专业英语物理化学

1、物化词汇部分：Chemicalthermodynamics化学热力学Chemicalkinetics化学动力学物理化学的分支：quantumchemistry量子化学；structurechemistry结构化学；catalysis催化；electrochemistry电化学；colloidchemistry胶体化学。热力学体系：closedsystem封闭体系：asystemthatdoesnotallowtransferofsubstancebutenergyisolatedsystem孤立体系：asystemthatdoesnotallowtransferofsubstanceanden

2、ergyopensystem开放体系：asystemthatallowtransferofsubstanceandenergyInternalenergy内能：motions分子运动；interaction相互作用；bondingofitsconstituentmolecules分子成键(ionicbond离子键,covalentbond共价键,coordinationbond配位键,hydrogenbond氢键,metallicbond.金属键)externalenergy外能：(velocity速度；locationofitscenterofmass位置)=kinetic动力+potent

3、ialenergy势能Thermalenergy(internalenergy+heat)Mechanicalenergy(externalenergy+mechanical/electricalwork)Heat:energytransferasaresultsofonlytemperaturedifferenceWork:energytransferbyanymechanismthatinvolvesmechanicalmotionacrossthesystemboundaries.Microscopicproperties:moleculekineticenergy分子动能(transl

4、ationalenergy跃迁能,rotationalenergy转动能,vibrationalenergy振动能)Intermolecularforces分子间力(electrostaticforces静电力,inductionforces感应能,forcesofattraction(ordispersionforces)分散能andrepulsion排斥能,specific(chemical)forceslikehydrogenbonds)Intermolecularpotentials分子势(Lennard-Jonespotential)Macroscopicproperties:pre

5、ssure,volume,temperatureextensivevariables广度性质(volume,mass)intensivevariables强度性质(T,P,molarvolume,molarmass)ThermodynamicEquilibriums热力学平衡:thermalequilibrium,热平衡forceequilibrium,力平衡phaseequilibrium,相平衡chemicalequilibrium化学平衡PVTrelationscompressibilityfactor压缩因子expansioncoefficient体积膨胀系数compressibili

6、tycoefficient等温压缩系数热力学定律Thefirstlawofthermodynamics*Energyisneithercreatednordestroyed,butmaychangeinformsenthalpy焓heatcapacity热容isochoric等容isobaric等压reversible可逆，irreversible不可逆isothermal等温，adiabatic绝热(diabatic),cyclic循环,freeexpansion自由膨胀throttling节流(isenthalpy等焓,Joule-Thomsoncoefficient)Thesecondl

7、awofthermodynamicsClausiusstatement:Itisnotpossibletoconstructadevicethatoperatesinacycleandwhosesoleeffectistotransferheatfromacolderbodytoahotterbody.TheefficiencyoftheCarnotheatengineisdefinedtobe:=(QH-QC)/QH=W/QH=1-TC/THendothermic吸热exothermic放热entropy熵,isentropicprocess等熵过程spontaneoussystem自发系统

8、,entropybalance熵平衡热化学：Heatofreaction反应热，isothermal、isobaric、onlyvolumetricwork，thereactionheatchangeheatofcombustion燃烧热,25C,100kPatheheatchangeof1molpuresubstancefullycombustionheatofformation生成热fixedtemperatureandpressure,theheatchangeof1molpuresubstanceproducedbythemoststableelementGibbsfreeenergy

9、:G=H-TSHelmholtzfreeenergy:F=U-TS相平衡：vaporpressure蒸汽压thepressureexertedbyavaporinthermodynamicequilibriumwithitscondensedphases(solidorliquid)atagiventemperatureinaclosedsystem.boilingpoint沸点thetemperatureatwhichthevaporpressureoftheliquidequalsthepressuresurroundingtheliquidandtheliquidchangesintoa

10、vapor.meltingpoint熔点thetemperatureatwhichitchangesstatefromsolidtoliquidatatmosphericpressuresolidifyingpoint凝固点thetemperatureatwhichitchangesstatefromliquidtosoildatatmosphericpressurePartialmolarquantity偏摩尔量Apartialmolarpropertyisathermodynamicquantitywhichindicateshowanextensivepropertyofasolutio

11、normixturevarieswithchangesinthemolarcompositionofthemixtureatconstanttemperatureandpressure.Chemicalpotential化学势，isaformofpotentialenergythatcanbeabsorbedorreleasedduringachemicalreactionorphasetransition.activity活度activity(symbola)isameasureoftheeffectiveconcentrationofaspeciesinamixture,inthesens

12、ethatthespecieschemicalpotentialdependsontheactivityofarealsolutioninthesamewaythatitwoulddependonconcentrationforanidealsolution.fugacity逸度，thefugacityofarealgasisaneffectivepartialpressurewhichreplacesthemechanicalpartialpressureinanaccuratecomputationofthechemicalequilibriumconstant.activitycoeff

13、icient活度系数,fugacitycoefficient逸度系数thedegreeoffreedom自由度f=C-thenumberofdegreesoffreedomisthenumberofvaluesinthefinalcalculationofastatisticthatarefreetovaryPhasediagram相图：single-phase/binary/ternaryx-ydiagram,p-x-ydiagram,t-x-ydiagramfully/partlymisciblesolution可混溶的溶液,immisciblesolution不可混容的溶液minimum

14、/maximumazeotrope共沸(正偏差，最低共沸点；负偏差，最高共沸点)，dewpoint露点thetemperatureatwhichairbornewatervaporwillcondensetoformliquiddew.,bubblepoint泡点，thetemperature(atagivenpressure)wherethefirstbubbleofvaporisformedwhenheatingaliquidconsistingoftwoormorecomponents.eutecticpoint共熔点thepointatwhichtheliquidphaseLborde

15、rsdirectlyonthesolidphase(ahomogeneouscomposedofbothAandB),representingtheminimummeltingtemperatureofanypossiblealloyofAandB.multi-componentsystem多组成体系化学平衡：Chemicalequilibriuminasingle-phasesystem:freeenergyofformation组成自由能equilibriumconstant平衡常数endothermicreaction放热反应exothermicreaction吸热反应ionizatio

16、nconstant电离常数dissociationconstant解离常数associationconstant结合常数化学动力学chemicalreactionkinetics:rateofreaction反应速率,orderofreaction反应要求activationenergy活化能,activatedmolecules活化分子activation活化collision碰撞，activecenters活性中心activationenthalpy活化焓parallelreaction平行反应：substancereactsordecomposesinmorethanonewayseri

17、esreaction串联反应，A日-Ctwoormorereactioninsameenvironmentwithoutnewoperationchainreaction链式反应：Achainreactionisasequenceofreactionswhereareactiveproductorby-productcausesadditionalreactionstotakeplacelight-chemicalreaction,reactionmechanism反应机理adsorptionandcatalysis(catalyst)其他Surface表面/interface界面colloi

18、dchemistrysurfacetension表面张力,interfacialtension界面张力,surfaceexcess表面超额,surfacefilm,表面膜surfacecoverage表面覆盖,adsorptiononthesurface,表面吸附surfactant/surfaceactiveagent表面活性剂，colloid(particles55,000angstroms)Electrochemistry,electrochemicalengineeringandelectrolytesolutiontheory,electroreactionTypesofreactors反应器类型Intermsoftheoperationmodes:Stirredreactors搅拌反应器BSTR(batchstirredtankreactor)间歇搅拌罐式反应器；CSTR(continuousstirredtankreactor)连续搅拌罐式反应器Pipereactors管式反应器fixed-bedreactor,固定床fluidized-bedreactor