全新版大学英语第二册Unit7 课件

1、B R _ mainListening and Answering the Questions History of English Winston ChurchillJulius CaesarViking Norman William Caxton Otto Jespersen Renaissance B R _ History of English History of English The root of English The development of Modern English 20th Century English B R _ Winston ChurchillWinst

2、on ChurchillA Brief introduction to Winston Churchill Chronology of Winston Churchill A Video Clip about Winston Churchill Yes. For example, the meaning of “your house burns up” is the same as that of “your house burns down”, or “you fill in a form” is the same as “you fill out a form”.B R _ Listen

3、and Answer the Questions 11. What is the passage about? Listen and Answer the Questions Directions: Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions.English is a great language, but it is also a crazy language.2. Can you give one or two examples to illustrate th

4、e messiness of the English language?3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded passage?Some of the more confusing usages are explained here:1) ship by truck / send cargo by ship: ship can be either a verb or a noun.The first “ship” means “send”, the second one “a large boa

5、t”.2) noses that run / feet that smells: B R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 2This refers to what people usually say “have a running nose” (流鼻涕), “have smelly feet” (臭脚). 3) a slim/fat chance: a remote possibility 4) a wise guy: a person who pretends to be much wiser than he/she really is; a derog

6、atory terma wise man: a really wise person; a commendatory term5) overlook: fail to see or notice, pay no attention to oversee: control (work, workmen) B R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 36) hot /cold as hell: extremely hot/cold 7) burn up: catch fire and flare up burn down: be destroyed by fire

7、8) fill in a form/fill out a form: synonymous 9) go off: start an action, usually accompanied by a great noise go on: continue doing somethingB R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 410) when stars are out: when stars appear in the sky when lights are out: when lights are turned off 11) wind up a watc

8、h: tighten the spring of a watch wind up a speech: end a speech B R _ Listen and Answer the Questions 5B R _ The root of English 1The root of English English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and written language o

9、f England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words

10、, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language.From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th. century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle Engl

11、ish. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g. sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as minister, angel, master,

12、school and grammar. Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucers The Canterbury TalesB R _ The root of English 2 Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the Engl

13、ish used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy

14、. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeares plays were seen by many people.The development of Mode

15、rn English BR_ The development of Modern English 1 The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English. It defined about 40,

16、000 words and gave examples of their use. By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, soon after Johnsons di

17、ctionary was published, Noah Websters The Elementary Spelling BookBR_ The development of Modern English 2was published in the US. At first it used Johnsons spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite.BR_ The development o

18、f Modern English 3 During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing words gain new senses, and new expressions spread qui

19、ckly through television and the Internet. English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a Brit

20、ish or American standard and establish its own international identity.20th Century English BR_ 20th Century English As a politician, Winston Churchill is remembered as one of Britains greatest statesmen. He was the son of the Conservative politician Lord Randolph Churchill and his American wife Jenn

21、ie. As a young man he served as a soldier in India and Egypt, and as a journalist in South Africa, before entering politics. Churchill became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1940. His radio speeches during World War II gave the British people a strong determination to win the war, especial

22、ly at times of great crisis. Examples of Churchills phrases still often quoted today are “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat”, and “This was their finest hour”. A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill BR_A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill 1 The Conservative Party led b

23、y Churchill lost the election of 1945, but he became Prime Minister again from 1951 to 1955 when he retired, aged 80. When he died in Jan 1965 he was given a state funeral.BR_A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill 2Chronology of Winston Churchill November 30, 1874 October 1, 1911 April 30, 1915 N

24、ovember 6, 1924Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, near Oxford.Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in Liberal government. Failure of the Dardanelles Expedition, in World War I, led to his resignation as First Lord of the Admiralty.Baldwin named him Chancellor of t

25、he Exchequer.BR_Chronology of Winston Churchill 1 May 10, 1940 July 1945April 24, 1953 December 10, 1953 January 24, 1965 Appointed to head wartime coalition government. Lost general election.Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.Awarded Nobel prize for literature in recognition of “historical works and bi

26、ographies as well as his brilliant speeches.”Died in London; given a state funeral; buried in the churchyard at Bladon, near Blenheim.BR_Chronology of Winston Churchill 2 Directions: Watch this video clip and answer the following questions. A Video Clip about Winston Churchill 1. What do you learn f

27、rom the clip?2. What do you think of Winston Churchill? BR_ A Video Clip 1BR_ A Video Clip 2Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Julius Caesar was the best-known of all the ancient Roman leaders, and the first one to land in Britain with an army. He did this twice, in 55 and 54 BC, although Britain did not bec

28、ome part of the Roman Empire until nearly a hundred years later. BR_ Julius Caesar eastern England, and the Danish king Canute ruled England from 1016. The Vikings were feared as violent and cruel, but they were also noted for their skill in building ships and as sailors. They had an important influ

29、ence on EnglishViking Viking was a member of a people from Scandinavia who attacked parts of northern and western Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the 8th to 11th centuries. In Britain they were also known as Norsemen. They settled on the Scottish islands and in areas ofculture and the Engl

30、ish language.BR_ Viking Norman Norman refers to any of the people from Normandy in northern France who settled in England after their leader William defeated the English king at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Normans took control of the country, a process known as the Norman Conquest. They used

31、 many of theBR_ Norman 1existing Anglo-Saxon methods of government of the state and the church, but added important aspects of their own and made government much more effective. The language of government became first Latin, and then Norman French, and this caused many new words to be added to the e

32、xisting English language. BR_ Norman 2William Caxton (c. 14221491) William Caxton was the man who set up the first printing firm in Britain. He printed his first book in 1474. By printing books in English, Caxton had a strong influence on the spelling and development of the language. were French sto

33、ries which he translated himself.BR_ William Caxton Otto Jespersen (18601943) BR_ Otto Jespersen Otto Jespersen was a Danish philologist, grammarian, and educationist. He promoted the use of the “direct method” in language teaching with the publication of his theoretical work How to Teach a Foreign

34、Language (1904). Other books include his seven-volume Modern English Grammar (19091949).Renaissance BR_ Renaissance 1BR_ Renaissance 2The Renaissance emerged in northern Italy in the 1300s when, not content with the abstract and highly subjective thinking of the Middle Ages, scholars turned for insp

35、iration to the ancient Greeks and Romans with their love of earthly life. Italian architects rediscovered ancient construction techniques and incorporated Greek and Roman columns, arches, and domes into their public buildings. Instead of the flat, stiff figures of the Middle Ages, Renaissance artist

36、s portrayed rounded, flesh-and-blood people, people filled with emotions. To depict the world they lived in realistically, Renaissance artists developed linear perspective, which creates on aflat surface the illusion of depth. Renaissance scholars explored their world through mathematics, science, a

37、nd engineering. Probably the most famous people of the Renaissance times are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. By the 1500s the Renaissance had spread to Spain and the countries of northern Europe, where people sought to blend the intense interest in human affairs with spiritual ideals.BR_ Renaiss

38、ance 3G R _ mainPart Division of the Text Further Understanding G R _ Further UnderstandingPair Discussion English the Sea of Language Questions and AnswersFurther UnderstandingG R _ Part Division of the Text 1 Part Division of the TextPartsPara(s). Main Ideas113 2416 Massive borrowing from other la

39、nguages is a major feature of the English language. Tells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English. G R _ Part Division of the Text 2PartsMain Ideas31719Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect for the rights of others these qualities in the E

40、nglish-speaking people explain the richness of their language. Para(s). Pair Discussion Directions: Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner. What are differences between English and French in borrowing foreign words?English has a vocabulary of about one million words while F

41、rench has only about 75,000 words.English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages while French hasnt. And the French government even tries to ban words from English.GR_ Pair Discussion1 2. What can we infer from the invention of a French word “balladeer”?In borrowing foreign words, English

42、people are open-minded while French people are conservative.GR_ Pair Discussion 2We know the reason why English has become the first truly global language.3. How did the word “Walkman” come into being?The Japanese put two simple English words together to name their product.English the Sea of Languag

43、e eye angel sky royal kingly capsule water thermometer habitual mahjong Old EnglishVikingsFrenchChineseLatinChristianityGreekGR_ English the Sea of Language Questions and Answers 1. Who is Otto Jespersen?He is a Danish scholar.2. According to Otto Jespersen, what is the cause for English to become w

44、hat it is? Its the result of the great respecters of the liberties of each individual. 3. What is English language in the authors opinion? English is the tongue of common man. GR_ Questions and Answers The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That

45、is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer.French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words becau

46、se they think it corrupts their language. The government tries to ban words from English and declares that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead but they dont.D R _ Text 1THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISHWalkman is fascinating becau

47、se it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, butit does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept

48、words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language.DR_ Text 2How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been?

49、The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. Usually s

50、hort and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us.Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, “We

51、shall never give in,” but it is one of the lovely and powerful opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.For example, during World War II

52、, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the English Channel: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never

53、 surrender.”Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.When Julius Caes

54、ar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-Europe

55、an parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drift

56、ed west toward the gentler climates of Europe. Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesars armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes the Angles, the Saxons, etc. that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Tog

57、ether they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society. The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enrich

58、ed the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr. Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English bo

59、th survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The

60、country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered