考研英语词汇：笔记（8-11）

1、法律政治类词汇法庭类词汇Court 庭院court of law 法庭federal court（统称,下设三个级别的法院）首先 supreme court 联邦最高法院（全称 federal supreme court of the UnitedStates ）行政令一总统立法权-国会congress司法权一sc其次 US court of appeal 吸引，呼吁，上诉 for the federal circuit （关税问题/专利权归属）联邦巡回上诉法院（总共有13个上诉法院）再次district court联邦地方法院（每一个洲都有自己的法院）trial 审判（sentence to

2、 death ） =judgement/guilty（内疚）有罪/innocent （天真的） 无罪Find sb guilty/innocentAs 当/although the hacking 窃听 trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World. Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones（原因）, and finding his predecessor 前任,Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge Is做名

3、词 The nobilitys 权贵 z 贵族 adherence to their privileges.做形容词加（d）On the overturned 被推翻的 provisions=term 条款 the majority held the Congress had deliberately 处心积虑的,刻意的 , 故意的 “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded 侵犯 on the federal，s privileged 特权的,专属的 powers.斗争，对抗Conflict 矛盾，冲突/confront （针锋相对）

4、ationflict=strike本身是打击”做名词conflict=confrontation冲突，一般是双方之间的The conflict has been surfacing 浮出水面 since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant （细节）,（同位语）an aging 年久 的 reactor in Vernon.本句不存在重要考点内容，when是时间状语从句，2002说明是细节做动词 A conflict with BThe White House argued 说 that Ariz

5、onas laws conflicted with its enforcement 执;去 priorities 优先权，even if state laws complied with 遵守 federal statutes to the letter严格的,一丝不苟的）afflict A be afflicted with BA因为B感到痛苦I am deeply afflicted with his failure 因为他的失败我感到很痛苦 His failure afflicts meinflict使遭受inflict something/somebody on/upon somebo

6、dyThe judge inflicts a penalty 处分 on the criminalThe economic crisis has inflicts a heavy loss upon meObjection/rival（发出 objection 的人就是 rival 对手opponent）Objective目标，客观。目标的,客观的PositiveNegativeObjectiveSubjective主观的，个人的Rejection 反又寸objection例句The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice

7、Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking 令人震惊的（出乎意料的）assertion 坚持 of federal executive power”.Hijack 绑架（hostage 人质）invalidate/curb 肖!弱=limit/restrictCurb是比拟常见的一个动词，Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment-including H&M, w

8、ith its green Conscious Collection line-Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.Invalidate使无效,使不合法反义词是validate valid有效的,合法的 validity有效性，合法性In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Violate违背 在考试中总与

9、宪法相关violationviolence 暴力police don，t violate the Fourth Amendment 宪法第四修正案（与人权相关）when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant 搜查令社会行为类负面社会现象类exploit剥削，压榨，利用Exploitation 剥削，压榨Past / today但狗：Companies today can exploit 利用二use=employ many alternative 可供选择的,二选的 forms of

10、mediaOne.the alternative = one.the other例 句 ： Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves themvulnerable=subjective 易遭受,对.脆弱 to exploitation and controlSurvive 幸存live alive stay aliverevive revival 复活 recoversurvive survival根向：But unlike their absolutist 专制者 counterparts 对立面 in the Gulf a

11、nd Asia,most royal families have survived （暗示皇室现在的生存状态远不如过去）because they allow voters 选民 to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure 人物Figure二data=shapeexcess(excessive)excess 为中性动词超过 A be in excess of B例句:Americans, she finds(that), buy roughly 20 billion garme

12、nts a year-about64 items per personand no matter how much they give away ( donate 捐赠),this excess 过量 leads to waste.Excessive/excessively 过量的彳列句：One is the excessive costs=spending 花费 of a legal education.exceed 二surpass例句 :the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.Sencounter二conflictcounter柜台

13、 adj.相反的encounter遭遇对抗例句 :After a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial AccountingStandards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changescounterpart副本相对物(地位相当的相反面)Counterfeit 仿造品 fakeCounteract 寸氐消 raise the interest 禾lj息、，利益 to counteract the inflation 通货 膨胀Interest group利益相关人群例句 ：If we ca

14、n understand how cancer works, we can counteract its actionintrusivenessintrudeinvade都是入侵invade相对更加突出入侵，而intrude强调不受欢迎的进 入intrusion intrusiveness例句：The London agents 代理商(地产商)Stirling Ackroyd recently identified 发现 enough sites for half of million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on

15、 green belt=area 绿化带invasion =aggression 侵略intrusiveinvasive两个是形容词 等同于 aggressive彳列句：Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion 入侵 of their sovereignty 主权 might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States常见社会类中性词repl

16、y=correspondreply 名词 回应 建议信：I am looking forward to your early reply动词回应例句:how do you reply to somebody who says I dont like this contract”？Correspondence 回应，一致，通信例句 ：A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent corresp

17、ondence 通信.reshape= reverse 改变(change ) =revise 修订shape外形reshape 重塑例句：curb 削弱 our ambition 野心 to reshape historyReverse彳列句：Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse itcease=halt=stop 停止cease fire 停火ceaseless 不停止的 unstoppableHopeless homeless彳列句 ：There will ev

18、entually come a day when The New York Times ceases=stop to publish stories on newsprint.associate 联系，联想=connectassociate A with B 被动 A be associated with Bconnect A with B 将 A 与 B 联系起来例子：Britains Labor Party, as its name implies, has 10ng been associated with trade unionism （为了工人的利益而存在的组织）Associatio

19、n 组织，联盟organizationreligious associations 宗教组织in association with 在的帮助下；同时发生，共存例子：the American Statistical Association 美国统计协会（不是考点）=agentClassifyclass 等级层级 hierarchy hierarchicalFirst class 头等舱classic 经典的，一流的例句 ：Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press=push for more research -a classic 经典

20、的 case of paralysis 瘫痪 by analysis 分析”.classical 古典的例句：One possible response is for classical performers 音乐家，演奏家 toprogram 编曲 attractive new music that is not yet available on record 唱片.classify 分类classification 分类例句：The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in s

21、electing, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.scrutinyscrutiny 审查，审核 review例句：But it takes 花费 collective 共同的，集体的 scrutiny 审核 and acceptance接受二认可 to transform

22、 a discovery claim into a mature discovery.（这个词9殳都和科研相关）Scrutinize二check二verify 辨明真伪仔细检查Successive 连续的Successor彳列句： As boards scrutinize succession g米任 plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move onAccelerate=speed up 力口速speed up 好坏都有 quicker/more

23、AccelerationBetter=improveWorse=des troy ed=weaken例句：supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of lifeimagine二envisagevisionimage 图像，形象二印象imagine 想象例句：hs hard to imagine that many people are dumb=stupid enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so g

24、lamorous 光辉的 imagination 想象力imaginative有想象力的envisage en+ vis+ age 展望 面又寸 想象例句 ：explore 开发，探索 the many possibilities we can envisageenvision 想象 预见 展望例句 ：Thats because Congress has always envisioned二expect joint 联合的 federal-state immigration enforcement 执法正面社会现象类Independence 独立性depend on 依赖 rely on ba

25、se ondependent依赖的dependency 依赖性Dependenceindependent例句：Q The White House claims that its power 权利 of enforcement 执;去B is dependent on the statessupport （用常识可以判断错误的选项）distinctiondistinct清楚的，明了的，清楚的（偶尔表示有差异的）distinctive有差异的（different 行om others ）, 有特色的distinction 区别注些=honor例句：No clear-cut=obvious dist

26、inction can be drawn between professionals 专家and amateurs 业余爰好者 in sciencedistinguish分辨（考试中常出现）distinguish A from B 把 A 和 B 区分开distinguish oneself as ooo 因.而有名气 be famous forCritical thinking/mind 批判性思维is distinguishing彳列句： One part of critical reading, as you have discovered,between facts 事实 and op

27、inions 看法/facts from opinionsextinct extinguish extinction 灭绝（物种-环保相关素材）Eliminate :肖灭 elimination例句 ：The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go go extinct=die out extinguish 熄灭彳列句：If good people d。nothing there is a real sossibilit。that an uninformed 未告知的 citizenry 公的 citizenry

28、 公；权 will extinguish the precious embers 灰烬，余晖 of medical progress.Informed citizenry 公民知情权CapacityCapacity容量，能力彳列句：The sea admits hundreds of thousands of rivers for its capacity to hold海纳百川有容乃大Capable be capable of例句：Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted Alex Ross, a classical-m

29、usic critic, has described him as a man who is capable of二able to turning the Philharmonic 爱乐乐团 into a markedly 显著地 different, more vibrant 有;舌力的 organization 乐队remark(remarkable)markRemark=review 话语评论Remarkable=marked显著的，非凡的(值得关注的)consider 考虑/considerable 大量的it is remarkable that.例句：Owing to 归因于 /因

30、为 the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas人文科技类词汇控（插入语+对左边破折号之前内容的进一步解释+极少成为正确选项的出处）the wider issue=problem of dearth=lack of integrity 诚信，TF百 still stand 存在的.Q 37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 th

31、atC Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charjustice （chief justice 首席大法官）/judge法官/jury 陪审团/juror 陪审员正义，公正例句： Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountabilityJustice=integrity 诚信，TH直法官（常出现，但是不是考点）Justice和judge有区别（考研）Justice是最高法院的大法官，而judg

32、e是其他的情况下的法官evidence 证据evident 明显的=obvious=sound adj.has long been evident 11 ihe social例句：This tendency in the natural sciences sciences tooprosecute 3i/prosecutor/prosecution/lawsuit 起诉，诉讼attorney/lawyer 律师Defendant 被告Plaintiff 原告科学科技类词汇hypothesis/theoryhypo-作为词根,向下的 有时候偏负面（hypocrisy虚伪）thesis是理论的意思

33、，而理论的下面就应该是一个假设（没有被印证，还是假想阶段）under the hypothesis of二 under the precondition of 在,前提之下thesis （可以指论文的意思）和theory基本上可以通用例句：In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction=part can be much reduced.（中文翻译是理论上说）science/technology 科技（AIdata protection ）这个基本上不用多说，都知道ScientificScientistHigh-tech indust

34、ryTechnician技工（高级）科幻片 science& fiction movieAcademic 学术的/practical 实用的 knowledgeacademy学院（学术机构）school学院同义词 faculty institution schoolAcademic学术的和practical有明显区别彳列句：Traditional tests best assess 评估 analytical and verbal skills（academic knowledge） but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,

35、 components 零件/元素（同位语）also critical to problem solving and life success.（后置定语）profession 职业=elite 精英反 amateurprofessor 教授professional专业的 amateur业余爰好者Profession=occupation 职业（career 职业生涯/job/work 工作（量）/occupation ）Find a job first, then choose your career.先就业，再择业compete/competitive 有竞争力的/competitionc

36、ompete 竞争 + withcompetitor竞争者=rival （有敌意的,hostile有敌意的）例句 ： For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded 唱片 performances of the great classical

37、 musicians of the 20th century.EducationalEducation educatorEducational有教育意义的novel/noveltyNovel=new小说，新颖的novelist小说家 fiction （小说,更多偏向科幻类）novelty新颖,新奇的事物novel application 创新应用彳列句：Sometimes years are required fr truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.machine/mechanical 机械的machiner

38、y不可数，是机器的总称machine 可数 device 机械mechanical 机械的mechanic技工,机修工Mechanism=system 机制(常考词)例句 ： An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.automate/automaticauto 汽车automatic 自动的，自动化 robot roboticMid-classEmpirica

39、l 中性词(experimental)empire 帝王,帝国empirical经验主义的，凭经验的,依据观察的paradox矛盾彳列句：Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.取信过程出版类常见词汇Reviewer审核员/评论家view review reviewer 评论家，评论员peer review 同业审查（discovery claim ）Peer pressure 朋辈压力例句 :Researchers should improve their standards! he wrote in 2012, but

40、 journals（学术）期干 should also take a tougher line二standard J （ by ）engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify=check （辨明真伪）the process.（方式状语）editor/editorial编辑主编journal/journalist t己者厅ournalism力ournalistic记者Capitalism注意journalism新闻业，不是新闻主义例句：These men believed in journ

41、alism as a calling 使命，and were proud to be published in the daily press 新闻.（日寸艮）publish/publication出版，出版行业彳列句：Within the complex social structure of the scientific community 科学界, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process （方式状语）;othe

42、r scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes艺术类常见词汇decoration=ornamentdecorate 装饰例句： Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth （小并列，阅读中的无效信息）,and will be very ex

43、pensive.om-表示装饰的词根ornate华丽的ornament 装饰物 ornamentationadorn装饰adornment装饰品例句：The fashion industry knows （ that ） it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.liberal/illiberalLegal illegalliberal自由的，开朗的，自由主义者liberal arts人文艺术（偏重文科教学）liberal arts education 文学libe

44、rty自由，解放liberalism 自由主义illiberal吝啬的，小心眼的（重利的）例句：The AAAS displays great enthusiasm二passion 热情 forliberal education文科教育例句:Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicineor business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree 文科学位 before embark

45、ing on a professional qualification形近词literal照字面的literacy有文化,识字.-fXj-.、，.literature 又子彳列句：His concern is mainly with the humanities 人文科学：literature, languages, philosophy and so on.Abstract 抽象的/abstractionAdj.抽象的n.摘要v.提取ab- abs-离去或者语气加强tract-作为词根有拉出tractor拖拉机extract就是提取，剥离attract吸引 拉出来,拉过来二appeal=se

46、ducedistract拉开，分心contract co con 一起，把两个人拉到一起，签合同常考意思就是抽象的an abstract idea=concept 概念Elegant高雅的Elegancy 高雅例句：People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores （后置定语）that offered “vast arrays=a lot of goods in an elegant 高雅的 atmosphere.99Elevate 提升Eleva

47、tor 电梯Elevating 高雅的=elegant例句：Immigrants are quickly fitting into 融入 this common 群众 culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous=harmful.E疗健康类词汇unhealthy/healthhealth 健康=well-beinghealthy健康的例句 :pose no threat to his safety or well-beingunhealthydiagnosis名词诊断Diagnostic诊断的，判断

48、的Reduce二change from A to B彳列句：Now a pink slip 失业,a bad diagnosis , or a disappearing spouse 酉己 彳禺 can reduce a family from solidly mid-class to newly poor in a few months.medicine（medical）medical treatment 药物治疗medicine 药物（相对更加广泛，处方,）medication药物药物治疗（多指医生开的处方药）Med/mid表示中间的,调节的mediate调停调节斡旋mediate a m

49、eeting between A and Bmedium中间的,中等的,媒介例句：That would probably be more than enough 绰绰有余的 for any medium-sized city even in the hottest summertreatmenttreat招待，款待 its my treat我请客treat him well好好招呼他treatment 治疗under treatment （处于治疗中）和under-treatment （处理缺乏，不到位）Under development 处于开展中Under-development 欠兴旺的

50、例句：she is under treatment她处于治疗中例句：It identifies 辨明 the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive 过度的 use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even as the twin problems of end-of-life care 临终关怀. Epidemic 流行病/cancer/diabetes/obesityheart attack 心脏病cold catch a coldflu流感 b

51、ird flu禽流感euthanasia 安乐死obesity = overweightdiabetes 糖尿病 diabetic 糖尿病患者diabeticsepidemic流行病流行的例m Now mpia乌托邦 has grown unfashionable, as-because we have ained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.Nutrition 营养Mal-nutrition

52、 营养不良/under-nutrition 营养不良PracticeMal-practice违规操作例句：At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections 感染 got in the way.Gene/genetic/genome/generate/generationGene基因Genetic遗传的Generation 一代人产生Generate 产生立法类词汇Legal 法律的/legislature 立法机构/Legislative 立法的例句：Tn 2006, the state 州政府

53、 went a step further, requiring that any extension 延期 of the plants license be subject to 遭受 Vermont 佛州 legislatures 立法机 构 approval许可.（宾语从句）A be subject to B A 遭受 B例句：The legal issues in the case are obscure 模糊的二vague: whereas=while （尽 管）the Supreme Court has ruled 裁决二judge that states do 确实 have so

54、me regulatory 监管 authority 主权,权威二right over nuclear power, legal scholars 学者，权威人士 say that Vermont case will offer a precedent tin史无前例的） setting 先例的 test of how far those powers=regulatory 监管 authority 主权， 权威二right extend.Legitimate=OK=reasonable合理的，合法的例句：As Nature has pointed out before, there are

55、some legitimate 合理的 concerns fS =worry about how science prizes - both new and old 一 are distributed 分配的.党派词汇Democratic Party 民主的 Democracy 民主Republican Party 共和的 republic 共和Abortion 堕胎Weeds大麻Puritan清教徒Conservative 保守党Labor 工党. Monarchy/successor/royalMonarch 君主君主立宪制度帝王制 monarchyMonarch 帝王 King and

56、queenSuccessor继任者，世袭Royal皇家的royalty皇室移民（美国+欧洲）+居民Immigrant （移民的身份认证的归属权+非法移民减少对美国农业带来的伤害） 开头是im是移入ImmigrationEmigrate 迁出Migrate migration 迁移移民的总称呼，没有出入之分都是移民类词汇，在欧洲，移民是个大问题，美国也是，就是文化融入非常难考试文章主要集中于他国人移居美国或欧洲，大局部情况看到的都是immigration例句 ：Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas

57、made the problem worse.例句:The administration 联邦政府 was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes 期待，no state should be allowed to do so either.另外一组类似词Settler/dweller （resident=locals 居民）Settle解决，定居Settle down 定居Settler移民殖民者Settlement 解决Unsettling=upset

58、难以释怀的Dwell徘徊 dweller居民,居住者例 句 ：Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the unsettling=upset=worry=conecern dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions 机构例句：It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure 休闲 where they could experience a refreshing

59、 air.Refuge/refugee比拟惨的移民,比方欧洲EmployeetraineeFug-作为词根等同于flee逃亡Fugitive 逃亡者 =refugeeRefuge避难所，避难ShelterCitizen 公民/citizenry/citizenship公民权Senior citizen 老年人The old/the aged/the elders忻：Some powers=rights 权禾Ido belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship 公民权 and the border

60、s is among them.7. Civil/civil service公共月艮务（公务员）/public sector公共部门（国家机构）/civilservice entrance examinationCivil公民的，市民的，有礼貌的Civilization 文明=cultureCivility二politeness 礼貌公民的Civic=civil 城市的,To fulfill 完成 a civic role in the court 出庭作证二 witness juror 陪审Civilization 文明Civil service 行政事务，公务 public sectorC