2022-04考博补充附赠-continued

1、Doctorate Students Writing and Speaking ClassMore SummarizingPrepositionsAdjectives/AdverbsProcess WritingMore SummarizingLast week to end the class I had you begin to write a summary of an article related to the ancient Olympic Games. Today we are going to talk more about this article and look at s

2、ome examples of summaries.Writing a SummaryUsually the process for writing a summary is establishing the main purpose and writing about this in the first sentence or two. Then you can look at each paragraph and find the main idea or most important information and include this in your summary.The fol

3、lowing is an example:Exercise # 1First I want you to get into groups of 2-3 and discuss with each other what you thought the main purpose of this article is. This will also help us review the article to remember what it was about.Steves Example of a SummaryThe main purpose of this article is to look

4、 at the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece. First Sentence: In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece.Steves Example of a SummarySummary of the First ParagraphIt is generally accepted that these G

5、ames started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. Second and Third Paragraph In the first recorded Games there was only one event, however as time went on different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wrestling an

6、d the pentathlon. They even added events specifically for boys and armed soldiers making the Games as varied as that of the modern Olympics. Fourth and Fifth ParagraphOriginally the games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowe

7、d as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympi

8、c Games held in Greece. It is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. In the first Games there was only one event, however as time went on different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other

9、 events like wrestling and the pentathlon. They even added events specifically for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also r

10、estricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.Another NoteAlthough summary writing is objectively based, there is not necessarily one correct answer; the reader must be sensitive to the writing

11、 and use his or her best judgment to weigh out the relative importance of the main points of the text. Sometimes there will be differing opinions; this is okay.Additional ThoughtsIf examples or minor details fill a large portion of the article, do your best to try to identify a principle within the

12、examples. Is there a way by which you can represent the details by mentioning an underlying principle? If so, write it. Because this Olympics article is full of details you could also summarize the article by writing about the main principles instead of including some of the details.Another Possible

13、 ExampleIn this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece. The article begins with an emphasis on the length of history as the Olympic games date back several thousand years. The author also emphasizes some of the many changes that have ta

14、ken place throughout the Olympics over time. The games started with just one event but as time went on more and more events were added, such as wrestling, boxing, and the chariot race. The event used to be held on one day but this changed to several days as different events were added. The author en

15、ds the article focusing on the different participants in the games. Women were not allowed to participate and originally only free-born Greeks were allowed to participate. Eventually the athletes became specialists in preparing for the games which has e very controversial. This article has explained

16、 many different aspects related to the history of the Olympic games as well as many of the changes that have taken place over the years.More SummarizingAt the beginning of this semester you had to write a summary of an article. I have copied this article out and printed it on your handout. You were

17、asked to write a 150 word summary of this article. Today we are going to look at this article and see a few examples of summaries. Preparing to write a summaryI am going to give you around five minutes to read this article. The first thing you want to do is establish the main purpose.Spoken Exercise

18、In groups of 2-3 I want you to discuss what you think the main purpose of this article is. What is confusing about this article? Can you explain the main ideas in spoken English?SummariesAt times you will need to write a summary for an article you do not fully understand. In this case you need to do

19、 your best to write what you believe to be the main purpose. At times, summaries will be subjective as one persons understanding can be different than another persons understanding of an article. This will usually only happen when the structure of an article is relatively poor. Example of a SummaryB

20、y the end of the thirteenth century, noticeable changes in weather patterns were occurring as Europe entered a period that has been called a “little ice age.” A small drop in overall temperature resulted in shortened growing seasons and disastrous weather conditions. The great famine expanded to oth

21、er parts of Europe in an all-too-familiar pattern. By 1300, indications are that Europe had reached the upper limit of its population. Virtually all productive land was being farmed. There was also a movement from over-populated rural areas to urban locations. There is no certainty that these migran

22、ts found better economic opportunities in urban areas. Europe seemed to have reached an upper limit to population growth, and the number of poor appeared to have increased noticeably. Some historians have pointed out that famine may have led to chronic malnutrition. They argue this helps explain the

23、 high mortality of the great plague known as the Black Death. Another ExampleThis article shows us about the weather change in the thirteenth century In Europe and its great influence on the whole Europe, that is the great famine. In the following parts, the author explains the reason of the big cha

24、nge. At first, population increased greatly in Europe and reached its upper limit by the thirteenth century. In order to support the people, more and more lands are farmed including that which needed protection. This leads to weak resistence to the weather change. Second, peoples movement from rural

25、 areas to urban areas also make the cities over-populated. Instead of getting opportunities, more and more poor people in the cities in the one hand, and on the other hand, peasants have a smaller size farm on average. Because of the population growth and the peoples movement lead to the weather cha

26、nge and result in severe famine. The famine lead to chronic malnutrition which makes people unable to resist disease. Another ExampleTo explain the high mortality of Black Death, historians studied the great famine which occurred in the 14th century. It was found that Europe had reached the upper li

27、mit of its population by 1300. And there was a movement from over-populated rural areas to urban locations. Between 1315 and 1317 extremely bad weather caused a great famine in Europe and 10 percent of the European population was killed by it. Many people were hungry and poor. Historians pointed out that the famine might have led to increased infant mortality, lower birthrates and higher susceptibility to disease. All those findings proved th