电动汽车发展：过去、现在与未来外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

1、共 5 页 第 页译文标题电动汽车发展：过去、现在与未来原文标题Electric Vehicle Development: The Past, Present & Future作者Lixin Situ译名国籍中国香港原文出处 HYPERLINK /document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1 /document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1译文：摘要当比传统的石油燃烧发动机更环保时，这种车辆被认为是绿色环保的，其中包括混合动力汽车，插电式，燃料电池，生物燃料等可以改善燃油经济性的任何非传统汽车。电动汽车的发展已有一百多年，但由于各种原因的解

2、释，未能在各阶段得到公众的认可。虽然电动汽车从未大量生产，但混合动力汽车近年来取得了势头。福特已经推出了第二代HEV，通用还宣布在2010年首次亮相Volt 。与常规 HEV相比，插电是混合动力汽车开发的新趋势，因为只要行驶距离小于充电阈值，那么电动模式下行驶距离可以延长并达到零排放的可能性。然而，最近汽车行业的电气化趋势已经发展一段时间了并将使汽车行业发生彻底的革命。随着电动汽车技术的正确政策和政策的推进，电动汽车的发展前景将是未来发展的重点。关键字 ：电动汽车混合动力插入 绿色 历史1 引言与能源独立和环境问题相关的替代燃料车辆，特别是电动和混合动力电动汽车已成为全球政府政策的一部分。美国

3、要求制定更严格的燃油经济标准。中国今年发布新能源汽车政策，加快推行电力配置，2011 年达到 500k 的目标。香港在不久的将来也建立了电动汽车应用的明确愿景。至于汽车行业，汽油价格大幅上涨至超过2 美元水平和市场对此类汽车的需求后，无声的绿色解决方案将经历重大转型。该行业推出更多的燃油高效HEV和较少污染的车辆进入市场。随着过去几年油价急剧上涨，这一现象推动了纯电动汽车的发展，重新吸引了汽车制造商和政府。消费市场在替代燃料车辆以及HEV和电动车辆方面带来了显着的增长。Polk Company进行的HEV研究表明，美国和西欧的HEV销售市场份额呈上升趋势。事实上，OEM厂商的HEV模型选择从2

4、000年的两倍(Insight Prius )增长到今天的二十多岁。2007 年，HEV的销售量已经超过了30万辆HEV。来自OEM的 HEV和电动车辆的进一步已知承诺将进一步改善HEV生产。增加插电式和电动汽车，将加强和加快目前的电气化趋势。第一款插电式混合动力车雪佛兰Volt ，以及北美最终消费者的一批计划中的电动汽车，将为市场带来一轮新能源汽车。一、电动车发展历史电动汽车的发展历史悠久。自从发明电动机以来，电动汽车已经有150 多年了。从简单的不可充电到现代技术控制系统，电动汽车的发展可分为三个阶段：A. 早期发展阶段电动汽车被认为是最早的汽车之一，远优于内燃机。在20 世纪 20 年代

5、后期至 20 世纪 30 年代，汽油车辆的登记比例为3： 1，汽油车辆占有率高达20。这是一种主要的运输工具，在马车上得到了广泛应用，在当地运输中得到了广泛的应用。直到 1930 年， 电动汽车领导层被汽油车开发所取代，无法重新获得以下原因：汽油成熟度可以合理成本大批量生产。随着模具制造过程革命的大规模生产，车辆突然向公众开放，并作为改善生活的途径。汽油车在性能和成本方面都领先于超级电动汽车。城市间旅行的基础设施改善和需求需要较长的旅行距离，以前无法利用电动车辆。缺乏充电基础设施开发，可靠的电力传输和有限的旅行距离，电动汽车不再适应消费者需求，并失去了普通汽油车的优势。有限的或没有电气基础设施

6、支持迫使早期电动汽车的辞呈和丰富。汽油广泛发现，廉价燃料的准备就绪也促成了汽油车辆的普及。汽油在20 世纪 30 年代为车辆运输提供了直接的便宜的能源。它可以通过容器携带，从而使拥有车辆的流动性得以扩大。B.中期发展（20世纪 30年代至 80年代）电动汽车的生产和发展在1935 年内燃机接管后的个人运输中停止。与欧佩克的政治敏感性在20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代创造了能源独立的必要性。美国政府和环境保护主义者重新制定了更严格的燃油效率标准，并引发了该期间董事会对电动汽车的兴趣。70 年代初的能源危机驱使美国邮政服务放置了大量的350 EV测试车队。它是中期发展的最高节点。然而，部分原因

7、是由于业绩有限，其他政府优先事项，董事会基础设施配置的缺乏和公司参与的范围，这一时期的发展很慢。C.现代发展现代EV发展由通用汽车公司生产的EV1车队主导。在能源部资助的计划之后，福特开发了EV Ranger接收卡车，丰田提供Rav4 EV，而本田在20世纪 90年代末和 21 世纪初期也有EV可用。不幸的是，由于政治，经济，教育和技术这个复杂的问题，包括车辆生产成本和安全问题，电动车可用性的短暂增长并没有实现到商业生产中。EV1， Ranger， Rav4和本田EV仅用于舰队测试，几乎所有车辆已经停产，销毁和回收利用。只有少数电动车在电动汽车爱好者手中幸存下来。D.现代HEV发展然而，在19

8、99 年至 21 世纪初期，纯电动汽车出现了一种新型的电动汽车。本田向美国市场推出首款HEV，本田Insight ，为汽车行业带来了另一个里程碑。随着市场的接受和普锐斯的成功，HEV技术显示出成熟和潜力。福特在“曼哈顿坦克”活动期间推出了第一款美国混合动力电动汽车 Escape SUV HEV，并在充气城市交通中注册了600 英里/坦克，开启了HEV中美国新时代的竞争。截至2008年，HEV销售总额达到2.5以上。深刻的是，丰田，本田和福特的下一代HEV已经在2009年引入了更新技术的进一步细化。燃油效率也有所提高。 丰田是HEV竞技场的明显领导者，以其“协同驱动系统”的体积和范围。本田和福特

9、公司正在配备完整的混合动力车。通用在混合客车和卡车方面也提供了“双模”技术。E.未来发展随着汽油价格快速上涨，再加上环保问题，社会责任重新得到社会责任。电动车等AFV突然变得流行起来。随着几年前Chevy Volt 插件概念的推出以及日产的纯电动汽车，新一轮的电动汽车发展已经在未来几年复活到OEM的周转计划中。这一EV趋势的结果将在未来三年内出现。与以往的电动汽车发展相比，有以下几个因素可以确保未来的发展取得成功：汽车经营者是开发电动汽车的直接目标客户。市场驱动的方法始终以合理的成本和性能创造出具有竞争力和吸引力的产品。早期的技术和环境采用者将是最初的领导者和用户。他们愿意支持并有能力影响成功

10、。各种教育计划和电动汽车计划也改变了对燃油效率车辆的普遍了解以及他们的好处。电动汽车的热烈接受在未来几年是高的。电站和基础设施发展合作受到不同层次的关注。正在探索各种商业模式。行业和政府相信，最终计划将在电动汽车大规模发布之前达到。储能技术的改进使得锂电池的使用在车辆上变得安全。系统管理的复杂化升级，并将电动汽车提升到可比较的内燃机水平。最后，适当的政策是行业发展的基础。特别税收优惠和补贴将抵消消费者购买电动汽车的负担。在政府愿意提供财务和战略支持的情况下，对产品的投票是自信的。三，结论像许多新兴技术一样，电动汽车的开发和应用已经存在了很长时间，但直到最近，技术还没有真正起飞。尽管HEV是汽油

11、车的良好替代品，并被媒体广泛宣传，但它只是作为中间步骤或近期解决方案的代表。政府法规和环境前景，特别是推动运输电气化的采用。电动车将是最终目标。事实上，随着OEM到 2012年为终端消费者推出更多的电动汽车模型，电动汽车的展示将被广泛认可和认可。随着新型电动汽车的发展，同时也将引进电力电子技术相关技术的巨大机遇。利用这个机会，为绿色发展做出贡献。原文：AbstractA vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustion engine,

12、 in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain the public acceptancei n various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV wa

13、s never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of th Volt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid auto development due to extend travel range in electr

14、ical mode and a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distance is less than charging threshold. However, more recently, an electrification trend in automotive industry has been evolved and will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancement of elec

15、tric vehicle technology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be bright and the focus point of future development.Key words: electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green, historyINTRODUCTIONAs associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and

16、 Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the governmen policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set

17、 a clear vision for E application in the near future.As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transformation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less p

18、olluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction among automakers and governments.The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and elect

19、ric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Pr

20、ius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 20072. Further known commitments of HEV and electric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up will streng

21、then and accelerate the current electrification trend.Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market.HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTThe development of electr

22、ic vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages:Early development stageElectric vehicle was

23、considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely us

24、ed in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages.Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. W

25、ith the mass production of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. Infrastructure improvement and demand of

26、 inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that was never able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructure development, reliable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicle no longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regu

27、lar gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance of earlier electric vehicle.Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct

28、cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.Midterm development (1930s-1980s)Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took o

29、ver in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early

30、 70s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node of midterm development. However, partly due to limited performance, other governmental priorities, lack of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, the development quiet do

31、wn quickly during this period.Modern DevelopmentModern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet application. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1

32、990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did not realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics, economic, education and technology that includes vehicle production cost and safety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended

33、for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electricvehicles were survived under the hands of EV enthusiasts.Modern HEV developmentHowever, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Ho

34、nda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Market that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV, during the

35、 ,Manhattan on a Tank? event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era of competition in US among HEVs. By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into

36、2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuel efficiency has improved as well.Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models wit it “ synergyd rive system ” H. onda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “ twom ode”

37、technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.Future DevelopmentAs gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the society renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again.With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-

38、in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrectedin to OEM?s cycle plan in the up coming years. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years.Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors t

39、hat will ensure this initiation be successful in the future:Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach always creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost and performance.Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial lea

40、ders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transform general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years.Cooperation i

41、n charge station and infrastructure development has gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and governmen are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a compara