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1、Modernism (3) and Ernest HemingwayHu LingliJune 6th, 2021销售信 bilantian.American Modernism in LiteratureModernism in literature is not easily summarized, but the key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects.The work of Modernis

2、t writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment(不抱梦想), dislocation(移位), and alienation(异化) of men in the world, and by the emphasis on experimentation and formalism and objectivism which are, in most cases, a reaction to the cataclysm(战乱) known as the modern age.The Schools of American Mode

3、rnismModern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism)Prose Writing: modern realism (the Lost Generation)The 20th Century American Drama New CriticismBlack Humor The Beat Generation.Black humor 绞刑架下的幽默 In literature, drama, and film, grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity,

4、 paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. The novels of such writers as Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, and Philip Roth contain elements of black humor. .Example in “

5、Catch22 主人公尤索林由于厌恶战争要求停顿飞行，复员回国，但是第22条军规的存在使他无论如何难以实现本人的愿望。第二十二条军规规定，空军军官必需飞满规定的次数才干回国；同时，它又规定，无论何时何地，他都得执行司令官命令他做的事，即使他飞满规定的次数，上司命令他飞行，他也必需执行，否那么就是违抗军规。这就产生了一个悖论：他要回国就需多飞行，但即使他飞满了规定的次数又没用。第22条军规还规定，一切精神失常之人都可以不完成规定的义务被遣送回国，但要停顿飞行必需由本人提出恳求；在危险的关头，假设他提出恳求，就证明他没有精神病，必需继续执行飞行义务。.The Beat GenerationThe

6、Beat Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, and the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired (later sometimes called beatniks). Central elements of Beat culture include a rejection of materialism, experimentation with drugs

7、 and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern religion.垮掉的一代是二战后风行于美国的文学流派，作家多为男女青年，他们以性格粗犷豪放。落拓不羁著称。用同性恋、爵士乐、吸毒酗酒等来逃避现实并向面子的社会和美国传统价值观念挑战，提出“沉沦就是解放和纵欲享乐合法的结论, 他们用怪僻的内向自我探求和向下沉沦的所谓“脱俗态度来表示对面子社会的不满，来对社会进展病态的对抗。 主要作家及其作品： 1、杰克凯鲁阿克： 2、金斯堡： .Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)for his mastery of

8、 the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingways life Hemingways major worksHemingways stylesBrief Introduction to “The Sun also Rises (presentation work)Appreciating “ A Fa

9、rewell to Arms.Hemingways picturesInfant HemingwayToddler Hemingway.Hemingway in 1905.Hemingway in ItalyRed Cross Uniform, about 1918.Birth and family: Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, son of a successful physician. In his childhood, he often went hunting and fishing with his fat

10、her or friends, which provided him with materials for his best writing.An Overview of Hemingways life.War experiencesDuring World War I, he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918, he was severely wounded in both legs, which became the basis for hi

11、s novel A Farewell to Arms. Later, he joined the Spanish War and World War II. In the wars, he got badly injured.His war experiences provided him with abundant writing materials.Four MarriagesIn 1922 Hemingway married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple moved to Paris, whe

12、re he worked as a foreign correspondent. His first novel The Sun also Rises in 1924.After divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced following Hemingways return from covering the Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. .MarriagesMar

13、tha Gellhorn was the third wife of Ernest Hemingway, from 1940 to 1945. Gellhorns marriage to hemingway lasted five years, ending when Gellhorn left Hemingway, the only of his wives to do so.After World War II, Mary Welsh Hemingway became his fourth and also the last wife. During this period, The Ol

14、d Man and the Sea published.His hobbyHemingway moved from one exotic locale to another including; Spain, Cuba, Africa, and Key West, FloridaHe cultivated a reputation as a tough, hard-drinking man.Commiting suicideOn July 2, 1961, in ill health, anxiety and deep depression, Hemingway shot himself wi

15、th a hunting gun.It is said that in the last few years of his life, Hemingway was a very troubled man. He even received rounds of electro-shock therapy shortly before he killed himself.约翰肯尼迪总统说：“几乎没有哪个美国人比欧内斯特海明威对美国人民的感情和态度产生过更大的影响。他称海明威为“20世纪最伟大的作家之一以文学硬汉著称。胡安贝尔蒙德，这位西班牙最出色的斗牛士，在听到“欧内斯特刚刚自杀了这个“晴天霹雳时

16、，只是渐渐但很明晰地吐出了三个字“干得好！之后，他也用同样的方式了结了本人的终身。 在这个总统死了都不会举国哀痛的国家，海明威何以能令全国上下“沉浸在哀痛之中？就凭他独特的作品，就凭他那硬汉精神！海明威本人及其笔下的人物影响了整整一代甚至几代美国人，人们争相仿效他和他作品中的人物。他就是美国精神的化身。人们在为这种精神哭泣。 .人们弄不明白，海明威曾经诅咒过自杀的父亲是懦夫，如今，当本人什么都有了，声誉、位置、金钱、朋友、女人，甚至诺贝尔文学奖，干嘛还要步父亲的后尘呢？ 海明威血液里熄灭着从父亲那儿承继来的自杀愿望，他的终身正是与这种自杀激动做斗争的终身。30年代，他在一篇小传里提到：自杀，就

17、像运动一样，是对紧张而艰苦的写作生活的一种逃避。竭力赞誉猎枪带来的快感，到了里头，海明威将这种可以带来感官享用的工具不仅仅瞄准了动物，而且也对准了本人。他觉得这玩意儿可以一了百了地处理一切心思、品德、医学以及经济难题，是“那种建造精巧，可以治疗失眠，消除后悔，治疗癌症，防止破产，且只需指尖悄然一按就能从无法忍受的境地炸出一条出路的工具。 .时下人人都能接受的两个自杀缘由是，海明威不堪忍受肉体上精神上的苦楚和创作力的衰竭。确实，海明威长期忽视甚至糟蹋本人的安康致使他肉体上精神上都遭到了严重的损伤。他受尽了消瘦症、皮肤病、酒精中毒、视力衰退、糖尿病、血色冷静病、肝炎、肾炎、高血压、精神疾病等等的折

18、磨。他还赞同尼采的观念：“适时而死。死在幸福之峰巅者最光彩。 他近期自传性作品的创作堕入了姿态，电疗致使记忆衰竭。他终身奉行的至理名言就是：人可以被消灭，但绝不能被打败。也许，是他担忧本人被打败，而消灭了本人。 .Major Works 1926 The Sun Also Rises1927 Men Without Women1929 A Farewell to Arms1940 For Whom the Bell Tolls1942 Men at War: The best War Stories of All Time1952 The Old Man and the Sea.Hemingw

19、ays StyleGrace under pressure: Hemingway deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstance and measures them against an unvarying code, known as “grace under pressureIn the general situation of his novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos; man is always

20、 fighting desperately a losing battle. Even so, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never spiritually defeated.“Iceberg theory “the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. Accordin

21、g to Hemingway, the best way for writing is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorial comments, without emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.He developed the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark. Furthermore, his novel is featured b

22、y telegraphic language.Hemingways Style.Hemingways heroHemingways heroes live adventure-filled lives that are driven by courage and limited by fear;They hide a sensitive heart under a tough exterior;“Grace under pressure is their motto;His heroes are hemmed in by forces beyond their control.Discussi

23、on topicsHow do you understand the title “A Farewell to arms? Is it a story of love/war?Whats your attitude toward war?.About the storyThe book is the story of a young American named Frederic Henry who volunteers for service with the Italian army in World War I and falls in love with his English nur

24、se, with whom he deserts from the retreating Italian front. Having escaped to Switzerland, they live in harmony until the tragic end of her pregnancy, during which both she and the child die. Much has been said about the prose style Hemingway used and a great debate has been waged over whether the n

25、ovel is about machismo and the sex object, Catherine Barkley. However, A Farewell to Arms is not a novel glorifying war. Instead, it is a tragic love story whose farewell is from Frederic to the woman whose arms held sanity in the crazy world of the Great War. .Leading Characters listLieutenant Fred

26、eric Henry- The novels narrator and protagonist. A young American ambulance driver in the Italian army during World War I, Henry meets his military duties with quiet stoicism. He displays courage in battle, but his selfless motivations undermine all sense of glory and heroism, abstract terms for whi

27、ch Henry has little patience. His life lacks real passion until he meets the beautiful Catherine Barkley. .Leading Characters listCatherine Barkley- An English nurses aide who falls in love with Henry. Catherine is exceptionally beautiful and possesses, perhaps, the most sensuously described hair in

28、 all of literature. When the novel opens, Catherines grief for her dead fianc launches her headlong into a playful, though reckless, game of seduction. Her feelings for Henry soon intensify and become more complicated, however, and she eventually swears lifelong fidelity to him. .Excerpt (Chapter 41)Place: in the hospitalTime: 3 oclock in the morning at noon: turning point at 2 oclock it was beginning to be dark at nightCharacters: Henry, Cat