地理专业英语词汇剖析

1、01地理学总论地理学geography统一地理学unifiedgeography普通地理学generalgeography系统地理学systematicgeography区域地理学regionalgeography理论地理学theoreticalgeography应用地理学appliedgeography元地理学metageography地文学physiography地质学chorography古地理学paleogeogpraphy地理学体系geographicalsystem地理环境geographicalenvironment地理因子geographicalfactors地理过程geogr

2、aphicalprocess地理分布geographicaldistribution地理界线geographicalboundary地理综合geographicalsynthesis地理考察geographicalsurvey综合考察integratedsurvey区域分析regionalanalysis区域分异regionaldifferentiation生存空间livingspace生存承载能力life-carryingcapacity环境决定论environmentaldeterminism灾变论catastrophetheory地球earth地球表面earthsurface地球表层ep

3、igeosphere地理系统geosystem地理圈geographicalsphere景观圈landscapesphere岩石圈lithosphere水圈hydrosphere大气圈atmosphere土壤圈pedosphere生物圈biosphere地圈geosphere智能圈noonsphere技术圈technosphere北半球northernhemisphere南半球southernhemisphere地球体geoid地理纬度latitude地理经度longitude北极NorthPole南极SouthPole极圈ArcticCircle北回归线TropicofCancer南回归线T

4、ropicofCapricorn赤道equator时区timezone日界线dateline极昼polarday极夜polarnight洲continent大陆ocean洋sea内陆inland地理单元geographicalunit区划regionalization带belt地带zone区域region地区area小区district02自然地理学自然地理学综合自然地理学普通自然地理学自然综合体地域自然综合体自然地理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平地带垂直地带地带性physicalgeographyintegratedphysicalgeographygeneralphysic

5、algeographynaturalcomplexterritorialnaturalcomplexphysicalgeographicprocessnaturalpotentialproductivityprogressivefactorrelicfactorthreedimensionzonalityhorizontalzoneverticalzonezonality非地带性azonality水平地带性horizontalzonality垂直地带性verticalzonality地方性locality坡向exposure阳坡adret,sunnyslope阴坡ubac,shadyslope

6、山体效应Massenerhebungseffekt（德）,综合自然区划integratedphysicogeographicalregionalization雪带nivalbelt亚雪带subnivalbelt高山alpine亚咼山subalpine山地mountains荒漠desert荒漠化desertification沙漠sandydesert岩漠rockydesert砾漠graveldesert泥漠argillaceousdesert盐漠saltdesert戈壁gobi绿洲oasis景观学landscapescience景观landscape相facies自然景观naturallands

7、cape土地land土地系统landsystem土地分类landclassification土地类型landtype土地单元landunit土地要素landelement土地刻面landfacet刻面联合体facetcombination土地属性terraincharacteristics生态地理学ecogeography地生态学geoecology景观生态学landscapeecology生态系统ecosystem生态平衡ecologicalbalance生态区域ecoregion生态小区ecodistict生态地段ecosection生态区ecotope生态点ecosite自然资源natu

8、ralresources可再生资源renewableresources非可再生资源nonrenewableresources灾害地理学hazardgeography自然灾害naturalhazard03地貌学地貌学地貌地貌年代学地貌成因geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis,landformgenesislandformformingprocess地貌形成作用气候地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵climaticgeomorphologydynamicgeomorphologygeomorphometry

9、anthropogeniclandformsplainlowlandhighlandhill山mountain山脉mountainrange,mountainchain岭range,ridge峰peak,mount山麓piedmont半岛peninsula岛屿island群岛archipelago海峡strait地峡isthmus海拔（高度）altitude,heightabovesealevel相对高度relativeheight山嘴mountainspur盆地basin山间盆地intermountainbasin山间盆地intermountainbasin山峰mountainpeak崖cl

10、iff,scarp山麓平原piedmontplain高原plateau峡谷gorge,canyon谷valley沟谷ravine冲沟gully山形mountainforms山志orography阶地terrace台地tableland,platform洼地depression坡地slope坡度slope,gradient甘基岩bedrock地貌过程geomorphologicalprocess侵蚀作用erosion雨滴侵蚀raindroperosion剥蚀作用denudation刻蚀corrasion溶蚀corrosion冲刷wash,erosion片蚀sheeterosion溯源侵蚀head

11、warderosion下切侵蚀downcutting,incision,verticalerosion侧向侵lateralerosion掏蚀侵蚀基准面总侵蚀基准面局部侵蚀基准面裂点沉积作用堆积作用堆积物加积作用沉积相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌组合正地貌undercuttingbaseleveloferosiongeneralbaselevellocalbaselevelknickpointsedimentation,depositiondeposition,accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentaryfaciesgenerationoflandforms

12、landformsseriesbaselevellandformassemblagepositivelandform负地貌negativelandform正常地貌normallandform倒置地貌invertedlandform地貌倒置inversionoflandform刻蚀地貌erosionallandform夷平作用planationsurface夷平面peneplain准平面denudationsuface剥蚀面erosionsurface山麓侵蚀面pediment山麓侵蚀平面pediplain山顶面summitplane侵蚀循环erosioncycle回春作用rejuvenatio

13、n相关沉积correlatedsediments地壳均衡isostasy新构造运动neotectonicmovement构造地貌学structuralgeomorphology,tectonicgeomorphology丹霞地貌“Danxia”landform构造高原structuralplateau构造阶地structuralterrace单面山cuesta（西）方山mesa猪背脊hogbackridge线形现象lineament断层崖faultscarp断层线崖fault-linescarp断层三角面triangularfacet断层谷triangularfacet断块山faultvall

14、ey火山blockmountain火山作用volcano风化作用weathering物理风化作用physicalweathering化学风化作用chemicalweathering生物风化作用biologicalweathering机械风化作用mechanicalweathering差异风化作用differentialweathering风化层regolith残积土residualsoil残积物eluvium残积层eluvium风化壳weatheredcrust正残积风化壳orthoeluvialweatheredcrust碎屑型风化壳clasticweatheredcrust硅铝粘土型风化壳

15、siallite-clayweatheredcrust硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳siallite-carbonateweatheredcrust硅铝一氧化物一硫酸盐风化壳siallite-chloride-sulphatewea-theredcrust硅铝一铁质和富铝型风化壳siallite-ferriteandallitewea-theredcrustexfoliation,desquamation剥落exfoliation页状剥落crumbling块状崩落incrustation结壳作用crumbling块状崩落incrustation结壳作用talus盐屑堆taluscone盐屑锥山麓堆积tal

16、us坡积物slopedeposit坡水堆积物deluvium土体蠕动soilcreep滑塌collapse滑坡landslide,landslip泥石流debrisflow泥流mudflowJdLt1-J-J岩朋rockfall流水地貌学fluvialgeomorphology流水地貌fluviallandform冲积物alluvium,alluvialdeposit冲积层alluvium冲积锥alluvialcone冲积扇alluvialfan洪积物proluvium，proluvialdeposit洪积层proluvium洪积扇proluvialfan河床riverbed河漫滩floodp

17、lain汇水区catchmentarea流域drainagearea，basin分水岭waterdivide，divide，watershed辫状河braidedstream曲流meander天然堤naturallevee滨河床沙坝channelbar，sandbar凸岸坝pointbar牛轭湖ox-bowlake离堆山meandercore，meanderspur河流阶地riverterrace河流袭夺rivercapture河流错位riveroffset河流偏移riverdeflection风口windgap纵谷longitudinalvalley横谷transversevalley风蚀w

18、inderosion吹蚀deflation沙丘sanddune新月形沙丘crescentdune流动沙丘mobiledune，wanderingdune固定沙丘fixeddune半固定沙丘semifixieddune纵向沙丘longitudinaldune横向沙丘transversedune抛物线沙丘parabolicdune蜂窝状沙丘honeycombdunes沙垅sandridge风棱石wind-facetedstones，ventifact风蚀脊yardang沙暴sandstorm风蚀坑blowoutpit风蚀洼地deflationhollow干盐湖playa基岩扇rockfan岛山in

19、selberg漠漆desertvarnish岩漆rockvarnish漠盖层desertpavement黄土loess黄土地貌loesslandform黄土塬“yuan,loesstableland黄土梁“liang,loessridge黄土峁“mao,loesshill劣地badland咯斯特karst咯斯特地貌学karstgeomorphology咯斯特地貌karstlandform咯斯特化karstification溶斗doline溶蚀谷polje溶蚀盆uvala落水洞sinkhole溶沟karren干谷dryvalley竖井shaft潜蚀作用undergrounderosion洞穴堆积

20、cavedeposit咯斯特平原karstplain峰林peakforest石林stonepinacles洞穴学speleology假咯斯特pseudokarst类咯斯特parakarst泉华沉积sinterdeposition石灰华tufa海岸seacoast滨shore海岸地貌学coastalgeomorphology海蚀作用marineerosion海蚀龛wave-cutnotch海蚀洞seacave海蚀台abrasionplatform海蚀崖seacliff海蚀柱seastack岬角cape岩滩bench潮滩tidalflat潮汐通道tidalchannel，tidalinlet潮沟t

21、idalcreek舄湖lagoon三角洲delta河口湾estuary海滩coastalbeach滩脊beachridge滩脊型潮滩chenier滩脊型潮滩平原chenierplain沙嘴sandspit障壁坝barrier滨外坝off-shorebar尖形滩cuspateforeland尖形坝tuspatebar连岛坝tombolo陆连岛tomboloisland沿滨泥沙流longshoredrift海岸阶地coastalterrace，marineterrace全球性海面升降eustaticmovement珊瑚礁coralreef岸礁fringingreef堡礁barrierreef环礁a

22、toll大陆架continentalshelf大陆坡continentalslope洋盆oceanicbasin海隆rise海岭oceanicridge平顶海山guyot海沟trench海渊abyssaldeep04气候学气候学climatology气候climate气候资源climateresources太阳辐射solarradiation反照射albedo积温accumulatedtemperature无霜期frost-freeperiod降水precipitation蒸发evaporation干燥度aridity热水平衡heat-waterbalance风向winddirection风速

23、windspeed气候灾害climatedamage，climatichazard旱灾droughtdamage水灾flooddamage风灾winddamage雹灾haildamage湿害wetdamage热害heatdamage冻害freezingdamage冷害colddamage气候分类climaticclassification气候区划climaticregionalization气候带climaticzone气候区climaticregion气候型climatictype赤道带equatorialzone热带tropicalzone亚热带subtropicalzone温带tempe

24、ratezone寒带coldzone湿润气候humidclimate干燥气候aridclimate热带雨林气候tropicalrainforestclimate萨瓦纳气候savannaclimate森林气候forestclimate草原气候steppeclimate荒漠气候desertclimate苔原气候tundraclimate极地气候polarclimate高原气候plateauclimate山地气候mountainclimate大陆度continentality大陆性气候continentalclimate海洋性气候maritimeclimate地中海气候Mediterraneancl

25、imate地形气候学topoclimatology区域气候regionalclimate地方气候localclimate小气候microclimate气候系统climaticsystem行星风系planetarywindsystem信风tradewind，trades季风monsoon梅雨Meiyu,，plumrain台风typhoon寒潮coldwave海陆风sea-landbreeze山谷风mountain-valleybreeze干热风dry-hotwind焚风foehn雨影rainshadow气候变迁climaticchange古气候palaeoclimate历史气候historica

26、lclimate年轮气候学dendroclimatology物候学phenology自然历naturalcalendar城市气候urbanclimate城市热岛urbanheatisland气候志climatography05水文地理学水文地理学hydrogeography水文学hydrology水体waterbody水团watermass河流学potamology水利学hydraulics水利经济学hydroeconomics水化学hydrochemistry森林水文学foresthydrology都市水文学urbanhydrology水文物理学hydrophysics古水文学palaeoh

27、ydrology土壤水文学pedohydrology水文情势hydrologicalregime水文过程hydrologicalprocess水文测验hydrometry流域形态watershedmorphology流域分水线basindivide河道坡降channelgradient河道等级channelorder闭合盆地closedbasin河网密度drainagedensity总蒸发evapotranspiration水平衡waterbudget，waterbalance陆面蒸发landevaporation水面蒸发watersurfaceevaporation分岔系数forkfacto

28、r河源headwaters水道网hydrographicnet支流tributary过程线hydrograph流量过程线分割separationofhydrograph瀑布waterfall水平降水horizontalprecipitation水循环watercycle水量交换waterexchange径流runoff径流系数runoffcoefficient年正常径流量annualnormalrunoff基流baseflow河床变形riverbeddeformation河流补给riverfeeding暴发洪水flashflood洪水flood流水过程fluvialprocesses层间流in

29、teraquiferflow壤中流interflow河流数目定律lawofstreamnumbers叠加定律lawofsuperposition流量discharge坡面流overlandflow洪峰流量peakdischarge产流runoffgeneration汇流flowconcentration产沙率rateofsedimentproduction退水曲线recessioncurve径流模数runoffmodulus产水量wateryield悬移质suspendedload泥沙运动sedimentmovement产沙量sedimentyield水位waterstage洪水位floodl

30、evel警戒水位warningstage水土流失waterandsoilloss水土保持waterandsoilconservation涝waterlogging暴雨径流stormflow输沙能力transportabilityofsediments径流变率variabilityofrunoff地下水文学groundwaterhydrology承压地下水confinedgroundwater水力传导度hydraulicconductivity入渗土壤水含水层自流水盆地深层地下水裂隙水地下水位矿泉地下河饱和带湖沼学湖泊水文学湖流水质湖泊富营养化infiltrationsoilwateraquif

31、erartesianbasindeepphreaticwaterfissuredwaterwatertablemineralspringundergroundriversaturationzonelimnologylakehydrologylakecurrentwaterqualitylakeeutrophication人工湖man-madelake盐湖saltlake咸水湖salt-waterlake淡水湖freshwaterlake构造湖tectoniclake，structurallake层结湖stratifiedlake季节性湖泊seasonallake火山湖volcaniclake高

32、山湖alpinelake游移湖wanderinglake热湖warmlake微咸湖brackish-waterlake干涸湖extinctlake完全混和湖holomixedlake湖盆lakecirculation湖水环流lakecirculation湖泊畜水量lakestorage冰川补给alimentationofglacier积雪水文学alimentationofglacier融雪水文学snowhydrology融雪径流snowrunoff有潮河口tidalestuary无潮海tidelesssea波浪侵蚀waveerosion地下水库groundwaterreservoir水资源wa

33、terresources供水Watersupply水能hydropower06生物地理学生物地理学biogeography生物分布学chorology生物分布biochores分布区areal分布区中心areakcenter分布区间断arealdisjunction分布区型arealtype扩散中心dispersalcenter残遗种区refugium种群population生物群biota生物地理群落biogeocoenosis生境habitat小生境niche，microhabitat群落生境biotope植物地理学phytogeography植物区系flora生活型lifeform生活型

34、谱lifeformspectrum水生植物hydrophyte湿生植物hygrophyte中生植物mesophyte旱生植物xerophyte指示植物indicatorplant指示群落indicatorcommunity植被vegetation植物群落plantcommunity群丛association群系formation植被型vegetationtype顶级群落climax演替succession针叶林coniferousforest泰加林taiga落叶林deciduousforest常绿阔叶林evergreenbroad-leavedforest硬叶林sclerophyllousfo

35、rest照叶林laurelforest季风雨林monsoonforest雨林rainforest红树林mangrove苔原tundra森林草原foreststeppe草原steppe冋草草原prairie萨瓦纳savanna普那高原puna草甸meadow高山矮曲林alpinekrummholz森林上限upperforestlimit树线timberline动物地理学zoogeography动物区系fauna地理阻障geographicalbarriers动物传布synzoochory华莱士线wallacesline动物群落animalcommunity泛北极Holarctic古北界Palae

36、arctic新北界Neoarctic旧热带界Palaeotropic新热带界Neotropic东洋界Oriental澳洲界Australasian07土壤地理学土壤地理学pedogeography土被soilmantle土链soilcatena土壤组合soilassociation土壤复区soilcomplex土壤气候soilclimate土壤资源soilresources土壤退化soildegradation土壤侵蚀soilerosion古土壤paleosoil森林土壤forestsoil草原土壤desertsoil荒漠土壤desertsoil高山土壤highmountainsoil幼年土壤

37、youngsoil成熟土壤maturesoil顶级土壤climaxsoil灰化土podzolicsoil棕壤brownearth褐土cinnamonsoil黄壤yellowearth红壤redearth砖红壤laterite黑钙土chernozem栗钙土chestnutsoil棕钙土brownsoil灰漠土graydesertsoil棕漠土browndesertsoil土卜+HTf1.碱土solonchaksolonertz水成景观aqueouslandscape,aquallandscapeelementarylandscape单兀景观biogeniclandscape生源景观abiogen

38、iclandscape非生源景观aerialmigration大气迁移aqueousmigration水迁移biologicalmigration生物迁移mechanicalmigration机械迁移chemicalmigration,physico-chemical化学迁移migrationtypomorphicelement标型兀素typomorphiccompound标型化合物typomorphicion标型离子chemicaldenudation化学剥蚀08化学地理学化学地理学景观地球化学地球化学景观自成景观从属景观残积景观水上景观水下景观chemicalgeographylandsc

39、apegeochemistrygeochemicallandscapeautonomiclandscapeauxiliarylandscapeeluviallandscapesuperaquallandscapesubaquallandscape10环境地理学环境地理学environmentalgeography环境地球化学environmentalgeochemistry自然环境naturalenvironment社会环境socialenvironment区域环境regionalenvironment海洋环境marineenvironment环境系统environmentalsystem环境

40、结构environmentalstructure环境要素environmentalelement环境演化environmentalevolution环境背景值environmentalbackgroundvalue环境异常environmentalabnormality环境自净environmentalself-purification环境容量environmentalcapacity景观损害landscapedamage环境退化environmentaldegradation环境效应environmentaleffect环境污染environmentalpollution大气污染atmosp

41、hericpollution水污染waterpollution土壤污染soilpollution海洋污染marinepollution环境经济environmentaleconomy环境管理environmentalmanagement环境标准environmentalstandard环境质量environmentalquality环境质量参数environmentalqualityparameter环境质量指数environmentalqualityindex环境质量评价environmentalqualityevaluation环境影响评价environmentalimpactassess

42、ment环境质量综合评价environmentalqualitycomprehensiveevaluation环境保护environmentalprotection环境规划environmentalplanning环境区划environmentalregionalization环境设计environmentaldesign自然保护conservationofnature自然保护区naturereserve自然资源保护conservationofnaturalresources生物资源保护livingresourcesconservation水资源保护protectionofwaterresou

43、rces国家公园nationalpark地面沉降landsubsidence公害publicnuisance公害病publicnuisancedisease水悮病minamatadisease痛痛病itai-itaidisease11冰川学冰川学glaciology积雪snowcover粒雪firn粒雪化作用firnification粒雪盆firnbasin雪线snowline吹雪snowdrift雪崩avalanche雪蚀nivation陆冰landice冰山iceberg冰川glacier冰盖icesheet冰原icefield冰川化glacierization冰川作用glaciation冰川物质平衡glaciermass-balance消融区ablationarea积累区accumulationarea冰川隙crevasse冰川地质学glacial