词汇学词意义以及理据

1、关于词汇学词的意义及理据第一张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Outline Word Meaning词义Motivations of meaning 词的理据词的意义究竟指什么？这个词为什么是这个意思？第二张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念words defined as thingswords defined as reference第三张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月1 words defined as thingsWord meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation betwe

2、en name and meaning. Meaning is what the form stands for. 意义指的是它代表的内容。e.g.desk: something you sit at and you do your work.第四张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月所指关系relationship between language and the world; between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. By means of reference, a spea

3、ker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. For example, the word tree refers to the object tree.2 words defined as reference第五张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign（语言符号） and a referent（所指物

4、）, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary （随意的）and conventional（约定俗成的）. This connection is the result of generalization（归纳） and abstraction（抽象）.第六张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Semantic Triangle 语义三角意义（

5、概念）Meaning (Concept)词Word形式Form所指对象Referenttree第七张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月 What is concept? It is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a persons mind. 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Tree 第八张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Meaning and Concept：difference closely connected but not identical（关系密切

6、、并不相同）They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race,

7、language and so on. 第九张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.概念属于人类认知领域思维领域；意义属于语言领域。

8、第十张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Words and Referents专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不同的专有名词指同一个对象；少数词有词义，无所指对象；第十一张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月proper names typically have only one referenceBarack Hussein Obama but it has little linguistic meaning第十二张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Sometimes two different proper names have the same referent.Mark T

9、wainSamuel Langhorne Clemens第十三张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月hobbits第十四张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月unicorn第十五张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Harry Potter第十六张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Some words just dont have referents in real world, but they make sense, but,what is sense?有些词虽然在现实世界中没有具体对象，但它们却有意义。什么是意义？第十七张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Sens

10、e 语义词或句子本身所表示的语言本身的意义。即，词义和句义。每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一定有所指称的事物（reference）。第十八张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月reference & sense: differenceSense denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. Every word that h

11、as meaning has sense but not every word has reference. e.g: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer to anything. And words like God, dragon and phoenix refer to imaginary things.第十九张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Limitations of Reference TheoryMany words have no real-world referents. Yet speakers do

12、know the meanings of these expressions.Similarly, function words have no real-world entities to refer to.第二十张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Concepts related Word Meaning 词义Sense 语义Reference 所指Referent 所指物Concept 概念第二十一张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月2 Motivation of Word Meaning1.What is motivation理据?It refers to the conn

13、ection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。第二十二张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Motivation of Word Meaningonamatopoeia motivation 拟声morphologic motivation 形态semantic motivation 语义etymologic motivation 词源第二十三张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月1. Onomatopoeic Motivation拟声理据It means the imitation of s

14、ounds by sounds.（语言对声音的模仿）Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia. 第二十四张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Onomatopoeic MotivationPrimary onomatopoeiaPrimary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sounds by sounds.第二十五张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月ApesBears Bulls CatsEa

15、glesFrogsGoatsgibbergrowlbellowmew ( purr)scream.croak.bleat.第二十六张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Hens cluck. Larks warbleLions roar Magpies chatter.Mice squeak Owls hoot (screech)pigeons coo. Pigs squeal.Snakes hiss. Wolves howl.Turkeys gobble.第二十七张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Sound made by metal：clash, clank, ting, ti

16、nkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack第二十八张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Sound by liquid：splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splish-splosh, drip-drop第二十九张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Secondary OnomatopoeiaIt means that certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.第三十

17、张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Sn-breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort2)quick separation or movement: snip, snap, snatch3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoop第三十一张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Sl-slippery: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice, sludge2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slang, sly, sloppy, slovenly第三

18、十二张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Sk-: 与表面接触：skate, skim, skin, skid, skimp-ump: 表示圆形体：plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump第三十三张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等第三十四张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Wh-表示“剧烈”的拟声词：wham, whang, whap, whop, wheeze, whicker, whinny, whomp,

19、 whoop第三十五张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.2. Morphological motivatio

20、n形态理据第三十六张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月When we talked about derivational affixes, we said most of them have a specific meaning, and when added to a root, they derive a new word. If one knows the meaning of the affix and the root, say able and read, then one can immediately tell that the meaning of the word r

21、eadable is “that can be read” . We say the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.第三十七张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Compound words may be morphologically motivated too. The meaning of words like good-looking, head

22、ache, daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the component parts. However, not all compounds are motivated. We cannot infer the meaning of words like bigwig, egghead from their component parts.第三十八张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月It refers to the mental associations 联想意义 suggested by the c

23、onceptual meaning 概念意义 of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense 字面意义 and figurative sense 比喻意义 of the word. 3. Semantic Motivation语义理据第三十九张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月MetonymyAnalogy第四十张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月1)use a persons name to refer to the things related;He read Shakespeare.2)use a

24、 container to refer to what is inside;The kettle is boiling.He is addicted to the bottle.Please drink a cup.Metonymy 借代第四十一张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月3) use part of body organs to refer to their functions:an ear for musicDont let your heart rule your head.4) use the place name to refer to the product prod

25、uced there.I could do with a cup of canary.Canary is a place where this kind of grape wine is produce.5) use prominent features to refer to the person concernedThe blue eyes walked into the room.第四十二张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月2 AnalogyWords are created in imitation of other words:telethon, talkathon: from

26、 marathon第四十三张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月1 Colour analogy类比black list, white list, gray listblue-collar workers, white collar workers gray-collar workers第四十四张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月2 Number AnalogyFirst ladyFirst MotherFirst Familythe Fourth world第四十五张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月3 Place and Space Analogylandscape: moonscape, marscapesunrise: earthriseearthquake: starquake第四十六张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月Synonymous Analogy Gap missile production development credibility generation Pollutionenvironmental visual/ eye noise/ sound Cultural Graffiti 第四十七张，PPT共五十二页，创作于2022年6月It denotes that