研究生入学考试英语一真题答案解析

1、2015 研究生入学考试 英语题 答案 解析Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study

2、published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1

3、% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The team also developed a friendship score which ca

4、n predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but t

5、here is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than functional kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this c

6、ould help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate people s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population ofEuropean

7、extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken fromsame population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects. B whyA whatA defendedA forA separatedA testsB concludedB withB soughtB objectsA insignificant B unexpectedA visitA surpassA again

8、A MeanwhileA aboutB missB influenceB alsoB FurthermoreB toC howC withdrawnC byC comparedC samplesC unreliableC knowC favorC insteadC LikewiseC fromD whenD advisedD onD connectedD examplesD incredibleD seekD resembleD thusD PerhapsD likeA chancesA fasterA forecastA unpredictedD missionsD earlierD und

9、erstandD disruptive12 A limitB observe C confuse D drive13 A according to B rather than C regardless of D along withB responsesC benefitsB slower C laterB rememberC expressB contributory C controllableA tendency B decision C arrangement D endeavorA political B religious C ethnic D economicA seeB sho

10、wC proveD tell答案解析A what 本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上 联合发表的研究成果。第一个空考察表语从句的引导词。B concluded 本句的句意是： 这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。第二个空为针对从句谓语进行的词义考察。D on 本句前半句的句意是：这项研究是一个基于 1932 个独特个体的基因组广谱分析。考察Conduct on词组，进行。从句意为：它对成对儿的非亲缘朋友和陌生人进行比较。C compared比较，根据上下文及后一句的 same知道，比较为最佳。C samples词义题，样本，C

11、为最佳选项。A insignificant 词义题，1%，以及后面的not so 转折，判断， A insignificant 不显着，为最佳选项。C know 句意为：一些人虽然并不认识他们第四代的表亲，但他们选择的朋友却和这 些亲戚颇有相似之处。D resemble 词义题，和上一个空形成转折。B also 上下文逻辑题，发现了，还发现了。 Also 为最佳选项。10、D Perhaps结合上下文：这一现象很难解释，后面接原因，原因“可能”是最 符合文章大意。11、 B to 介词题， 意为：就像这个科研团队所发现的，这个因素不仅把我们带到详细的 环境中来，更有一些深层次的影响。12、D

12、drive词义题，根据上下文，对我们产生影响，驱使我们 drive为最佳选项。B rather than 逻辑题， 基因上相似的， 功能上相似的， 二者对立不能同时存在， rather than不是而是最符合。C benefits 跟“功能”搭配，选个褒义词，带来好处的，最佳。15、A faster词义题，根据后半句解释，这就是为什么 picked pace加速，这里只能 选faster, 一些比另外一些进化得更快，符合文意。D understand 词义题，这个研究可以帮助我们理解一个事实。B contributory 本句意为： 社会环境是最主要的一个因素。 Contributory 贡献

13、， 最佳。A tendency 结合文章主旨， 选择基因相似的人做朋友是普遍现象， tendency 趋势倾 向最符合。C ethnic 同义替换，基因背景相似，种族的，民族的，最符合。A see 本句意为：尽管所有的研究对象都取自欧洲血统，研究者也花心思确保了所 有 (用于比对的)朋友和陌生人也源自该血统中的同一支系。Section H Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections： Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or

14、 D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings do nt abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, dies

15、the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the uniting is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case previous arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion is particularly. Polarize

16、d, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above “ mere”politics and “ embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most mo

17、narch-infested region is the world, with 10 kingdoms not counting Vatican city and Andorra. But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respect public figure.Even

18、so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside, symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomes Piketty and other ecumenists are warning of rising inequa

19、lity and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aris

20、tocratic ways. Prince and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe s monarchies will no doubt be sma

21、rt enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-healed) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste

22、 of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a servic e as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings of republicans, who are

23、 the monarchy s worst enemies.according to the first two paragraphs, king Juan Carl of spanused to enjoy high public supportwas unpopular among European royalsended his reign in embarrassmenteased his relationship with his rivalsmonarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostlyowing to their undou

24、bted and respectable statusto achieve a balance between tradition and realityto give voters more public figures to look up todue to their everlasting political embodimentWhich of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.The simple

25、lifestyle of the aristocratic families.The role of the nobility in modern democracies.The nobility s adherence to their privileges.The British royals “ have most to fear” because Charlestakes a tough line on political issues.fails to change his lifestyle as advised.takes republicans as his potential

26、 allies.fails to adapt himself to his future role.Which of the following is the best title of the text?Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedCarlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsCharles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsCharles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne答案解析：21 D ended his reign in embarr

27、assment此题属于细节题。根据关键词 King Juan Carlos of Spai优位到第一段第一和第二旬。 But embarrassing scandals- have forced him to eat his words and stand down.止匕处 stand down 译为放弃席位。 因止匕D ended his reign in embarrassment!原文内容的同义替换。22 A owing to their undoubted and respectable status此题属于细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段第一句 it is this apparent

28、that explains as heads of state和 第三旬 But unlike their absolutist- most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for .respected public figure. 绝大多数皇室家族使得选民避免了寻找受人尊敬的公众人物的麻烦。 因此A owing to their undoubted and respectable status是原文 内容的同义替换。23 B the role of the

29、 nobility in modern democracies此题属于细节题。根据关键词定位到第四段最后一句话 it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states 奇怪的是有钱的贵族家庭仍然处于现代民主国家的核心地位。 因此B the role of the nobility in modern democracies是原文内 容的同义替换。24 B fails to change his lifestyle as advi

30、sed此题属于细节题。根据关键词 have most of fear”定位到第六段，Charles定位到最后一段的地二句 Charles 后面 who 弓 I导定语从旬 who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and world 因止匕 B fails to change his lifestyle as advised1原文内容的同义替换。25 C Carlos， a Lesson for All European Monarchs此题属于全文主旨题。着眼全文，通篇都在围绕monarchs展开。第一段由Carlos引出当今君主制面临的危机。

31、因止匕 Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs!全文内容的精确概括。Text 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.Californ

32、ia has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing t

33、echnologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California s lame argument th

34、at exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspec t spurse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one

35、 s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee s reading hisfinancial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “ cloud computing, ” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justic

36、es should not swallow California s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile u

37、se as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.The Supreme Court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

38、search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.check suspectsphone contents without being authorized.prevent suspects from deleting their phone hibit suspects from using their mobile phones.The author s attitude toward California s argument is one oftolerance.indifference.disapprova

39、l.cautiousness.The author believes that exploring one s phone content is comparable togetting into one s residence.handing one s historical records.scanning one s correspondences.going through one s wallet.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern thatprinciples are hard to be clearly expre

40、ssed.the court is giving police less room for action.phones are used to store sensitive information.citizens privacy is not effective protected.Orin Kerr s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Const

41、itution.(C)California s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.T2 答案解析：答案 B check suspects phone contents without being authorized解析：细节题。根据自然段定位原则，定位到首段。根据题干关键词 supreme court， whether 精确定位到第一段最后一句 whether police can search the conte

42、nts of a mobile phone- -.,与选项进行对应，即为B在不授权的情况下检查嫌疑人的电话信息。注意 A选项 应是 search contents。答案 C disapproval解析：态度题。根据题干 California s argument定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句， 这些句子中提到hard - recklessly modest等负向词，表达的是负面态度。看选项属于负面 的就是 disapproval。 A 容忍， B 冷漠是典型错误， D 粗心。答案 A getting into one s residence解析：细节题。题干问：作者认为搜索电话薄就相当于什么

43、?根据段落界定原则定位到第四段转折处，提到 But exploring one s smart phone is more like entering his or her home与 选项对应，A中的residence对应home,是原文的同意替换。注意D选项不是作者的观点，不能将文中人物观点当作作者观点。答案D citizensprivacy is not effective protected解析：细节题。根据题干定位到 5 段和 6 段，题干问作者最关注的是什么，即是相应段落的段落中心。因此，该题表面是细节题，实质为段落核心。 5 段首句为中心句提到，应采取措施保护数据隐私;6 段又继

44、续陈述原则的不恰当之处。根据这些内容，对应答案D 市民隐私未能得到有效保护。答案 B New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution解析：例证题。题干问的是引用Orin Kerr的目的是什么，即Orin Kerr是论据，其目的是论点。 论点往往在论据的前面， 所以要找例子前面的一句话， 即 New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution s protections.与选项对应，就是 B new tech

45、nology 是原词复现， require 等同于 demands， reinterpretation of the Constitution 同 义替换 applications of the Constitution s protections。Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar

46、efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“ Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journa” l, writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the Ameri

47、can Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will

48、 then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of S

49、cienc es overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish. ”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to“ play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresigh

50、t behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science. ”It can be learned

51、from Paragraph I thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.The phrase flagged up” (Para.2)is the closest in meaning toAfou

52、nd.Brevised.CmarkedDstoredGiovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peersBmeet with strong oppositionCincrease Science s circulation.Dset an example for other journalsDavid Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A. adds to researchers workload.d

53、iminishes the role of reviewers.has room for further improvement.is to fail in the foreseeable future.Which of the following is the best title of the text?Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersProfessional Statisticians Deserve More RespectData Analysis Finds Its Way onto Edito rs DesksSt

54、atisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 3答案解析：答案 B journals are strengthening their statistical checks段落推断题 考查的是段落 中心句，定位在首段首句 The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in- chief Marcia McNott announced today. 科学 杂志将要对同行评审过程增加额外 的资源。与选项B 同意替换。答案 C marked 词义句意题

55、 根据所猜短语flagged up 所在句子的句意，手稿将被flagged up 以供杂志编辑、现有的编辑评审委员会或外部同行审查。比较四个选项，只有 C marked 被标记，符合题意。答案 D set an example for other journals 观点细节题 定位在四段末句 This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model

56、 their approach after Science. 这不仅对于科学 杂 志本身的出版有影响，还有希望影响其它的出版社，这些出版社想继科学 杂志之后树 立自己的典型形象。选项D 是这句话的概括总结。答案 D has room for further improvement 观点细节题 定位在末段末句， Vaux says that Science s idea to pass some papers to statisticians“ has some merit, but a weakness is that ” Vaux 认为科学 杂志的想法有一些好处，但是有个缺点是这就说明这个想

57、法是有进一步改进的空间的。答案 A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers 旨大意题 本文首段首句就 是全文主题句， 科学 杂志将要对同行评审过程增加额外的资源，而且全文其它各个段落都在围绕对这一想法不同专家的不同态度在论述，所以选项 A 是对全文中心的完整表达。Text 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the“ unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions

58、” . Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “ sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “ it s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profitDriving her point home, she continued: “It s increasingly ap

59、parent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom”. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it woul

60、d lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge the wider issue of dearth of