优秀英语课件William-Shakespeare

1、Lecture Four William Shakespeare English RenaissanceHumanismWilliam ShakespeareSonnet 18The Merchant of Venice HamletThe period of Renaissance(1476-1660)Renaissance: rebirth the great flowering of art and letters.Two features: Revival of classical lit.Keen interest in life and human activities. (hum

2、anism)Subdivision:1) Age of experiments ( 1476-1579)2) Age of Shakespeare (1579-1616)3) The puritan age (1616-1660)Renaissance: a period of breaking up of feudal relations and establishing capitalism.Historical background: 1)The Dark Age (The Middle Age): theologyA. The Enclosure movement: sheep dev

3、oured men-the contradiction between the ruling class and the poor.B. Reformation of the church during the reign of Henry VIII(1509-1547) monarch was formed.C. The defeat of Spanish Armada by the English navy in 1588 D. A period of peace and prosperity, and great interest in travel, exploration and c

4、ommerce. (the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)E. Dominance of humanism:2 English Renaissance Is an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features: 1) revived the study of the classical literature, i.e. the study of Roman a

5、nd Greek classics and marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution. an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.2) the thought of Humanism. Humanists emphasized the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture, in contrast to the medieval empha

6、sis on God and contempt for the things of this world. Humanism is the keynote of the Renaissance. Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class.Representative writers: Shakespeare Shakespeare ever wrote such a following poem to praise man.What a piece of work is man;How noble in r

7、eason,How infinite in faculty.In form and moving.How express in admirableIn action, how like an angel,In apprehension, how like a God. An age of drama and poetry: A.Dramatists: Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593) The tragic history of Doctor Faustusblank verse (无韵诗): Verse written in unrhymed iambic pent

8、ameter; a popular form in English poetry; it was extensively employed in English poetry of the Renaissance. eg. William Shakespeare; Ben Johnson (Renmin Uni.2003; Zhongnan Uni. 2003; Huadong Normal Uni.2002)B. Lyrical poetry: Edmund Spenser (1552-1599): The Faerie QueeneC. Essayists: Francis Bacon;

9、Essays.Thomas More: Utopia Edmund Spenser:Thomas More:The Spenserian Stanza: It is a group of 8 lines of iambic pentameter followed by an iambic hexameter line ( an Alexandrine) with a rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.I. Warming-up questions:1.Who is William Shakespeare? 1564-1616; Stratford-on-Avon; he produ

10、ced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and some long poems. William ShakespeareHis HouseGlobal Theater (reconstructed)His tomb stone2. What is his position in the history of English Literature? the greatest playwright in the world. 3. What are the four great tragedies and four comedies of Shakespeare?1) Tragedie

11、s: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet: the first tragedy.condemns the dark and evil society.2)Comedies :The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Twelfth Night, As You Like it.He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. 3)historical plays: Henry IV, Henry VI

12、, Richard III the historical events of two centuries from Richard II to Henry VIII. Stressed the unity of the country.The 3 periods in his writing career:1. 1590-1600 the period of apprenticeship2.1600-11608 the period of tragedies3. 1608-1612 the period of restored serenityThree Greek tragedians:Ae

13、schylus埃斯库罗斯( 525-456BC): Prometheus Bounded Sophocles(索夫克里斯) (496-406BC): Oedipus the KingEuripides(欧里庇底斯)( 480-406BC): The Trojan Women English sonnet: (Elizabethan or Shakespearian sonnet)3 quatrains and a couplet rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg. The theme is developed or put forward in the 3 qua

14、trains.The couplet ends with a surprise conclusion or a shift of ideas.Read Sonnet 18Who had Shakespeare written to?Two series: one series are addressed to W.H, evidently a young man, and the other addressed to “dark lady” who played the poet false. sings mans achievement. Natural beauty is mortal.

15、It is destined to die sooner or later. But the young mans beauty can break the natural law and be immortal.sings for mans power. Its a full expression of humanism.我可能把你和夏天相比拟？你比夏天更可爱更温和：狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地，夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过：有时太阳照得太热，常常又遮暗他的金色的脸；美的事物总不免要凋落，偶然的，或是随自然变化而流转。但是你的永恒之夏不会褪色；你不会失去你的俊美的仪容；死神不能夸说你在他的阴影里面走

16、着，如果你在这不朽的诗句里获得了永生；只要人们能呼吸，眼睛能看东西，此诗就会不朽，使你永久生存下去。梁实秋Questions.1 What are the characteristics of this poem? For depth of sentiment, for mastery of diction, for perfection of finish (完美状态the state of being perfect).2 Whats the theme of this poem?sings mans achievement. Natural beauty is mortal. It is

17、 destined to die sooner or later. But the young mans beauty can break the natural law and be immortal.sings for mans power. Its a full expression of humanism.3 What about the structure and rhythm of this poem?iambic pentameter. rhymed abab, cdcd,efef,gg. 14 lines ( Three quatrains (四行诗，of four lines

18、 each) and a couplet.)- a typical sonnet. an octave + a sestet 3 quatrains + a couplet abba abba cdecdeabab bcbc cdcd eeabab cdcd efef gg Italian Sonnet:Spenserian Sonnet:Shakespearian Sonnet:3 quatrains + a couplet 1) Italian SonnetFrancesco PetrachThe poetry of earth is never dead : aWhen all the

19、birds are faint with the hot sun, bAnd hide in cooling trees, a voice will run bFrom hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead; aThat is the Grasshoppers - he takes the lead aIn summer luxury, - he has never done bWith his delights; for when tired out with fun bHe rests at ease beneath some pleasant we

20、ed. aThe poety of earth is ceasing never : cOn a lone winter evening, when the frost dHas wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills e The Crickets song, in warmth increasing ever, cAnd seems to one in drowsiness half lost, dThe Grasshoppers among some grassy hills. ean octave + a sestet2) Spen

21、serian SonnetEdmund Spenser For loe my love doth in her selfe containe bAll this worlds riches that may farre be found. cIf saphyres, loe her eyes be saphyres plaine: bIf rubies, loe her lips be rubies sound; c3 quatrains + a coupletIf pearls, her teeth be pearls both pure and round; cIf yvorie, her

22、 forehead yvory weene; dIf gold, her locks are finest gold on ground; c If silver, her fair hands are silver sheene. dBut that which fairest is, but few behold: eHer mind, adorned with vertues manifold. eYe tradefull merchants, that with weary toyle aDo seeke nost pretious things to make your gain,

23、bAnd both the Indians of their treasures spoile, aFor loe my love doth in her selfe containe b3) Shakespearian Sonnet ShakespeareSometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, cAnd often is his gold complexion dimmd; dAnd every fair from fair sometime declines , cBy chance, or natures changing course, u

24、ntrimmd. d3 quatrains + a coupletBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, eNor lose possession of that fair thou owst, fNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, e When in eternal lines to time thou growst. fSo long as man can breathe or eyes can see, gSo long lives this, and this gives life to

25、 thee. gShall I compare thee to a summers day? aThou art more lovely and more temperate. bRough winds do shake the darling buds of may, aAnd summers lease hath all too short a date. bIambus（抑扬格）Iambic Foot（抑扬音步） 5-foot Iambus (Iambic Pentametre)（五步抑扬格）Shall I compare thee to a sum mers day ? aThou a

26、rt more love ly and more tem perate. bRough winds do shake the dar ling buds of may, aAnd sum mers lease hath all too short a date. bMetre:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, cAnd often is his gold complexion dimmd; dAnd every fair from fair sometime declines , cBy chance, or natures changing

27、 course, untrimmd. dBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, eNor lose possession of that fair thou owst, fNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, e When in eternal lines to time thou growst. fSo long as man can breathe or eyes can see, gSo long lives this, and this gives life to thee. gShall

28、 I compare thee to a summers day? aThou art more lovely and more temperate. bRough winds do shake the darling buds of may, aAnd summers lease hath all too short a date. bSonnet 18Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, cAnd often is his gold complexion dimmd; dAnd every fair from fair sometime de

29、clines , cBy chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd. dBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, eNor lose possession of that fair thou owst, fNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, e When in eternal lines to time thou growst. fSo long as man can breathe or eyes can see, gSo long lives t

30、his, and this gives life to thee. gShall I compare thee to a summers day? aThou art more lovely and more temperate. bRough winds do shake the darling buds of may, aAnd summers lease hath all too short a date. bSonnet 18 Introduction ( 起 )Elucidation ( 承 ) Transition ( 转 )Conclusion ( 合 )The Merchant

31、 of Venicethe affairs between Bassanio, Portia, Shylock and Antonio.1. The plot:Bassanio is friends with Antonio, he needed money to go propose to Portia, and decided to borrow from Antonio. Antonio, to satisfy his friend, borrowed the money from a Jewish merchant Shylock.Antonio made a deal with Sh

32、ylock that if the money wasnt returned, Shylock would be allowed to cut out 1 pound of flesh out of his body. Bassanio successfully won the love of Portia, but soon realised his friend could not pay the money back to Shylock on time. Bassanio returned to Venice as fast as he could and attended a tri

33、al. The reason why Antonio isnt able to pay is because his ships were caught in storm. Portia, pretending to be a young lawyer, claimed that the proposition said 1 pound of flesh not 1 pound of flesh and blood and said that Shylock is only allowed to remove flesh, but not any blood, which is impossb

34、le.Thus, ending the trial and everyone lived happily ever after. Tartar: n. A member of any of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples of central Asia who invaded western Asia and eastern Europe in the Middle Ages. 鞑靼人：在中世纪入侵西亚和东欧并居住于中亚的突厥和蒙古部落的成员公爵：让出地方来，让他站在我们面前。夏洛克，所有的人都这么想，我也在这么想，你这副怨毒的样子其实是假装的。到该动手的最后

35、一刻时，你会显出你的怜悯与懊悔之心来，那会比你现在面上的残酷更叫人难以预料。现在虽然你要照约执罚，要割下这个不幸商人的一磅肉来，可是到了最后，你将不仅不会这么做，还会表现出人性中的博爱与关怀，免去他偿还的一部分本金。拿出你的同情看看他的遭遇吧，近来的损失如此沉重地压在他肩上，即便是富可敌国的商人也会被压垮。这样的厄运，即使是茹毛饮血的野人，即使是尚未经文明熏陶的、顽固的异族人，都会对他的境遇产生同情。犹太人，文明在等着你一句善意的回答。Said: Orientalism (萨义德：东方主义）后殖民主义 post-colonialism鲍西娅：仁慈可不是出于勉强，它像柔和的小雨一般从天上降落人间

36、，它双倍赐福于人们 我讲了这些话是希望你能从现在的诉求上有所让步。可你如果坚持的话， 我们无私的威尼斯法庭将对那个商人做出审判。p102Questions:1. what is the theme of the play?2. What do you think of Shylock?3. What do you think of Shakespeares attitude to Shylock?4. Who is Portia? In which literary work does she appear? What does she do in it? How do you describ

37、e her personality? 2008 Zhengzhou Uni. (10)Hamlet4. What do you know about Hamlet? The plot: 1) Hamlets father, the old king, death by Claudius. married the Queen, Hamlets mother. Hamlet wants to avenge his father. 2) go mad. a play acted-his uncles murder. 3) Claudius determines to kill Hamlet. He

38、sends Hamlet to England. 4) Ophelia goes mad; drowned. Her brother Laertes revenges Hamlet. a duel. wounds Hamlet; stabs the King, dies. The queen dies. It shows how Hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things of the time can be seen.II. A literary t

39、erm: Soliloquy (Monologue ): A character in a play speaks directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud about motives, feelings, and decisions. It is about the characters innermost thoughts: readers can learn more about the character than could ever be gathered from the action of the play alone. In

40、 Hamlet and Macbeth the soliloquy has a psychological depth.Play -act-sceneSetting: It is the time and place in which the events in a short story, novel, play or a narrative poem occur.Stage directionIII. The text Is Hamlet a real coward or not?1. To be or not to be (the greatest dramatic monologue

41、and also the central monologue in this play.)to be = to exist; not to be = to die. his idea about life and death.生存或毁灭, 这是个必答之问题: 是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击, 还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌, 并将其克服。 此二抉择, 就竟是哪个较崇高? 死即睡眠, 它不过如此! 倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患, 那么, 此结局是可盼的! 死去, 睡去. 但在睡眠中可能有梦, 啊, 这就是个阻碍: 当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊, 在死之长眠中会有何梦来临? 它令我们踌

42、躇, 使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾, 否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨, 如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱, 假如他能简单的一刃了之? 还有谁会肯去做牛做马, 终生疲於操劳, 默默的忍受其苦其难, 而不远走高飞, 飘於渺茫之境, 倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前? 此境乃无人知晓之邦, 自古无返者。 所以,理智能使我们成为懦夫, 而顾虑能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光, 像个病夫。 再之, 这些更能坏大事, 乱大谋, 使它们失去魄力。 Summary of the soliloquy:1 Line 56-60If he passively reacted and accepted the fate, he may live.If he took actions and revenge the murderer, he may die. So he has two choices: life or death.2. L60-82 Exploration of the problem of life and death.1) L60-67 the situation after o