人工智能报告

1、人工智能课程设计一一简单小程序和家族关系推理系统信息学院1201001193温小龙背景介绍“人工智能”一词最初是在1956年Dartmouth学会上提出的。从那以后,研 究者们发展了众多理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极 富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工 智能是包括十分广泛的科学，它由不同的领域组成，如机器学习，计算机视觉等 等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人 类智能才能完成的复杂工作。Prolog 语言最早由 Aix-Marseille 大学的 Alain Colmerauer 与 Phillipe

2、 Roussel 等人于60年代末研究开发。1972年被公认为是Prolog语言正式诞生的年份，自 1972年以后，分支出多种Prolog的方言。最主要的两种方言为Edinburgh和 Aix-Marseille。最早的Prolog解释器由Roussel建造，而第一个Prolog编译器则 是 David Warren编写的。Prolog 一直在北美和欧洲被广泛使用。日本政府曾经为了建造智能计算机而 用Prolog来开发ICOT第五代计算机系统。在早期的机器智能研究领域，Prolog 曾经是主要的开发工具。80年代Borland开发的Turbo Prolog，进一步普及了 Prolog的使用。1

3、995年确定了 ISO Prolog标准目前比较流行的实现工具包括 SWI-Prolog, Yap 等。课程实验介绍本次课程实验要求使用prolog语言编写一个人工智能方面的应用。2.1 “Hello World”程序的实现本小实验是一个入门的实验，主要实现的功能是在鼠标点击处显示“Hello World”。初始化界面如图2.1.1所示。图2.1.1初始化界面当鼠标点击时，会显示“Hello World字样”，如图2.1.2所示。备 query亘亘甚Hell6,WtrldirHello；WDrld!Hello. World!Hello/Wsrld!Hello, World!司 CancelJ

4、Help图212显示“Hello World”2.2数的阶乘的实现本实验主要实验数的阶乘，即输入一个正整数，然后给出该数的阶乘。初始化界面如 图2.2.1所示。图2.2.1数阶乘的初始化界面输入一个数后，点击“Factorial”按钮就可显示结果，如图2.2.2所示。图2.2.2 5的阶乘的结果显示2.3家族关系推理系统这里我们选择编写一个家族分析系统，在这个系统里我们输入个人的一些简要信息(这 里我们只考虑男女性别)以及家族信息。例如person(judith”,female()表示judith为女性， parent(john”,judith)表示john为judith的父母。我们用一个tx

5、t文件作为该系统的输入， 该文件里保存了我们所需要的家族信息。这里我们给系统设计了三个功能，分别是根据输入 信息找到父子关系，爷孙关系以及输入一个人的姓名找到其祖先。我们的开发环境为visual prolog6。系统设计界面如图2.3.1所示：图2.3.1系统界面其中find菜单下边的三个子菜单为分别对应我们的三个子功能：父子关系推理，爷孙关系推理以及祖先推理。下面我们首先装载入数据，如图2.3.2所示：图2.3.2装载数据成功接着我们根据数据先找父子关系及爷孙关系，结果如图2.3.3所示:图2.3.3父子关系推理结果lessagespam is father of Johngrandfath

6、er lest pam i$ grandfather of johnU图2.3.4爷孙关系推理结果：最后我们在对话框里输入一个名字，用我们的系统推理出其祖先是谁，这里我们输入pam，则推断结果如图2.3.5所示:图2.3.5祖先推理结果系统实现原理简介：由于我们要实现系统的图形界面，因此这里我们将系统分为两个部分，其中一部分负责 根据输入来进行逻辑推理，我们这里暂称为逻辑推理层。下面将是我们逻辑推理层的prolog 代码：class predicatesfather:(string Person,string Father) nondeterm anyflow.clausesfather(Pe

7、rson,Father):-parent(Person,Father),person(Father,male().class predicatesgrandFather:(string Person,string GrandFather) nondeterm anyflow.clausesgrandFather(Person,GrandFather):- parent(Person,Parent), father(Parent,GrandFather).class predicatesancestor:(string Person,string Ancestor) nondeterm anyf

8、low.clausesancestor(Person,Ancestor):-parent(Person,Ancestor).ancestor(Person,Ancestor):-parent(Person,P1),ancestor(P1,Ancestor).接着另一部分为一些GUI图形界面处理代码，这里我们就列出来了，具体可见附录。这里 我们实现的系统由于较为简单，因此在系统实现的时候没有将逻辑推理层和GUI处理分开 来，而是放在一起，这对于开发小型系统较为高效，但对于很复杂的AI系统是万万不能的。总结Prolog是一个很强大的逻辑推理程序，尤其适合于AI人工智能领域。通过这次实践， 对开发A

9、I程序有了更为直观的了解，增强了对人工智能的理解和兴趣。附录1.“Hello Worl程序 的源码Utah State Universityimplement queryinherits formWindowopen core, vpiDomains constantsclassName = query/query.classVersion =.clausesclassInfo(className, classVersion).clausesdisplay(Parent) = Form :- Form = new(Parent), Form:show().clausesnew(Parent):

10、- formWindow:new(Parent), generatedInitialize().class factsmousePoint:pnt := pnt(-1, -1).predicates onMouseDown : drawWindow:mouseDownListener.clausesonMouseDown(_S, Point, _ShiftControlAlt, _Button):- mousePoint := Point, Point= pnt(X, Y), R= rct(X-8, Y-8, X+60, Y+8), invalidate(R).predicatesonPain

11、t : drawWindow:paintResponder.clausesonPaint(_Source, _Rectangle, GDIObject):- if pnt(X, Y)= mousePoint, X0 thenmousePoint := pnt(-1, -1), GDIObject:drawText(pnt(X, Y), Hello, World!, -1) else succeed() end if.% This code is maintained automatically, do not update it manually. 00:04:49-30.7.2007 fac

12、tsok_ctl : button. cancel_ctl : button. help_ctl : button.predicatesgeneratedInitialize :().clausesgeneratedInitialize():- setFont(vpi:fontCreateByName(MS Sans Serif, 8), setText(query), setRect(rct(50,40,186,104), setDecoration(titlebar(closebutton(),maximizebutton(),minimizebutton(), setBorder(siz

13、eBorder(), setState(wsf_ClipSiblings,wsf_ClipChildren), menuSet(noMenu), addShowListener(generatedOnShow), addMouseDownListener(onMouseDown), setPaintResponder(onPaint), ok_ctl := button:newOk(This), ok_ctl:setText(&OK), ok_ctl:setPosition(8, 40), ok_ctl:setSize(30, 12), ok_ctl:setAnchors(control:ri

14、ght,control:bottom), cancel_ctl := button:newCancel(This), cancel_ctl:setText(Cancel), cancel_ctl:setPosition(48, 40), cancel_ctl:setSize(30, 12), cancel_ctl:setAnchors(control:right,control:bottom), help_ctl := button:new(This), help_ctl:setText(&Help), help_ctl:setPosition(88, 40), help_ctl:setSiz

15、e(30, 12), help_ctl:setAnchors(control:right,control:bottom).predicatesgeneratedOnShow: window:showListener. clausesgeneratedOnShow(_,_):- succeed.% end of automatic code end implement query2.数阶乘的源码Utah State Universityimplement queryinherits formWindowopen core, vpiDomains constantsclassName = form

16、container/query.classVersion =.clausesclassInfo(className, classVersion).clausesdisplay(Parent) = Form :- Form = new(Parent), Form:show().clausesnew(Parent):-formWindow:new(Parent), generatedInitialize().predicatesonFactorialClick : button:clickResponder.clausesonFactorialClick(_S) = button:defaultA

17、ction():- fn:calculate(edit_ctl:getText().% This code is maintained automatically, do not update it manually. 01:05:60-3.8.2007 factsok_ctl : button.cancel_ctl : button.help_ctl : button. edit_ctl : editControl. factorial_ctl : button.predicates generatedInitialize :(). clausesgeneratedInitialize():

18、- setFont(vpi:fontCreateByName(MS Sans Serif, 8), setText(query), setRect(rct(50,40,258,140), setDecoration(titlebar(closebutton(),maximizebutton(),minimizebutton(), setBorder(sizeBorder(), setState(wsf_ClipSiblings,wsf_ClipChildren), menuSet(noMenu), addShowListener(generatedOnShow), ok_ctl := butt

19、on:newOk(This), ok_ctl:setText(&OK), ok_ctl:setPosition(16, 72), ok_ctl:setAnchors(control:right,control:bottom), cancel_ctl := button:newCancel(This), cancel_ctl:setText(Cancel), cancel_ctl:setPosition(80, 72), cancel_ctl:setAnchors(control:right,control:bottom), help_ctl := button:new(This), help_

20、ctl:setText(&Help), help_ctl:setPosition(140, 72), help_ctl:setAnchors(control:right,control:bottom), edit_ctl := editControl:new(This), edit_ctl:setText(), edit_ctl:setPosition(8, 10), edit_ctl:setWidth(60), factorial_ctl := button:new(This), factorial_ctl:setText(Factorial), factorial_ctl:setPosit

21、ion(84, 10), factorial_ctl:setClickResponder(onFactorialClick).predicates generatedOnShow: window:showListener. clausesgeneratedOnShow(_,_):- succeed.% end of automatic codeend implement query家族关系推理系统的源码3 “/*Copyright (c) Unregistered“*/implement taskWindowopen core, vpiDomains, resourceIdentifiersc

22、onstantsclassName = TaskWindow/taskWindow.classVersion =.clausesclassInfo(className, classVersion).factsthisWin : vpiDomains:windowHandle := erroneous.domainsgender=female();male().class facts - familyDBperson:(string Name,gender Gender).parent:(string Person,string Parent).class predicatesfather:(s

23、tring Person,string Father) nondeterm anyflow.clausesfather(Person,Father):-parent(Person,Father),person(Father,male().class predicatesgrandFather:(string Person,string GrandFather) nondeterm anyflow.clauses grandFather(Person,GrandFather):-parent(Person,Parent), father(Parent,GrandFather).class pre

24、dicatesancestor:(string Person,string Ancestor) nondeterm anyflow. clausesancestor(Person,Ancestor):-parent(Person,Ancestor).ancestor(Person,Ancestor):-parent(Person,P1),ancestor(P1,Ancestor).class predicatesreconsult:(string FileName).clausesreconsult(FileName):-retractAll(_,familyDB), file:consult

25、(FileName,familyDB).constantsmdiProperty : integer = core:b_true.clausesshow():-vpi:setAttrVal(attr_win_mdi, mdiProperty), vpi:setErrorHandler(vpi:dumpErrorHandler), vpi:init(windowFlags, eventHandler, menu, , title).predicateseventHandler : vpiDomains:ehandler.clauseseventHandler(Win, Event) = Resu

26、lt :-Result = generatedEventHandler(Win, Event).constantsmaxMessageLines : integer = 100.predicatesonCreate : vpiDomains:createHandler.clausesonCreate(_CreationData) = defaultHandling():- _ = vpiMessage:create(maxMessageLines).predicatesonDestroy : vpiDomains:destroyHandler. clausesonDestroy() = def

27、aultHandling():- thisWin := erroneous.predicatesonHelpAbout : vpiDomains:menuItemHandler. clausesonHelpAbout(_MenuTag) = handled(0):- AboutDialog = aboutDialog:new(), AboutDialog:show(thisWin).predicatesonFileExit : vpiDomains:menuItemHandler. clausesonFileExit(_MenuTag) = handled(0):- vpi:winDestro

28、y(thisWin).predicatesonSizeChanged : vpiDomains:sizeHandler. clausesonSizeChanged(_Width, _Height) = defaultHandling():- vpiToolbar:resize(thisWin), vpiMessage:resize(thisWin).predicatesonFileOpen : vpiDomains:menuItemHandler. clausesonFileOpen(_MenuTag)=handled(0):-Filename=vpiCommonDialogs:getFile

29、Name(*.txt”,Familydatafiles(*.txt)”,”*.txt”,”all files”,”*.*”,”load family database”,”.”,_), ! , reconsult(Filename),stdIO:writef(Database % loadedn,Filename).onFileOpen(_MenuTag)=handled(0).predicatesonFindFather : vpiDomains:menuItemHandler.clausesonFindFather(_MenuTag) = handled(0):-stdIO:writef(

30、nfather testn),grandfather(X,Y),stdIO:writef(% is father of %n,X,Y), fail.onFindFather(_MenuTag)=handled(0).predicatesonFindGrandfather : vpiDomains:menuItemHandler.clausesonFindGrandfather(_MenuTag) = handled(0):-stdIO:writef(ngrandfather testn),grandfather(X,Y),stdIO:writef(% is grandfather of %n,

31、X,Y), fail.onFindGrandFather(_MenuTag)=handled(0).predicatesonFindAcscent : vpiDomains:menuItemHandler.clausesonFindAcscent(_MenuTag) = handled(0):-/*X=acestordialog:getName(thisWin),*/X=pam”,stdIO:writef(nancestor of% testn,X),ancestor(X,Y),stdIO:writef(% is the ancestor of %n”,Y,X), fail.onFindAcs

32、cent(_MenuTag)=handled(0).% This code is maintained by the VDE do not update it manually, 19:15:09-29.6.2011 constantswindowFlags:vpiDomains:wsflagswsf_SizeBorder,wsf_TitleBar,wsf_Close,wsf_Maximize,wsf_Minimize,wsf_ClipSiblings.menu : vpiDomains:menu = resMenu(id_TaskMenu).title : string = family-lqc4.predicatesgeneratedEventHandler : vpiDomains:ehandler.clausesgeneratedEventHandler(Win, e_create(_) = _ :- thisWin := Win, projectT