中国文化简介(英文版)课后习题答案

1、中国文化简介（英文版）课后习题答案 1答案Multiple choice (choose the best answer).c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) cFill in the blanks.Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese charactersred, rectangular, five starsform, sound, meaningfamily name, the given name, xing, shi, ming, ziTranslate the following terms into English.a. the Imperial palac

2、e/the Forbidden City b. nature reserve c. autonomous region d. special administrative regiona. the Han nationality b. ethical tradition c. social status d. Chinese characterExplain the following in English.paper making, printing, the compass and gunpowder.13)甲骨文，钟鼎文，小篆，隶书，楷书Answer the following ques

3、tions.Chinese characters mainly have four ways of formation, namely pictographs, indicatives, ideographs and pictophonetic.A person nsing and zi were normally given by his or her elders. Hao was different from both ming and zi in that it was chosen by oneself rather than by others. A person often ha

4、d more than one hao. Hao was not used to address one another but as a signature in one poetic and artistic works. Hao usually revealed one s aspirations and moral values.A Chinese surname is generally composed of one character or syllable, such as Zhang, Wu, Li, or Yang. There are also two-syllable,

5、 three-syllable or even four- syllable surnames, such as Ouyang, Zhuge, Sima, Gongsun, Zhukehun, Buliugu, Houmochen and Jingjiangliushi.答案Multiple choice (choose the best answer).c 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) aFill in the blanks.221 B.C.Silk Road, Changan, Xinjiang, Mediterranean SeaOpium WarSun Yat-sen, feud

6、al monarchical systemTranslate the following terms into English.a. the Paleolithic Era b. the Neolithic Age c. slave society d. Dream of Red Mansionsa. painted pottery b. the spring and Autumn Period c. socialist market economy d. Opium WarExplain the following in English.During the reign of Emperor

7、 Wudi (Liu Che, r. 140-87 B.C.), the Han regime reached the period of its greatest prosperity: The emperor conquered the Xiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central Asia), and in the process pioneered the route known as the Silk Road from the Han capital Changan (tod

8、ays Xian, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and onward, finally reaching the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, philosophy and other branches of scholarship were unprecedentedly thriving, with the representatives of various schools vying wi

9、th each other in writing books to discuss politics and analyze society. Hence the appearance of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended.Answer the following questions.The Opium War was the turning point in Chinese history in that it marked the close of the ancient period and the

10、beginning of the modern history.The reason why the construction of the Dujiang Dam was so important in Chinese ancient times is that it made possible rationalized irrigation supply, flood diversion and sand discharge.During his reign, Qin Shi Huang standardized the script, currencies, and weights an

11、d measures, established the system of prefectures and counties, and constructed the world-renowned Great Wall as well as a large palace, mausoleum and temporary regal lodges respectively in Xianyang, Lishan and other places. In addition, the life-size terracotta horses and armored warriors excavated

12、 from sites near the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang are known as the eighth wonder of the world.答案Multiple choice (choose the best answer).d 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) dFill in the blanks.3000, 72li, yi, yiMo ZiXun Zi, nature, materialism, atheismTranslate the following terms into English.a. Confucianism b. ( Su

13、n Wus ) the Art of War c. Confucian analects d. Second Sagea. the feudal landlord class b. conservatism c. the policy of benevolence d. the nine-square field systemExplain the following in English.The six documents (The Six Classics) under Confucius compilation include Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (

14、Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), andChun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), which are considered as the classics of Confucianism.Mencius believed that human beings are good by nature. He held that this goodnessis innate and can

15、 be acquired without learning or thinking; one s natural goodness is presented by the exercise of benevolence, righteousness, proprieties and prudence. Evil comes into being when one rejects their natural goodness.Answer the following questions.According to Mencius, the ideal moral personality is th

16、at one should never be “ corrupted by neither riches nor honors, shaken by neither peorvty nor adversity, faltered by neither threats nor force ”.Han Feizi argued that human nature is basically selfish, and thus the social order can be maintained only when the ruler imposes rules and his subjects mu

17、st obey without questioning and enforces them with strict punishments. As a moral and ethical system,“isrtehne ” central theme of Confucius Analects, which focuseson human love that is hierarchical and differentiated. Thus Confucius created his version of humanism. In his idea, human nature is parti

18、ally good and partially evil. Based on “ ren ” , Confucoibujsected to the fantastic powers that confused the human spirit.As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius contributions lie in the following three aspects. Firstly, he compiled and preserved literary wor

19、ks of three generations. The six documents (The Six Classics) under his compilation, including Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), are considered as the cla

20、ssics of Confucianism. Secondly, Confucius established a system of philosophical thoughts with “ ren ” (benevolenaces)its fundamental virtue. Thirdly, Confucius established private schools and founded a systematic educational framework.Chapter 4答案Multiple choice (choose the best answer).d 2) d 3) b

21、4) b 5) cFill in the blanks.naturalistic, primitivethe simplicity, true nature, selfishness, desireOld Masterthe social order, individual freedomTranslate the following terms into English.a. prehistoric times b. pessimism c. Taoism d. men-cosmos correspondencea. Chinese martial arts b. astrology c.

22、Chinese alchemy d. social orderExplain the following in Epassion, moderation, and humilityMount Longhu (Mount Dragon and Tiger) in Jiangxi Province, Mount Qingcheng in Sichuan Province, Mount Wudang in Hubei Province, and Mount Qiyun in Anhui Province.Answer the following questions.The core of Lao Z

23、i thought is Tao(the Way), by which he refered to the condition of the universe before the creation of the heaven and the earth. Therefore, it is from Tao that all the elements of the universe are derived. Reversal enables Tao to have a circular movement, that is, when the development of anything br

24、ings it to one extreme, a reversal to the other extreme takes place.Taoism is one of the most important religions in China, which refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. These traditions have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have s

25、pread to the West. As the native religion of China, Daoism, together with Confucianism and Buddhism, comprises the main body of traditional Chinese culture. Daoists, in pursuit of the ideal of becoming immortals by practicing Dao, made great efforts to transcend conventional wisdom about life and kn

26、owledge and thus helped both to define ancient science in China and to advance it through a great number of inventions. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, fengshui, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines have been intertwin

27、ed with Daoism throughout history.Lao Zi s “ruling by non-action or inaction reflects the exploration of an intellectual for the ultimate solution of the social order and individual freedom. His pursuit of vacuity and action through non-action echoes the reality of his time, a period torn by ceasele

28、ss wars among states. Lao Zi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding wars, harsh laws and heavy taxes. For him, it was more important to “see the simplicity, to realize one s true nature, to casts

29、elfishness, and to temper desireChapter 5答案Multiple choice (choose the best answer).c 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) dFill in the blanks.the Han Dynasty, the Sui and TangConfucianism, TaoismWutai, the “ roof of northern China ”Buddhist temples, 76 temples, firstTranslate the following terms into English.a. Buddh

30、ism b. meditation c. Confucianism d. Buddhist templea. the Great Buddha Hall b. Buddhist scripture c. joss stick d. summer resortExplain the following in English.The Four Wonders of Mount Emei are the “GolderSummit Sunrise ： Seof Clouds” ,“Buddha s Halo and the “Holy Lamp” .The Ten Schools of Chines

31、e Buddhism are as follows:Reality School or Kosa School or Abhidharma School.Satysiddhi School or Cheng-se School.Three Sastra School or San-lun School.The Lotus School or Tien-tai School.The Garland School or Hua-yen.Intuitive School or Chan School or Dhyana School.Discipline School or Lu School or

32、 Vinaya School.Esoteric School or Chen-yien School or Mantra School.Dharmalaksana School or Chu-en School or Fa-siang School.Pure-land School or Sukhavati School or Ching-tu School.Answer the following questions.The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering.the doctri

33、ne of Four Noble Truths refers to: life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path, which consists of right knowledge, right thought, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right effort, right mind

34、fulness and right concentration.When Li Bai, famous Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, was invited to Mount Jiuhua, he was overwhelmed by the scene of nine peaks that look like lotus blooms from heaven. Out of admiration he composed the lines: Twcforces preserve between the World and the Heaven; Nine

35、 lotuses blossom on the Jiuhua Mountain. Since then the mountain has been attracting men of letters throughout the ages, and thus Jiuhua obtained its fame.第二章 中国文史小常识1、谥号是古代对死去的人按其生平事迹评定后，给予褒贬或屿的称号，谥号可与庙号结合，或为全称的组成部分，也可独立使用。A、是 B、否2、请判断汉武帝、明太祖、乾隆、定陵分别是什么称号（） ：A 、庙号、庙号、年号、尊号B 、庙号、尊号、年号、陵号C、庙号、庙号、年号、陵号 D、庙号、尊号、谥号、陵号3、著名的辛亥革命发生在1911 年，则 1915 年应是已卯年。 A 、是B、否4、古代把五行与五色、五方、五脏、五音相配，例如，金白 西 肝 商。 A 、是 B 、否5、会试是每三年一次会集各省举人在京城举行的考试，取中者称贺士”。A、是 B、否6、对联由上下两联组成，书写应竖写，不用标点，上联在右，从右至左写；下联在左，从左至右写，