ifastormsystemis1,000mileswestofyourlocationandmovingtotheeastat250milesperday,usingthetrendsmethodyouwouldpredictittoarriveinyourareain4days.Thetrendsmethodworkswellwhensystemscontinuetomoveatthesamespeedinthesame

29、directionforalongperiodoftime.Iftheyslowdown,speedup,changeintensity,orchangedirection,thetrendsforecastwillprobablynotworkaswell.Theclimatologymethodisanothersimplewayofproducingaforecast.Thismethodinvolvesaveragingweatherstatisticsaccumulatedovermanyyearstomaketheforecast.Forexample,ifyouwereusing

30、theclimatologymethodtopredicttheweatherforNewYorkCityonJuly4th,youwouldgothroughalltheweatherdatathathasbeenrecordedforeveryJuly4thandtakeanaverage.Theclimatologymethodonlyworkswellwhentheweatherpatternissimilartothatexpectedforthechosentimeofyear.Ifthepatternisquiteunusualforthegiventimeofyear,thec

31、limatologymethodwilloftenfail.Theanalogmethodisaslightlymorecomplicatedmethodofproducingaforecast.Itinvolvesexaminingtodaysforecastscenarioandrememberingadayinthepastwhentheweatherscenariolookedverysimilar(ananalog).Theforecasterwouldpredictthattheweatherinthisforecastwillbehavethesameasitdidinthepa

32、st.Theanalogmethodisdifficulttousebecauseitisvirtuallyimpossibletofindapredictanalog.Variousweatherfeaturesrarelyalignthemselvesinthesamelocationsastheywereintheprevioustime.Evensmalldifferencesbetweenthecurrenttimeandtheanalogcanleadtoverydifferentresults.WhatofthefollowingfactorsisNOTmentionedinch

33、oosingaforecastingmethod?Necessaryamountofinformation.Degreeofdifficultyinvolvedinforecasting.Practicalknowledgeoftheforecaster.Creativityoftheforecaster.Thepersistencemethodfailstoworkwellwhenitisrainy.itissunny.weatherconditionsstaystable.weatherconditionschangegreatly.Thetrendsmethodworkswellwhen

34、weatherfeaturesareconstantforalongperiodoftime.weatherfeaturesaredefinedwell.predictionsonprecipitationareaccurate.thespeedanddirectionofmovementarepredicable.Theanalogmethodshouldnotbeusedinmakingaweatherforecastwhentheanaloglookscomplicated.thecurrentweatherscenarioisdifferentfromtheanalog.theanal

35、ogismorethan10yearsold.thecurrentweatherscenarioisexactlythesameastheanalog.Historicalweatherdataarenecessaryinthepersistencemethodandthetrendsmethod.thetrendsmethodandtheclimatologymethod.theclimatologymethodandtheanalogmethod.Thepersistencemethodandtheanalogmethod.答案31-35：DDABC第二篇StudentsLearnBett

36、erWithTouchscreenDesksObservethecriticismsofnearlyanymajorpubliceducationsystemintheworld,andafewofthemanycomplaintsaremoreorlessuniversal.Technologymovesfasterthantheeducationsystem.Teachersmustteachatthepaceofthesloweststudentratherthanthefastest.AndparticularlyintheUnitedStatesschoolchildrenasagr

37、oupdontcaremuchfor,orexcelat,mathematics.Soitshearteningtolearnthatanewkindof“classroomofthefuture”showspromiseatmitigatingsomeoftheseproblems,startingwiththatfundamentalpieceofclassroomfurniture:thedesk.AUKstudyinvolvingroughly400students,mostlyaged8-10years,andanewgenerationofmulti-touch,multi-use

38、r,computerizeddesktopsurfacesisshowingthatoverthelastthreeyearsthetechnologyhasappreciablyboostedstudentsmathskillscomparedtopeerslearningthesamematerialviatheconventionalpaper-and-pencilmethod.How?Throughcollaboration,mostly,aswellasbygivingteachersbettertoolsbywhichtomicromanageindividualstudentsw

39、honeedsomeextrainstructionwhileallowingtherestoftheclasstocontinuemovingforward.Traditionalinstructionstillshowsrespectableefficacy（效力）atincreasingstudentsfluencyinmathematics,essentiallythroughmemorizationandpracticedull,repetitivepractice.Buttheresearchershaveconcludedthatthesenewtouchscreendesksb

40、oostbothfluencyandflexibilitythecriticalthinkingskillsthatallowstudentstosolvecomplexproblemsnotsimplythroughknowingformulasanddevices,butbybeingabletofigureoutwhattherealproblemisandthemosteffectivemeansofstrippingitdownandsolvingit.Onereasonforthis,theresearcherssay,isthemulti-touchaspectofthetech

41、nology.Studentsworkinginthenext-genclassroomcanworktogetheratthesametabletop,eachofthemcontributingandengagingwiththeproblemaspartofagroup.KnownasSynergyNet,thesoftwareusescomputervisionsystemsthatseeintheinfrared（红外的）spectrumtodistinguishbetweendifferenttouchesondifferentpartsofthesurface,allowings

42、tudentstoaccessandusetoolsonthescreen,moveobjectsandvisualaidsaroundontheirdesktops,andotherwisephysicallyinteractwiththenumbersandinformationontheirscreens.Byusingthesescreenscollaboratively,theresearcherssay,thestudentsaretosomeextentteachingthemselvesasthosewithastrongergraspondifficultconceptspu

43、llotherstudentsforwardalongwiththem.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofthepubliceducationsystem?Itdoesnotcatchupwiththedevelopmentoftechnology.Teacherspaymoreattentiontofastlearnersthanslowlearners.Somesimilarcomplaintsaboutitareheardindifferentcountries.Manystudentsarenotgoodatlearningmathemat

44、ics.Whathasbeenfoundafterthenewtechisemployed?Teachersareabletogiveindividualizedattentiontostudentsinneed.Studentsbecomelessactiveinlearningmathematics.Studentsshowpreferencetotheconventionalpaper-and-pencilmethod.Thegapbetweenslowlearnersandfastlearnersgetmorenoticeable.Whatisthebenefitstudentsget

45、fromthenewtech?Itmakesthemmorefluentinpublicspeech.Itoffersthemmoreflexibilityinchoosingcourses.Itiseffectiveinhelpingthemsolvephysicalproblems.Itenablesthemtodevelopcriticalthinkingability.Whathappenswhenstudentsareusingthedesktopofthenewtech?Everystudenthasanindividualtabletop.Studentsusedifferent

46、toolstointeractwitheachother.Themulti-touchfunctionstimulatesstudents.Thesoftwareinstalledautomaticallyidentifiesdifferentusers.Howdoesthenewtechworktoimprovestudentsmathematicallearning?Ithelpsfastlearnerstolearnfaster.Itmakesteachersinstructionunnecessary.C.Itenablesthemtoworktogether.D.Itallowsth

47、ewholeclasstolearnatthesamepace.答案36-40：BADCC第三篇OntheTrailoftheHoneyBadgersOnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesert,ateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers（獾）.Theteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpert,KitsoKhama,tohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgersmove

48、mentsandbehaviourasdiscreetly（谨慎地）aspossible,withoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsoplannedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimalsreputation,thiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo.“Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycu

49、riousanimals,especiallywhentheyseesomethingnew,”hesays.“that,combinedwiththeirunpredictablenature,canbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefood,forexample,theywontbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.Theyreactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumans,butassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindanger,the

50、ycanbecomeextremelyvicious（凶恶的）.Fortunatelythisisrare,butitdoeshappen.”Theresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpected,honeybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakes,fearedandavoidedbymostotheranimals,werenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprised,however,bythean

51、imalsfondnessforlocalmelons,probablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontent.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey猎物）.Theteamalsolearntthat,contrarytopreviousresearchfindings,thebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompr

52、eviousresearch,includingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother.Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallenge,sincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermales,thereareoccasion

53、alfightsoveranimportantfoodsource,andmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies.Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeople,itgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimalscuriosityortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgerseatingpatterns,whichhad

54、beendisrupted,returnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadger,astheseseemstoadoptthebadgersrelaxedattitudewhennearhumans.WhydidthewildlifeexpertsvisittheKalahariDesert?Tofindwherehoneybadgerslive.Toobservehowhoneybadgersbe

55、have.Tocatchsomehoneybadgersforfood.Tofindoutwhyhoneybadgershaveabadreputation.WhatdoesKitsoKhamasayabouthoneybadgers?Theyshowinterestinthingstheyarenotfamiliarwith.Theyarealwayslookingforfood.Theydonotenjoyhumancompany.Itiscommonforthemtoattackpeople.Whatdidtheteamfindoutabouthoneybadgers?Therewere

56、somecreaturestheydidnoteat.Theywereafraidofpoisonouscreatures.Theymaygetsomeofthewatertheyneededfromfruit.Femalebadgersdidnotmixwithmalebadgers.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalfeatureofmalebadgers?A.Theydontrunveryquickly.Theyhuntoveraverylargearea.Theydefendtheirterritoryfromotherbadgers.Theyaremoreag

57、gressivethanfemalesWhathappenedwhenhoneybadgersgotusedtohumansaroundthem?Theybecamelessaggressivetowardsothercreatures.Theystartedeatingmore.Otheranimalsstartedworkingwiththem.Theylostinterestinpeople.答案41-45：BACBD第5部分：补全短文（第46-50题，每题2分，共10分）下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。Toa

58、dsareArthriticandinPainArthritisisanillnessthatcancausepainandswellinginyourbones.Toads,abigprobleminthenorthofAustralia,aresufferingfrompainfularthritisintheirlegsandbackbone,anewstudyhasshown.Thetoadsthatjumpthefastestaremorelikelytobelargerandtohavelongerlegs.46.Thelargeyellowtoads,nativetoSoutha

59、ndCentralAmerica,wereintroducedintothenorth-easternAustralianstateofQueenslandin193Sinanattempttostopbeetlesandotherinsectsfromdestroyingsugarcanecrops.Nowupto200millionofthepoisonoustoadsexistinthecountry,andtheyarerapidlyspreadingthroughthestateofNorthernTerritoryatarateofupto60kmayear.Thetoadscan

60、nowbefoundacrossmorethanonemillionsquarekilometers.47.AVenezuelanpoisonviruswastriedinthe1990sbuthadtobeabandonedafteritwasfoundtoalsokillnativefrogspecies.ThetoadshaveseverelyaffectedecosystemsinAustralia.Animals,andsometimespets,thateatthetoadsdieimmediatelyfromtheirpoison,andthetoadsthemselveseat