《英语演讲与辩论》期末考试复习重点

1、英语演讲与辩论复习重点一、三种演讲的定义Introductory speech: The speechis written in manuscript form and is designed to fulfill two purposes.Thefirst is to give you a brief, initial exposure to speaking before an audience.The second is to provide a piece of original prose that can be used to help diagnose your strength

2、s and weakness as a writer.Informative speech :is the one in which the speaker provide the audience with new and/or useful information about a significant topic.Persuasive speech: This is a speech designed to persuade the audience for or against a question or policy.二、演讲稿三大板块IntroductionRelate topic

3、 to the audiencePresent the topic to the audienceAttract attentionBuild credibilityPresent main pointsConclusion sum upBodyInformative speech 1) Visual aidsKinds of visual aidObjects and modelsPhotographs and drawingsGraphsChartsVideosThe speakerPowerPointTips for preparing visual aidsKeep visual ai

4、ds simpleMake sure visual aids are large enoughUse fonts that are easy to readUse color effectivelyOrganization patternChronological order 时间顺序Spacial order空间顺序Topical order话题顺序Persuasive speechQuestion of fact.话题顺序Question of valueQuestion of policy (passive agreement & immediate action)Problem-sol

5、ution pattern order问题出路法问题成因出路法Problem-cause-solution order问题成因出路法Comparative advantages order优惠对比法(pros&cons)Motivated sequence动机序列法(seek immediate action and more detaile dFive steps of motivated sequenceAttentionNeed SatisfactionVisualizationAction三、Supporting material的运用(分析题会用到)Problems:Foreign

6、languages,foreign laws,customs and regulationsExchange rates variesNumerous cultural differencesFirst-hand accurate information is comparatively hard to obtain.Brief example简单例证1. ExamplesExtended example 延展例证Hypothetical example假设Single statistics2.Statistics2.StatisticsMultiple statisticsUse repre

7、sentative statisticsIdentify the sources of statisticsMultiple statisticsUse representative statisticsIdentify the sources of statisticsUse statistics from reliable sourcesRound off complicated statisticsExplain statisticsUse visual aids to clarify statisticsExpert3.Testimony3.TestimonyPeelDecide wh

8、ether to quote or paraphraseQuote or paraphrase accuratelyUse testimony from qualified sourcesUse testimony from unbiased sourcesIdentify the people you quote or paraphrase四简答Intercultural competenceMental dialogue3、使用visual aids的好处4、为什么确定 specific purpose特另U重要5为什么道德标准很重要五 Methods of persuasionBuild

9、ing credibilityFactors of credibilityCompetenceCharacterEnhancing your credibilityExplain your competenceEstablish common ground with your audienceDeliver your speeches fluently.expressively and with convictionUsing evidenceUse specific evidenceUse novel evidence新颖的)Use evidence from credible source

10、sMake clear the point of your evidenceReasoning(is a process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence)Reasoning from specific instance(from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion (归纳)Avoid generalizing too hastilyMake sure the instances you present are fair, unbiased and repres

11、entative.Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony.Reasoning from principle(from a general principle to a specific conclusion)(演绎) 、二注意：Causal reasoningAnalogical reasoningFallaciesRed herring 转移话题(熏青鱼)( A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject un

12、der discussion)Ad Hominem 人身攻击(A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute)Bandwagon 主流思想谬误(A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular,it is thereforegood,correct or desirable)d.Slippery slope 斜坡谬误(不合理地使用连串的因果关系)(A fallacy that assumesthat taking a first step will lead to subsequentsteps that cannot be prevented)Appealing to