【文学课件】美国文学史及选读

1、 备课本教研室：文学教研室课程名称：美国文学史及选读任课教师：德州学院外语系美国文学史及选读课程的教育目标：通过教学,使学生掌握美国文学的发展史及各阶段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色，具备一定的分析鉴赏英语文学作品的能力,帮助培养学生的英语思维能力,提高英语整体水平。课程的基本要求：要求学生有目的、较系统地了解和掌握美国文学的发展史及各阶段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色。课程的重点与难点：对具有代表性的作家的评价，对著名的美国小说和诗歌的分析、鉴赏及评价。主要参考书目美国文学简史（第二版）常耀信南开大学出版社2004美国文学选读李宜燮南开大学出版社2000牛津文学术语辞典上海外

2、语教育出版社2000美国文学大纲吴定柏上海外语教育出版社1998Introduction教学的目的和要求：简述美国文学史，包括美国文学史的5个主要阶段，每个阶段的起止时间，主要特点及代表作家，要求学生了解美国文学史概况教学重点：美国文学史的五个阶段及起止时间教学难点：各个阶段的主要特点教学内容Amliteratureisonelftheyoungestnationalliteratureintheworld.ItbecameacolonyofBritainintheearly17thcentury.AndtheAmericanIndependenceWarstretchedfrom1776to

3、1783.Theshorthistorycanbedividedintoseveralstages:1.thecolonialperiodItstretchedroughlyfromthesettlementofAmintheearly17thCthroughtheendofthe18th.ThefirstpermanentsettlementinAmericawasestablishedbyEnglishin1607.(AgroupofpeoplewassentbytheEnglishkingJamesItohuntforgold.TheyarrivedatVirginiain1607.Th

4、eynamedtheJamesRiverandbuildtheJamestown.)HerethemajortopicwillbeaboutAmPuritanism.2.theRomanticPeriodItcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thC,whichisaperiodfollowingthenationalpoliticalindependence.Around1840sarosetheculminationoftheRomanticPeriodNewEnglandTranscendentalism(1836-1855).3.theAgeofRealismItwasa

5、fterthecivilwar(1861-1865)tilltheendofthe19thcentury,coveringthelatterhalfofthe19thC.ThecivilwarbroughttheRomanticperiodtoanend.Naturalism(thelastdecadeofthe19thc)Inthelastdecadeofthe19thc,theageofnaturalismcameintobeing.Naturalistssawmanslifeasgovernedbytwoforcesheredity&environment.ModernismInthed

6、ecadeofthe1920s,therecametheageofmodernism.(herearemanyeminentwritersinthisperiod,suchasT.SEliot,EarnestHemingway,WilliamFaulkner,etc.)6.思考题：简介美国文学史ChapterILiteratureofColonialAmerica教学的目的和要求：介绍对美国文学及美国文化影响重大的清教主义，要求学生理解清教主义的教义，掌握清教主义对美国文学的影响，殖民时代的主要作家及启蒙时代的特点教学重点：清教主义对美国文学的影响教学难点：清教主义的教义，爱德华兹和富兰克林各

7、自的哲学思想教学内容IAmericanPuritanism1.originofPuritanInthemediaevalEurope,therewaswidespreadreligiousrevolution.Inthe16thC,theEnglishKingHenryVIII(Atthattime,theCatholicswerenotallowedtodivorceunlesstheyhavethePopespermission.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorcehiswifebecauseshecouldntbearhimason.ButthePopedidntallowh

8、imtodivorcebecausehiswifeisthePopesniece.HenryVIIIbecameverydissatisfiedwiththePope,sohe)brokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurch&establishedtheChurchofEngland.ButtherewasnoradicaldifferencebetweenthedoctrinesoftheChurchofEnglandandtheCatholicChurch.AgroupofpeoplethoughttheChurchofEnglandwastooCatholican

9、dwantedtopurifythechurch.ThencamethenamePuritans.OfcoursetheyhaddifferentreligiousbelieffromthatoftheCatholicChurch.2.PuritanismbasedonCalvinism1)predestination:GodselectPuritansbelievedtheyarepredestinedbeforetheywereborn.Nothingornogoodworkcanchangetheirfate.Theybelievedthesuccessofonesbusinessist

10、hesigntoshowheistheGodselect.SothePuritansworksveryhard,spendverylittleandinvestmoreforthefuturebusiness.Theylivedaveryfrugallife.Thisistheirethics.2)originalsinandtotaldepravityManisbornsinful.Thisdeterminesomepuritanspessimisiticattitudetowardlife.3)limitedatonement(thesalvationofaselectedfew)4)th

11、eocracyTheycombinedstatewithreligion.Theirgovernmentisatleastnotaliberalone.(ThePuritansestablishedAmtraditionintolerantmoralism.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adultery&heretics.Puritanschangedgraduallyduetotheseverityoffrontierenvironment.Puritannism&ConfucianismConfucianism(修身齐家治国平天下)3.InfluenceonAmli

12、terature1)itsoptimismAmericanliteraturewasfromtheoutsetconditionedbythePuritanheritage.ItcanbesaidAmericanliteratureisbasesontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.(AdamandEveusedtoliveacarefreelifeintheGardenofEden.luredbythesnake,theyatetheForbiddenFruitintheappletree.ApeiceofapplechokedinAdamsthroat,th

13、encameAdamsapple.Afterknowingthetruth,GodbecameveryangryanddrovethemalloutoftheGardenofEden.ThesnakeusedtowalklikemanbutafterthattheGodforcehimtocrawl.ThenmanwasforcedtosufferthelabortokeepthewholefamilyandWomanwasforcedtosuffertheagonyofbabybearing.)Afterthat,manhaveanillusiontorestoretheparadise.T

14、hepuritans,afterarrivingatAmerica,believeingthatGodmusthavesentthemtothisnewlandtorestorethelostparadise,tobuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Firedwithsuchastrongsenseofmission,theytreatedlifewithatremendousamountofoptimism.TheoptimisticPuritanshasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature,2)Pur

15、itansmetaphoricalmodeofperceptionchangedgraduallyintoaliterarysymbolismIIColonialLiteratureAmericancolonialliteratureisneitherrealliteraturenorAmericanwhy?Diaries,histories,journals,letters,etc.personalliteratureinvariousformsColonialLiteratureismainlyEnglishliteraturetraditionimitated&transplanted.

16、AnneBradstreetEdwardTaylorTheycanbecalledservantsofGod.TheirwritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansion.Someothercolonialwriterswroteforcivilandreligiousfreedom,andsomewroteforAmericashakingoffthefettersofthesavageBritishcolonialrule.RogerWilliamsJohnWoolmanThomasPaineOneofmostimportantAmericanprosew

17、ritersofthe18thCentury.HewroteanumberofrevolutionaryworkstoattackBritishcolonialrule.1776,hewrote“CommonSense”,whichgreatlyencouragedthepainfullyfightingpeople.Afterthewar,heparticipatedintheFrenchRevolutionandwrote“TheRightsofMan”and“TheAgeofReason”tospreadtheidealsoftheFrenchrevolutionamongthepeop

18、le.PhilipFreneauHeisthemostimportantpoetofthe18thCentury,anotablerepresentativeofdawningnationalisminAmericanliterature.“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”isagoodexample.Heisthetransitionalroleb/wtheneoclassismofthe18thCandtheRomanticismofthe19thC.Thisisclearlymanifestedinhis“TheIndianburyingGround”and“TheWil

19、dHoneySuckle”IIIEdwardsandFranklintworepresentativesoftheageofEnlightenment(ofthe18thCentury)(The18thCAmhistorywitnessedtwogreatrevolutions:onewasAmIndependenceWar,theotherwasEnlightenment.EnlightenmentwasseveraldecadesearlierthantheRevolution,andithelpedpavedthepathfortheIndependencewarinpeopleswar

20、.(P.28)i.Background:theageofEnlightenmentTowardthelatterpartofthe17thcentury,withNewtonslawsofmotionandtheideaofgravity,acompletelynewviewoftheuniversecameintobeing.Inthemindsofsomethinkingpeople,theuniversebecamesomethingmechanicalsubjecttocertainphysicallawsinsteadoftothesupervisionofGod.Thisbroug

21、htaboutawholesetofnewideas,amongwhichwasdeism(自然神论)。DeistsbelieveGodisindeedthecreatoroftheworld,butHehasleftittooperateaccordingtonaturallaw.ThusthebestwaytoworshipGodistostudythenaturalworldandhumanworld.Manypeoplespeakforthisidea,suchasVoltaireinFrance,AlexanderPopeinEngland.Theideaoforderbecamet

22、hewatchwordoftheday.AlltheseideasalsohadgreatinfluenceinAmerica.Thus18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofEnlightenment,ofreason,oforderwithFranklinasitsspokesman.ThoughNewtonsideawasveryinfluentialoverthemindsofthepeopleinthe18thcentury,theCalvinistpositiondidnotseemtobedead,Theoldideaisincollisionwi

23、ththenewidea.Thebesttestimonywas“TheGreatAwakening”.Itisinfactaseriesofreligiousrevivalsinthe1730s&1740s,whichaimstobringnewfeelingandstrengthintoreligion.JonathanEdwardsplayedanimportantroleinthismovement.ii.JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinSeethecommentaryonP27inthetextbook.Edwardsrepresentsrelig

24、iousidealismofAmPuritanism,whileFranklinrepresentslevelheadedcommonsenseofAmJonathanEdwards(1703-1758)HewasbornintoaveryreligiousNewEnglandfamily.HetriedtoreasserttheCalvinistidea.Hewasinpartinstrumentalinbringingaboutthe“GreatAwakening”movement.Afterthismovement,Hewrotemanygreatworks,seetextbookP29

25、.“PersonalNarrative”HediscoveredadynamicworldfilledwiththepresenceofGod.HeholdsthatGodmanifestsHimselfinnatureandman,andman,beingapartofGod,isalsodivine.Everythinginthephysicalworldisanimageofthedivine.Wecansayheanticipatedthesymbolismofthe19thcenturyTranscendentalism.ThemysticalimplicationsofhisPur

26、itansidealismwastobedevelopedbyEmersoninthenextcentury.BenjaminFranklinLikeEdwards,healsocamefromaPuritanfamily.Theystoodontheoppositeendsofonespectrum.(TheyareAntagonists.)Hemademanyinventions.HispubliccareerwasalsoveryinfluentialinAmerica.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtherep

27、ublic.AsthesymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment,hebroughtthecolonialagetoanend.“PoorRichardsAlmanac”(adages)“Autobiography”.6.思考题：清教主义对美国文学有什么影响爱德华兹和富兰克林各自的哲学思想是什么Chapter2AmRomanticism教学的目的和要求：介绍浪漫主义及美国浪漫主义的定义，要求学生掌握美国浪漫主义的产生背景及特点，及两位前期浪漫主义作家教学重点：浪漫主义及美国浪漫主义的定义及特点教学难点：浪漫主义的主要作品教学内容(Asaliterarytren

28、d,RomanticismappearedinEuropeandAmattheturnofthe18thC&the19thC.In1798,theEnglishpoetsWordsworthandColeridgepublishedavolumeofpoemsLyricalBalla.dTshisusuallymarkedthebeginningofRomanticism.Itwasthereactionfromtheformalorthodoxofthepastinfieldssuchasliterature,art,etc.)Romanticism:asweepingbutindispen

29、sablemoderntermappliedtotheprofoundshiftinWesternattitudestoartandhumancreativitythatdominatedmuchofEuropeancultureinthefirsthalfofthe19thC,andthathasshapedmostsubsequentdevelopmentsinliteratureeventhosereactingagainstit.Itschiefemphasiswasuponfreedomofindividualself-:sincerity,spontaneity,andorigin

30、alitybecamethenewstandardsinliterature,replacingthedecorousimitationofclassicalmodelsfavouredby18thCneoclassicism.RejectingtheorderedrationalityoftheEnlightenmentasmechanical,impersonal,andartificial,theRomanticsturnedtotheemotionaldirectnessofpersonalexperienceandtotheboundlessnessofindividualimagi

31、nationandaspiration.Therestrainedbalancevaluedin18thCwasabandonedinfavourofemotionalintensity,oftentakentoextremesofrapture,nostalgia,horror,melancholy,orsentimentality.Some-butnotallRomanticwriterscultivatedtheappealoftheexotic,thebizarre,orthemacabre;almostallshowedanewinterestintheirrationalrealm

32、sofdreamanddeliriumoroffolksuperstitionandlegend.ii.AmericanRomanticismfromtheendof18thCthroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWarBackgroundnativefactors:ItisaperiodfollowingAmindependenceInthisperiod,.democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Americawasinaneconomicboom.Thereisatremendoussense

33、ofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.Thespiritofthetimeis,insomemeasure,responsiblefortheoutburstofromanticfeeling.foreigninfluenceRomanticismemergedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItaddedimpetustothegrowthofRomanticisminAm.InEnglandthegeneralfeaturesoftheworksoftheromanticsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissoci

34、ety.BritishRomanticisminspiredtheAmericanimagination.ThusAmericanRomanticismwasinawayderivative.2.itsdistinctfeature1)itwasinessencetheexpressionofarealnewexperienceForexample,theAmnationalexperienceofwesternexpansionwasarichfundofmaterialforAmwriters.TheywerequiteresponsivetothestimuluswhichAmlifeo

35、ffered.Theauthorsdescribedboththefrontier&theIndianlife.2)AmPuritanismservedasaculturalheritageinAmliteratureAmmoralvalueswereessentiallyPuritan.ItsinfluenceoveramRomanwasquitenoticeable.ManyAmRowriterstendedtomoralizemorethantheirEuropeanbrothers.Amauthorswerecarefulinapproachingsomesubjects,suchas

36、truelove,sexandlove.AmnewidealswerestrongenoughtoinspireRomanticspiritAmisanewlyindependentnationfromthecolonialrule.Thereremanynewideals.Itsidealsofindividualism,politicalequalityandAmdreamweredistinctlyAmerican.bothimitative&independentAsalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactors,AmRowasbothimitat

37、ive&independent.TherewerewriterswhomodeltheirworksupontheEnglishneoclassicalauthors.Fromotherwriterswecanseeavigorousliteraryindependenceisemerging.TheycalledforthecreationofanativeAmericanculture.WashingtonIrving(IrvingmodeledhimselfonGoldsmithsothatheisattimesknownas“theAmericanGoldsmith”)Hiscontr

38、ibutiontoAmericanliteratureisuniqueinmorewaysthanone.HedidanumberofthingsthathavebeenregardedasthefirstoftheirkindinAmerica.“AHistoryofNewYork”UnderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker“TheSketchBook”:-RipVanWinkleThisshortstoryarebasedonGermanfolktales,butIrvingchangedthesettingoftheoriginaltothenativeHud

39、sonrivervalley.TheLegendofSleepyHollowIchabodcraneshrewd,credulous,self-assertive,coward,commercialBombonesrough,vigorous,inwardlygoodTheyarerivalsinlove.Theyassumesthedimensionsoftwoethicalgroupslockedinakindofhistoricalconest.JamesFenimoreCoopertheAmScottHeinventedanewgenreofAmlitethehistoricalnov

40、elinasimilarwaywithWalterScott“LeatherstockingTales”Thefivenovelsofthetales:ThePioneers,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayerthehistoricalsignificanceofthefivetalestheimportantthemeoftheThePioneers6.思考题：美国浪漫主义有什么特点清教主义对美国浪漫主义有什么影响Chapter3NewEnglandTranscendentalism(1836-1855)教学

41、的目的和要求：介绍美国超验主义，要求学生理解超验主义产生的背景，掌握超验主义的特点及两位超验主义哲学家3.教学重点：超验主义的特点3.教学难点：清教主义对超验主义的影响4.教学内容IIntroductionEmersonsNature(1836)pushedAmRotoanewphaseNewEnglandTranscendentalism.ItsthesummitofAmRomanticism.1.Backgroundmajorfeatures1)emphasisonSpiritortheOversoul2)theimportanceoftheindividual3)natureassymb

42、olicoftheSpiritofGodTheessenceofNewEnglandTranscendentalismaproductofthecombinationofforeigninfluences&nativePuritantradition1)foreigninfluence2)puritantraditionNewEnglandTranscendentalismwas,inactuality,RomanticismonthePuritansoil.(Comment:Transcendentalistbelievedinstinctorintuitionisthedeepestlev

43、elofmanssoul.Theytriedtofindtruththroughfeeling,ratherthanthroughlogic.Sotheywritenotinalogicalway.Wecansaytheyformedamovementoffeelings&beliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy.)IILeadingwritersRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)Nature“self-Reliance”“Tobegreatistobemisunderstood”“TheAmericanScholar”AmericasDe

44、clarationofIntellectualIndependence(EmersonsTranscendentalism,withitsemphasisondemocraticindividualism,mayhaveprovidedanidealexplanationfortheconductandactivitiesofanexpandingcapitalistsociety.)HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)(HeisEmersonsjuniorbysome14years.In1845,hebulidacabinonWaldenPondandmovedinonJ

45、uly4,illustratinghisdesiretobeindependentandfindtruthforhimdelf.HewantedtomoveawayfromtherudhofAmericansociallifewhichwasgettingmoreandmorematerialisticoriented.)WaldonorLifeintheWoods“Civildisobedience”ThoughhelivedinWaldenPondforovertwoyears.Hewasbynomeansan“escapist”.Hedidntlikethewaymaterialisti

46、cAmericawasdeveloping.Hehatedhumaninjustice.HerefusedtopayapolltaxforUSwartoVietnamesetoAmericangovernmentwhichhethoughtunjust.Forthishewasdetainedforanightinjail.Thisincidentinspiredhimtowritethisfamousessay,whichadvocatedpassiveresistencetounjustlawsofsociety.Itsinfluence:1.AfterWWIinIndia,Gandhie

47、mployedthisessaytosupporthisantiBritishpassiveresistance.2.In1960sinAmerica,MartinLutherKingbasedhisstrategyofthenonviolentCivilRightsMovementonthesameessay.Alsoin1960sintheAnti-WarMovement,AmericanstudentsfightagainstUSwartoVietanam.Theyorganizetheirmovementas“Civildisobedience”思考题：清教主义对美国超验主义有什么影响

48、Chapter4Post-RomanticWriters1.教学的目的和要求：主要介绍后浪漫主义诗人与小说家，要求学生理解惠特曼与狄金森的主要诗作，掌握霍桑与麦尔维尔的作品及写作特点，了解爱伦坡教学重点：主要后浪漫主义作家的作品及写作特点教学难点：惠特曼与狄金森的主要诗作教学内容：WaltWhitman1)lifeexperienceHewasbroughtupinaworkingclassfamilyonLongIsland,NY.Withlittleschooling,hereadalotanddidanumberofdifferentjobs.In1848,hetravelledtoNe

49、wOrleansandsawverymuchoftheMississippiheartlands.Thistriplaidasolidfoundationforhisawakeningaspoet.Thefirsteditionof“LeavesofGrass”in1855changedWhitmanfromaconventionalmanoflettersintooneofAmericasmostoriginalpoets.Thiseditionattractedlittleattentionfromliterarycircles.OnlyEmersonrespondedenthusiast

50、ically.HisappreciationencouragedWhitmantocontinuehiscareer.“LeavesofGrass”wentthrough9editionsaltogether,containingallofhis400-oddpoems.2)innovationsintechniquea.parallelism(平行结构)b.phoneticrecurrencec.freeverse,abandoningtraditionaliambicpentameter(诗行长短不一，不押韵，不以传统格律为顿挫单位，而是以短句、短语为顿挫单位。)(iambicpentam

51、eter:PastureImgongouttoclearthepasturespring;Illonlystoptoraketheleavesaway)SongofMyselfEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)ShewasbornintoaCalvinist(力口尔文教的)family.Calvinismwithitsdoctrineofpredestinationanditspessimismpressuredherandcoloredherworksothatherbasictonewastragic.Thelargestportionofherpoetryconcerns

52、deathandimmortality.ShesettleddowntoaNewEnglandvillagelifeandremainedsingleallherlife.Throughoutherlifeshejustlivedquietly.Shewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.Herfamilymembersevendidntknowshehadwrittensomanypoems.Beforeherdeath,shegaveallhermanuscripttohersisterandas

53、kedhertoburnitup.Butafterhersisterreadingthepoems,shedidnthavethehearttoburnitup.InthiswayDickinsonspoemswerehandeddown.WhenDickinsonwroteherpoems,shedidntaddanytitles.Shewrotethemspontaneously.Wheneditorsgotthempublishedafterherdeath,theychosethefirstlineofthepoemasitstitle,justasweseeineachpoem.Wi

54、ldNightsWildNightsWildNightsWildNightsWereIwiththeeWildnightsshouldbeOurLuxury!Notes:wild-stormy,thee-youItsastormynight.IfIcanstaywithyou,Iwouldconsiderstormynightsasourenjoyments!Itiscleartousthatthespeakeristalkingabouthislover.Ifonlyhecanstaywithher,hewillenjoyastormynightinsteadofdislikingit.We

55、canseehowintensehislove,howstronghisdesiretostaywithhislover.FutiletheWindsToaHeartinportDonewiththeCompassDonewiththechart!Notes:compass-aninstrumentforfindingdirectionsChart-adetailedmapoftheseaOurstayingtogethergivesusenoughsenseofsecurity,justasashipinport.Nomatterhowstrongthewindsare,wellnotbef

56、rightenedorharmed.Itsobviousthatashipinportneedntthehelpofacompassorachart.Similarly,ifwecanstaytogether,wellwantnothingelse.Tostaytogetherisourultimatewish.Fromthisanalogythereaderscanseehowsatisfiedandblissfulthespeakeristobewithhislover.RowinginEdenAh,thesea!MightIbutmoorTonightinthee!Notes:moor-

57、anchor,toattachaboat,shipetctoalandwitharope.Tome,ourstayingtogetherisjustlikerowingintheGardenofEden.TostaywithyoumakemefeelthatIamlivinginParadise.(averycare-free,relaxed,happylife)IregardyouastheseaandIastheboat.IwishIcananchortheboatintheseaport.HowIwanttostaywithyoutonight!译文：狂风夜，暴雨夜狂风夜，暴雨夜！如果你

58、我在一起，狂风暴雨夜，该是我们的洞天福地！风儿再吹也徒劳，因为心进了港口已不再需要罗盘，已不再需要航图。荡桨在伊甸园中啊，这一片海洋！今晚哪，但愿我停泊进你的海港！Inthispoemloveisexpressedinanunabashedmanner.Thetwoloverscoalesceintowildconsummatedlove.(WecanseethewayDickinsonwroteaboutloveisquiteoriginal.Sheneverimitatedothers.)ApparentlywithNoSurpriseApparentlywithnosurpriseToa

59、nyhappyFlowerTheFrostbeheadsitatitsplayInaccidentalpowerTheblondeAssassinpassesonThesunproceedsunmovedTomeasureoffanotherDayForanApprovingGodNotes:apparently-obviouslywithnosurprisenotsuddenly,(expectedly)Whathashappenedisntasurprise(isntunexpected)toanyhappyflower.beheadclutch,choke;accidentalhappe

60、ningbychance,notplanned(notintentional)blondewhite;assassinkiller;passoncontinue;Thewhitekillercontinueswithoutbeingstopped.Thesunproceedsunmoved:Thesunisapatheticandpaysnoattentiontothemurder.Weknowtheriseandfallofsunmarksaday.ThesunpaysnoattentiontothemurderoftheFrostandgoesonwithhisroutinelifetom