中考长难句翻译

1、长难句翻译中考长难句翻译中学英语长难句子的翻译一、英语汉语的不同1、英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。Althoughthesestoresarentveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,notonlyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。英语句

2、子的结构:“葡萄藤型”结构（grapevinestructure），意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为“竹竿型”结构（bamboostructure）。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。2、英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。首先我们谈谈词序的调整。英汉语句中的主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的，但各种定语的位置和各种状

3、语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。汉语说“他正在卧室里睡觉”，而在英语中却说Heissleepinginthebedroom.（他睡觉在卧室。）；英语汉语都说“他出生于北京”，HewasborninBeijing。一）定语位置的调整单词作定语英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，译成汉语时一般都前置。somethingimportant（后置）重要的事情（前置）如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。alittle,yellow,raggedbeggar（前置）一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛

4、。（后置）短语作定语英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。theirplantocrosstheriver（后置）他们渡江的企图（前置）Onedayanearthquakerockedthemountain,causingoneoftheeggstorolldownthemountaintoachickenfarm,locatedinthevalleybelow.二）状语位置的调整单词作状语2英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面,这一点与汉语相同。Hewasveryactiveinclass.（前置）

5、他在班上很活跃。（前置）英语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。Modernscienceandtechnologyaredevelopingrapidly（后置）现代科学技术正在迅速发展。（前置）英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。Heisrunningfastenough.（后置）他跑得够快的了。（前置）短语作状语英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的。Seeingthis,someofusbecameveryworried（前置）看到这种情况，我们有些人心里很着

6、急。（前置）Ajeepfullspedfast,drenchingmeinspray.（后置）一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过，溅了我一身水。（后置）英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。HewasborninBeijingonMay20,1970.（地点在前）他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。（时间在前）英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小。三）其次我们谈谈句序的调整这里，句序是指复合句中主句和从句的时间和逻辑关系叙述的顺序。（1）时间顺序的调整英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，汉语中则通常先叙述

7、先发生的事，后叙述后发生的事。IwentoutforawalkafterIhadmydinner.（从句在主句之后）我吃了晚饭后出去散步。（从句在主句之前）英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句，各个时间从句的次序比较灵活，汉语则一般按事情发生的先后安排其位置。HehadflownyesterdayfromBeijingwherehespenthisvocationafterfinishingthemeetinghehadtakenpartinTianjin.他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。（2）英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整表示因果关系的英语复合句中，因果顺

8、序灵活，在汉语中多数情况是原因在前，结果在后。Hehadtostayinbedbecausehewasill.（后置）因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。（前置）3表示条件（假设）与结果关系的英语复合句中，条件（假设）与结果的顺序也不固定,在汉语中则是条件在前，结果在后。Istillhopeyouwillcomebackfarrangementscouldbemade.（后置）如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。（前置）表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中，目的与行动的顺序比较固定，多数是行动在前,目的在后，汉语也如此，但有时为了强调，也可把目的放在行动之前。Bettertakeyourumbrellainca

9、seitrains.（后置）最好带上伞以防下雨。（前置）二、对长句的认识英语多长句，这是因为英语可以有后置定语。扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句。英语长句的特点是什么？一般说来，英语长句有如下几个特点：1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多；2）常须根据上下文作词义的引申；3）常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判定；4）并列成分多；5）修饰语多，非凡是后置定语很长；6）习惯搭配和成语经常出现。三、如何构成长句英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。所以翻译长句，实际上我们的重点主要放在对各种从句的翻译上。从功能来说，英语有三大

10、复合句，即:名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。造成长句的原因有三方面：修饰语过多;（2）并列成分多；语言结构层次多。四、英语中长句的处理手段英文长句皆由充当定语、状语、介词（短语）、不定式、分词短语或由关系代词、关系副词引导的各种从句所形成。这些成分所处的位置通常就是应该作拆分处理的位置。可以拆分的句子通常带有从句、较多短语或较多并列成分。有时，意义比较复杂的形容词或副词也可能被译为短句，甚至于分拆成独立的句子。这些从句、短语或并列结构等成分分拆出来后，单独译成句子，对句子主干部分进行补充说明。有些句子仅仅剥离其修饰成分

11、还不够，还需要将句子结构打乱，重新组合。有时需要在译文句子当中添加表示逻辑关系的词。长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。5个拆分信号：标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干一两个逗号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。4介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。五步拆分步骤：隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点寻找连词，确定句子种并列句，主从句；寻找句中的动词或动词结构确定整句

12、框架标出主句主干部分及从属连词；确定从句框架标出从句主谓部分；*分別翻译主从句分别进行翻译；*词句推敲中文语言进行表述。注：*部分为翻译要求步骤。Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatitsok

13、aynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Youhavenoticedandyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwonthowthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstepssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-yea

14、r-oldAmericanastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.五、翻译方法在英语长句的翻译过程中，一般采取下列的方法：顺译法。即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译，条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一致。女口：Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,讦youhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommonpersoninPoughkeepsie(AcityinsoutheastNewYo

15、rk),youwouldhavechosenPoughkeepsiebecauseyourchancesoflivingasuccessfullifeweremuchgreaterthere.Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscancausephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoesnotlastformorethanayear.逆译法。即不再遵照英文原有的顺序，甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译，如果英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话。Theworlditselfisbecomingmu

16、chsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans（通讯设备）.5“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortothedirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.（3）分译法。如果句子中的从句（或修饰语）与主句的关系不是很密切，可以将它们与主句分割开来，使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习

17、惯是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句，而后者往往崇苛言简意赅”。女口：Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.（4）综合法。上面讲述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，

18、而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下，英语长句如果单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。女口：peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,foralthoughthepolicehadbeenorderedtostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.Ithinkitwouldbeamis

19、taketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomattertous.Teachingthemsmallactsofkindness,suchaslettingsomeoneelsegothroughadoorfirstastheyholditopen,mayseemunimportant,butitcangoalongwaytowardhelpingstudentsrealizehowtobepoliteandth

20、ankothers.2从句的译法英语中主从复合句十分常见，但汉语中却没有这样频繁使用从句句式的习惯。因此，在翻译时需要将各种从句进行处理，使之符合汉语习惯。1）名词性从句名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等等。通常名词性从句可被译成名词词组，有时原文语序不需变化。主语从句Whathesaidwasrecordedinthisbook.译文：他的话被记录在这本书里。主语从句译为名词词组，原句语序不变。Fromsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecause

21、certainactsleadtorewards译文：婴儿和其他动物由于某些做法有回报才学着做事情，这种观点在过去一段时间里一直为人们所广泛接受。主语从句提前，符合汉语习惯。宾语从句宾语从句译为汉语时，通常不需要改变语序。6Manypeoplebelievethatmanisnotsolvingtheseproblemsofpollutionquicklyenoughandthathisselfishpursuitofpossessionstakehimpastthepointofnoreturnbeforehefullyappreciatesthedamage.译文：许多人认为，人类没有尽快

22、的解决这些污染问题而只顾谋求私利，以至于错过了悔改的机会，以后才充分认识到这种损害。原文中有两个由that引导的宾语从句，从句由and连接，翻译时根据其逻辑关系，添加“而”。表语从句表语从句翻译时通常也不用改变原文语序。Whathecaresishowmuchprofithecangetfromtheproject.译文：他关心的是他从该项目中能获得多少利润。句中表语从句仍按原文顺序，主语从句译为名词词组。同位语从句同位语从句的翻译主要按照该从句与主句的逻辑关系来确定，在汉语中译为宾语、定语或补语等，通常不改变原句顺序。Thebeliefthatfailureisthemotherofsucc

23、esshaskepthimgoonexperimenting.译文：失败是成功之母的信念使他继续进行实验。同位语从句说明主语内容，译做定语从句。TheyjumpedtotheconclusionthatallourflightsoutofChinahadbeenmadefromBeijing.译文：他们匆忙作出了结论：我们从中国飞出的飞机都是从北京起飞。同位语从句前用冒号，原句顺序不变。Therewereindicationsthattheenemyhadretreated.译文：有种种迹象表明敌军已经撤退。根据逻辑关系同位语从句译为宾语从句，原句顺序不变。定语从句的译法定语从句分为限定性定语

24、从句和非限定性定语从句。由于二者在翻译时无大差异，所以讨论时不加严格区分。定语从句的译法一般有三种：译成含“的”字结构的定语，放在先行词之前。由于定语从句的作用相当于定语，所以这种译法是最普遍的。不过，条件是定语不可过长。采用“分译法”，将较长的定语从句独立出去，并将先行词重复一次。译成状语从句。女口：Walkingtogether,myfatherandIusedtohavealotofconversationsthroughwhichIlearnedlessonsfromhisexperiences.Doctorsandotherscientistswhostudythehumanmind

25、andtrytoexplainwhypeoplebehaveinthewaythattheydo,calledpsychologists,arestartingtobelieveit.Hecalledhimself“thefirstclowninspace”whoenter-tainedthecrewoftheISSandhostedashowfromspace.状语从句的译法由于在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、比较等等，这类从句往往用在主句后面，而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句表达，即要用逆译法。结果状语从句例外。7BecauseIwantstudentstofullyst

26、udythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearulenocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwerenothappy.Heoftendrewpicturesonthefloorwithchalkandwhenhismothersawwhathehaddone,shewouldquicklycleanthemwithamop.8六、实战训练1）从真题中选取有代表性的长难句，每篇文章找出23个。2）将这些长难句收集到一起，打印或者抄下下

27、来。3）反复阅读，最好能够达到熟能成诵的境界，注意在此过程中不进行任何语法分析。在头脑中把英语句子中各成分拆分，然后把这些概念组合成可以理解的汉语句子就可以了。4）将真题中的长难句都如此练习一番，长难句就基本攻破了，之后，我们将会进入到一个阅读的新境界！中考英语常见长难句子分析Theworlditselfisbecomingmuchsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans（通讯设备）.Lifetodayismucheasierthanitwashundredsofyearsago,butithasbroughtnewproble

28、ms.Theystoppeoplefromburningcoal（煤）inhousesandfactoriesinthecity,andfromputtingdirtysmokeintotheair.Third，compareprices:thatis,youshouldexaminethepricesofbothdifferentbrands（品牌）anddifferentsizesofthesamebrand.Althoughthesestoresarentveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,noton

29、lyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.WiseshoppersreadmagazineadsandwatchTVcommercials（商业广告），buttheydothiswithoneadvantage:knowledgeofthepsychologybehindtheads.Today,though,agrowingnumberofmentalhealthexpertsthinkthatangerisaseriousproblemtha

30、tneedsitsowntreatment.Anexample:Whilemostpeoplewouldgetupsetifadrivercutthemoff,someonewithdisorderedangermighttrytochasedownthecarandforceitofftheroad.Butpeoplewithangerproblemsoftenstayangryfordays,weeksorevenyears;theirfeelingsofangerdontdisappearovertime.9 长难句翻译Theprogramssometimesincludelife-sk

31、illstrainingaswell:increasingsomeoneslevelofcompetence（竞争）whetheronthejoborasaparentorpartnerhelpsbringdownstressandcutangryfeelings.Notonlycanthewholefamilygetinvolved,buteveryonecanbenefitfromtheharvest.Takingpartinnatureclean-upsorvolunteeringtodopathmaintenance（维护）teacheskidsthattheyhavetheabili

32、tytodosomethingpositivefortheenvironmentandcommunities.Whenparentsgetinvolved,theycansetagoodexamplefortheirchildrentofollow,whichwillhelpchildrenrealizetheirresponsibilitytoprotecttheenvironment.Justremember:beprepared,knowyoursubjectandyouraudience,saywhatyouhavetosayandbeyourselfsothatyourideaswi

33、llbringyouandyouraudiencetogether.TwentyChinesestudentstalkeddirectlytoanastronaut（spaceman）intheInternationalSpaceStation（ISS）onradioinNanjing,capitalofeastChinasJiangsuProvinceonSunday,2007.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-year-oldAmerica

34、nastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.Keepthisspace,whichmaybeadeskorsimplyacornerofyourroom,freeofeverythingbutstudymaterials.Youhavenoticedandyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwonthowthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstep

35、ssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.Then,inMarch,heenteredafree-throwcompetitionattheschool,andthetownsawjusthowbigateamplayerGueireallyibothonandoffthecourt球场）.Sincethattime,agrowingnumberofprivatecompanieshavecomeonthemarketmostlythroughtheInternet,offeringtoscan（扫描）yourpersonalDNAandcompareitto

36、somediseasemarkersoftheblueprint,calledDTCgenetictests.ButoverthelastfiveyearsthemedicalworldhasbeendiscussingexcitedlyaboutwhethertheseDTCtestsarehelpfulorharmful,scientificallybelievableorcompletelyuseless.“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortoth

37、edirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.Otherworriesincludetheprivacyoftheresultsandhowyourpersonalgeneticinformationmightbeusedbyinsurance（保险）companiestorefuseyourinsuranceoryourbosstodismissyou.ItwasProfessorAlbertMehrabianwhodiscoveredthatweexpressourfeelingsandattit

38、udeswith55percentbodylanguage,38percenttoneofvoiceandonly7percentactualwords.Apersontouchinghisnose,pullingathisearorrubbinghiseyewithhislefthandmightbelyingtoyou.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomatt

39、ertous.Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.BecauseIwantstudentstofullystudythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearulenocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwe

40、renothappy.Iveseldomhadstudentsmakewronguseoftechnologyinmyclasses;however,Ihavebeene-mailedbystudentswhiletheywereinotherteachersclassrooms.TherealreasonwhyIaskstudentstoleavetechnologyatthedoorisIthinkthereareveryfewplacesinwhichwecanhavedeepconversations.Iwantthemtopusheachothertothinkdifferently

41、andtomakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialandtheclassdiscussion.Ihavebeenteachingmyhistoryclassinthiswayformanyyearsandtheevaluations（评价）showstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizewithdeepconversationanddifficulttasks,theylearnatadeeperlevelalevelthathelpsthemkeepthecourse

42、materialbeyondtheclassroom.IamnotsayingthatIwonteverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,Iwillcontinuemyplan.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledontwanttoaccepttheresponsibilityfortheproblem.Commonsensetellsyo

43、uthatyoutakeanumbrellaoutintoarainstorm,butyouleavetheumbrellahomewhenyouhearaweatherforecastforsunshine.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatitsokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Whenstudentsandparentsareaskedtogradesubjectsaccordingtotheirimportan

44、ce,theartsareusuallyatthebottomofthelist.Musicisnice,peopleseemtosay,butnotimportant.Becausemusicisanexpressionofthebeingswhocreateit,itshowstheirthinkingandvalues,aswellasthesocialenvironmentitcamefrom.ThejazzinfluencethatGeorgeGershwinandothermusiciansintroducedintotheirmusicisobviouslyAmericanbec

45、auseitcamefromAmericanmusicaltraditions.Whenwedonotgivechildrenanimportantwayofexpressingthemselvessuchasmusic,wetakeawayfromthemthemeaningsthatmusicexpresses.Onceinsidethelobby,shehadtostandattheelevatorsandwaitseveralminutesbeforeshecouldgetononegoingtothesixthfloor.Forthosesecretarieswhosebossesa

46、skthemtoprintoutalltheire-mailsandleavethemintheirin-trays,thismeansusingupagreatdealofpapereverymonth,MetcalfsaysBut讦thebrotherhoodbundleisbroken,itwillhappentoyoujustasithastothesesticks,whichlietherebrokenontheground.”Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,ifyouhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommon