汽车转向系统的历史外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

1、 汽车转向系统的历史汽车转向系统在车辆系统中是最基础的系统，驾驶员通过方向盘操纵和控制汽车的行驶方向，从而实现了他的行驶意图。100多年里，汽车行业中机械和电子技术的发展。如今，汽车已经不是纯粹的机械，它是机械、电子和其他材料等的综合产品。汽车产业的转向系统的发展，经过了漫长的变革。传统的转向系统是机械转向系统，汽车的方向盘通过试点，通过这样一系列的机械零件使方向盘实现偏转，从而实现转向的控制。由于在 20世纪 50年代，液压助力转向系统在汽车上的应用，标志着转向系统又进入一个新的开始。汽车转向系统的动力源从人力转变为液压助力转向。转向系统增加了液压助力器，高压钠灯（液压助力转向）是基于机械和

2、液压系统。液压系统和发动机，发动机开始时一部分是汽车发动机的功率，另一部分的功率是液压系统的动能。由于其工作可靠，成熟的技术已被广泛使用。转向系统的主要特点是流体的压力，减少驾驶员在方向盘的支持，提高了转向灯和自动运行的稳定性。但同时，也有一些液压动力系统的缺陷。针对汽车设计和制造，完成后的车辆转向动态特性无法改变。其直接后果是，在低功率时汽车的部分的动力特性可以得到很好的发挥，但在高速期间有良好的方式来检测，因为是不可调整的动力特性，没有更好的方式驱动，当动力学特征高功率时，而不是非常善于低段的效果好。如果没有看准车辆的液压系统，还必须是发动机驱动。因此，能源消耗提高燃油发动机，现有的液压油

3、泄漏问题不仅污染环境，容易到其他组件，针对气温低，液压系统的性能较差。近年来，随着电子技术的广泛应用，转向系统也越来越多地使用电子设备。变成电子控制系统，因此，相应的出现了电动助力转向系统。电液动力转向可以分为两大类：电动液压转向系统（电液压动力 - EHPS）和电动液压转向，电控 ECHPS转向（液压助力转向）。电动液压助力转向系统是在液压系统的液压助力系统的发展的基础上，不同的是，在液压系统动力源的电动液压动力系统，但不是由汽车发动机电机驱动液压系统，节约能源和减少发动机的燃料消耗。电动液压转向是发展的基础是在传统的液压助力系统，不同的是，电动液压助力转向系统是电子控制装置的增加。电子控制

4、单元根据转向速率，高速自动液压系统的运行参数，在不同速度的液压助力的大小从而实现变化动态1 特性。但在电机驱动的液压系统，反过来，电机可以停止转动，从而降低能源消耗。虽然电液动力转向系统、液压转向，克服了缺点。但由于液压系统的存在，它存在液压油泄漏问题和电动助力转向系统，使电机驱动系统更复杂的成本和可靠性。为了避免电动液压转向系统，电动助力转向系统的电力转向系统（ EPS）现在应该出现。它与各种助力转向系统，电动助力转向系统最大的区别在于有没有液压系统。液压助力转向系统由电机产生的。一般电力转向系统由扭矩传感器和微处理器，电机等的基本原理是：当驾驶员转动方向盘传动轴旋转，安装旋转轴扭矩传感器和

5、扭矩信号转换成电信号微处理器，微处理器的速度和扭矩信号的其他车辆的运行参数的基础上，根据设定的程序，在处理权力电机助力的方向和大小的助推器。自 1988 年以来，首次在日本铃木 Cervo 的汽车装备转向系统，动力转向系统被广泛认可的人。转向系统主要体现在以下几个方面：动力转向系统可以提供不同的速度下的动态特性的不同。在低的道路，转向增加更多的光线，减少在高速转向，甚至为了改善道路增加受潮。动力转向系统仅在转向电机工作，提供电源以减少能源消耗。由电池供电的电动助力转向系统电机，所以不能在发动机工作的工作条件下。电动助力转向系统液压相比液压助力系统和自动装配系统，不应该。和电动助力转向系统，可以

6、改变的助推器方案的微处理器算法，简单的动态特性的变化。科学技术的发展正在改变传统的转向系统，转向控制（四轮转向），打开传导机制。但是，思想的火花总能带来意外的惊喜！电子转向系统 SBW 的督导（线），改变微控制器的三个最传统的概念，它被替换的转向传动机构，分为两部分的三个最。电子助力转向系统，是技术最先进的汽车转向系统。它主要由转向控制模块，执行模块和微控制器三个模块。转向控制模块的主要功能以扭矩的驱动程序的意图传感器检测，并以检测巴士信号（包括旋转方向和转速等）微控制器，微控制器的信号的基础上，和速度反馈控制模块是方向盘的司机，可以感受到道路。但是，这是方式是虚拟的发展，根据测试数据的集成形

7、成了“经验”，并在微控制器的形式固化过程的方式。所以它的速度转向扭矩率的大小和一些对应关系。转向角传感器和执行机构包括转向电机，转向电机控制器等，它的功能为基础的微控制器上的控制命令，驱动电机旋转角度来执行，完成行动。此外，旋转角度传感器监测和反馈，微控制器，形成一个完整的精确的闭环控制系统，转向运动的大小。微控制器是电子助力转向系统的核心。它接收信号检测、处理、发送相应的控制信号。由于微控制器更换转向传导机制，因此机械系统组件之间的连接减少了响应的响应2 速度和准确性。传输控制软件编程的任何设置和其他设备，如 ABS，自动导航设备。传输机制减少汽车内饰带来了更大的空间，给更有趣的游乐设施。转

8、向行为可以记录并保存在软件，可以帮助进一步完善后转向控制策略的 EEPROM，甚至可以提供交通事故证据。汽车的安全问题一直是公众关注的焦点。转向系统和照明系统可以提供更好的安全性在夜间交通。页上面显示，传统的照明系统是前线的照射下，车辆和行人在角落的车辆，如果司机将很难找到在角落里，行人的交通意外。如果照明系统与转向系统相结合，如上图，当司机在方向盘角度的权利有权改变轻，更广泛的照明反过来，照明以便在更广泛的行人路的拐角处，很容易被发现。目前的照明技术，在中档雪铁龙凯旋、丰田佳美。目前，电子助力转向系统的可靠性和成本，阻碍了发展。如果微控制器的主要问题表现，转向系统将彻底失败，其不喜欢的电动助

9、力转向系统和电动液压助力转向系统的电机或液压系统，也可出现与人类的问题时，以控制汽车。微控制器的电子助力转向系统的故障，因为没有机械系统可以连接到方向盘和转向，因此无法控制汽车。但仍然是，尽管电子转向系统是未来的发展方向。现代汽车转向装置的设计趋势。1.1 自动高速的需要从光操纵稳定和安全的角度是汽车制造广泛使用更先进的技术，使用高刚性转向齿轮比转向。“比和高刚性，是目前世界生产转向结构。充分考虑安全。1.2 可移植性汽车的速度增加，司机和乘客的安全，是非常重要的，在国内和国外许多汽车已普遍增加能量吸收装置，如安全督导带，防止碰撞，安全气囊等并逐步推广。从人体工程学的角度来看，操纵光有逐渐采用

10、可调转向柱和动力转向系统。1.3 成本低，油耗低，专业化的生产数量随着国际经济形势，石油危机，经济衰退，汽车生产越来越重视经济，因此，设计成本低、油耗低、自动生产线实现大规模专业化生产的合理化。零配件制造尤其是转向器的生产更加突出。1.4 汽车转向器设备的舵机装置，汽车上的计算机的发展方式。现代汽车的转向装置的发展趋势现代汽车的转向装置。2.1 使用动态随着汽车行业的快速发展，转向装置的结构有很大的变化。从目前使用的流行的汽车转向器结构，主要产品有：有四种类型的蠕虫肖（参考），蜗轮（WR 型），循环球式（BS 型）和齿条和小齿轮（RP）。这四个转向器，已被广泛用在公交车上。据了解，在全世界范围

11、自动循环球式转向器 45，齿条和小齿轮转向轮的 40左右，蜗杆舵机约为 10，5转向其他类型。球式转向器一直稳步发展，在欧洲乘客，齿条和小齿轮转向有很大的发展。日本的特点是汽车转向器循环球式转向器的比例越来越大，不同类型转向器，总线循环球式转向器已经从20 世纪 60 年代使用的各型汽车发3 动机，发展现代化的 62.5，100（蜗轮转向齿轮组件，在公共汽车上已被淘汰。大型和小型货车大都采用循环球式转向器齿条和小齿轮转向器，也有发展。圆形的微型客货车球式转向器 65，35的机架和小齿轮。产品品种的综合运用，得出以下结论：球式转向器。流通齿条和小齿轮转向齿轮组件，已成为世界上两个主要的汽车转向器

12、，蜗杆蜗轮式转向器，舵机组件被淘汰或保留较小的地位。在舵机客运的发展，不同的是，美国和日本重点发展循环球式转向器，比率已达到或超过 90，西部大开发的关键是机架和小齿轮转向齿轮组件的比例，超过法国 50，有 95以上。齿轮齿条和小齿轮转向组件的应用程序（包括客运和货运的旅行车或小）的发展突飞猛进，大型车辆循环球式转向器的主要结构的小型车的优势。2.2 周期球式转向器流通的特点是：效率高，操作轻，顺利控制力特性曲线，装饰方便特别适用于大，中型车辆和动力转向系统，易转移的信号，高效率，返回良好的推力液压助力装置，以及行动。实现的比例，满足操纵可移植性的要求。中间位置迫使小，通常用于敏感，因此，在附

13、近的小的中间位置，以提高灵敏度比。大角度的位置，但使用电阻，所以更少大角度的位置，加快减少迫使。由于循环球式转向器，可实现比例，越来越广泛的应用。通过大量的钢材轧制，联系提供强制有实力和良好的耐磨性和舵机可以设计等，是机械结构是其广泛应用的原因之一。变结构比、刚度，特别适合高速车辆高。在高速需要一个更好的稳定高速的车辆，必须确保高刚度转向。齿条齿扇副磨损后间隙调整，使有适当的转向齿轮传动的差距，从而改善生活，但也舵机转向的优点。转向器生产在中国，除了早期蠕虫解放牌的汽车生产，四轮转向与蠕虫肖齿轮组件，东风汽车转向器组件，其他大多数机型采用循环球式结构，并具有一定的生产经验。目前，东风积极开发周

14、期，并在第二桓兴球式转向器上广泛使用的球式转向器。因此，我们的产品质量生产周期是在球式转向器发展。230 重定向专门生产外国球式转向器循环实现专业化生产，培训，测试和研究，大大提高产品的质量和产量。在日本精工（ NSK的）成本低，质量好，产量，日本市场并逐步向销售其产品。德国 ZF 公司的循环球式转向器公司还作为一个大的舵机列车从 1948 年到开始生产各种型号的转向器，采埃孚转向 200 万。一些较大的转向器制造商，美国萨吉诺分公司，德尔福英国BURM，公司是专业生产厂家，拥有大型的生产和销售的专业化已经成为一种趋势。只有走这条道路，使高品质的产品，生产，成本低，在市场上的竞争力。4 2.4

15、 动力转向系统是发展方向动力转向系统的广泛应用，不仅在沉重的公交车必须装备，适用于高级轿车、中等的应用和普及。渐渐地，主要是从减轻驾驶员疲劳，提高操纵光与稳定。虽然带来更高的成本和结构复杂的问题，但由于明显的优势，得到快速发展。动力转向有三种形式:积分,安排和曼联一半阀门类型动力转向系统结构。现在三种形式、快速发展,积分前轴重二手车,八吨前轴负载阀用于 5 # 0;18吨汽车,超过一半的前轴负载部门为作者的车。从发展趋势看，在国外发展较快，但整体舵机积分转向器临时阀门结构是发展的方向。5 Auto steering system development historySteering syst

16、em is necessary in vehicle system is the basic system, driver through thesteering wheel to manipulate and control cars direction of travel, so as to realize the intentionof his driving.For more than 100 years, automobile industry with mechanical and electronic technologydevelopment and progress. Tod

17、ay, the car is not purely mechanical sense of a car, it is themechanical, electronic, materials and other comprehensive product. Steering system with thedevelopment of the car industry after the long evolution.The traditional steering system is mechanical steering system, automotive steering wheel,b

18、y pilot control through such a series of mechanical parts steering wheel to realize thedeflection, so as to realize the steering.As in the 1950s, hydraulic power steering system in automotive applications, marked thebeginning of steering system. Sources of power steering by previous human to human a

19、ndhydraulic booster.Hydraulic booster HPS (Hydraulic Power Steering) is in the Steering system based on themechanical and Hydraulic system increased a. The hydraulic system and the engine, when thegeneral part of the engine starts, provide automobile engine power forward, another part ofthe kinetic

20、energy of hydraulic system for power. Due to its reliable work, mature technologystill has been widely used. The steering system of the main characteristic is the fluid pressure,reduce drivers support in the steering wheel, improved the steering light and auto operationstability.But at the same time

21、, there are also some hydraulic power system flaw:Aiming at vehicle design and manufacture, after the completion of the vehicle steeringdynamical characteristics cannot change. The direct consequence is that when the dynamicalcharacteristics in low power, car in low segment can get very good, but in

22、 high-speed periodhas good way to sense, because cannot adjust dynamical characteristics, no better way drivers,When the dynamical characteristics in high power, not very good at low segment tprompt6 effect.If not, aiming to vehicle hydraulic system must also be in the engine driving. As a result,th

23、e energy consumption, increase fuel engine,Existing hydraulic oil leakage problems should not only to environmental pollution, and easyto other components.Aiming at low temperatures, hydraulic system performance is poor.In recent years, with the electronic technology in the wide application, steerin

24、g system alsomore and more used electronic devices. Turn into the electronic control system, therefore, thecorresponding appeared electrohydraulic power steering system. Electrohydraulic PowerSteering can be divided into two categories: electric Hydraulic Steering system (ElectroHydraulic Power - th

25、e EHPS) and electric Hydraulic Steering Electronically ControlledECHPS Steering (Hydraulic Power Steering). Electric hydraulic steering system is inhydraulic power system on the basis of the development of hydraulic booster systems, anddifferent is, electric hydraulic power system of power sources i

26、n the hydraulic system, but notby motor engine motor drive hydraulic system, save energy and reduce the engine fuelconsumption. Electric hydraulic steering is in traditional hydraulic booster systems on thebasis of the development, the difference is that the electric hydraulic steering system,electr

27、onic control devices increased. The electronic control unit can according to the steeringrate, speed auto operation parameters of hydraulic system, change the size of the hydraulicbooster at different speeds, so as to realize the change, dynamical characteristics. But underthe motor drive hydraulic

28、system, in turn, motor can stop turning, thereby reducing energyconsumption.Although electrohydraulic power steering system of hydraulic steering overcomes thedrawbacks. But due to the existence of hydraulic system, it exists the hydraulic oil leakageproblem, and electrohydraulic power steering syst

29、em, introduced motor drive system is morecomplex, costs and reliability.In order to avoid Electric hydraulic Steering system, Electric Power Steering system ofElectric Power Steering (EPS) should now. It with all sorts of steering system, the biggestdifference lies in the electric power steering sys

30、tem has no hydraulic system. Originally7 produced by hydraulic steering system by motor. Electric power steering system of general bythe torque sensor and microprocessor, motor, etc. The basic principle is: when the driverturned the steering wheel drive shaft rotation, to install in the rotation axe

31、s of the torquesensor and torque signal into electrical signals to microprocessors, microprocessor based onspeed and torque signal other vehicles running parameters, according to the set procedures inthe treatment of that power motors booster direction and the size of the booster. Since 1988,the fir

32、st in Japan suzuki Cervo car to equip the steering system, power steering system iswidely recognized by the people.Steering system is mainly embodied in the following aspects:A power steering system can provide different at different speeds under the dynamicalcharacteristics. In the low road, steeri

33、ng, to increase more light, At high speed reducedsteering, even in order to improve the road are increased to damp.A power steering system only in steering motors to work, to provide power, so as to reduceenergy consumption.A motor, so by battery-powered electric power steering system can notwork in

34、 engine under the condition of the work.Electric power steering system should not hydraulic system, compared with hydraulicbooster systems and automated assembly. And electric power steering system can change thebooster program microprocessor algorithm, easy dynamical characteristics of the change.T

35、he development of science and technology is changing, the traditional steering system ofsteering control (wheel steering), and turn of transmission mechanism. But the thought of thespark can always bring surprise! Electronic Steering system SBW Steering (to the Wire) waschanged to the traditional co

36、ncept of three most with micro-controller, it was replaced By theSteering transmission mechanism, the three most into two parts. Electronic steering system isthe most advanced and automotive steering system of technology. It mainly consists ofsteering control module, to execute module and micro cont

37、roller three modules.Steering control modules main function is to torque sensor detection by the driver intention,and to detect signal (including rotation direction and rotational speed, etc) by bus to microcontroller, and micro controller based on the signal, and speed feedback control module is as

38、teering wheel to make drivers, can feel road. But this is the way, is the development of8 virtual according to test data of integrated, formed experience, and by way of curing processin the form of micro controller. So it is with speed, turning to the size of the torque rate andsome corresponding re

39、lation.Steering Angle sensor and actuator including steering motors, steering motor controller etc.It is the function of micro controller based on the control command, drive motor rotationAngle to execute, complete to action. Also the size of the rotation Angle sensor monitoringand feedback to micro

40、 controller, forming a complete accurate closed-loop control system,steering movement.Micro controller is the core of electronic steering system. It is receiving signal detection,processed send corresponding control signal.Due to the micro controller replaced steering transmission mechanism, thus me

41、chanicalconnection between components of the system, reduce the response speed and the accuracy ofthe response. And to turn strategy, transmission control software programming any Settings,And other equipment, such as ABS, automatic navigation equipment. Transmissionmechanism of reducing brings a bi

42、gger car interior space, give rides more fun. And turningbehavior can be recorded, save in software that can help EEPROM after further perfecting thesteering control strategy, even can provide evidence for the traffic accident.Auto safety question has been the focus of public attention. Steering sys

43、tem and lightingsystem can give at night traffic better security. Page shown above, the traditional lightingsystem is the vehicle to the front line irradiation, vehicles and pedestrians in corners if driverswill be hard to find in the corner, pedestrians traffic accidents. If the lighting system com

44、binedwith the steering system, pictured above, when drivers in the steering wheel to the right of thesteering wheel Angle, light with the right to change, the more wide illumination turn, lighting,so in a broader range of pedestrian road corner will easily be found. Currently the lightingtechnology

45、has in the midrange Citroen triumph, Toyota camrys are used.At present, electronic steering system reliability and the cost is obstructed the development.If the micro controller is mainly manifested in the problem, steering system will completefailure, its not like electric power steering system and

46、 electric hydraulic steering system, inthe motor or hydraulic system, also can appear when problems with human to control cars.9 The micro-controller electronic steering system malfunction, because no mechanical systemscan be connected to the steering wheel and steering, therefore impossible to cont

47、rol of the car.But despite the electronic steering system is still the future development direction of steeringsystem.Auto 1.1 high-speed need,From the manipulation of light, the stability and security ofAngle, automobile manufacturing widely used more advanced technology, using high rigidity,steeri

48、ng gear ratios steering. Ratios and high rigidity is currently the world production ofsteering structure.Fully considering safety, 1.2 portability,Auto speed increase, with the driver andpassengers safety is very important in many cars at home and abroad, has generally addenergy absorption devices,

49、such as safety steering belt prevent collisions, etc, the airbag, andgradually popularized. From the point of view of human engineering, manipulation of lighthas gradually adopts adjustable steering column and power steering system.130 low cost, low fuel consumption, specialized production quantitie

50、s,With theinternational economic situation, oil crisis recession, auto production seriously more and moreeconomical, therefore, to design the low cost, low fuel consumption, low cost, autoproduction line, realizing mass rationalization of specialized production. To spare partsmanufacturing, especial

51、ly the steering gear production, more outstanding.The computerized 1.4 automobile redirector device,The steering gear device, car on theway to the development of computers.2 the modern automobile steering device developmenttrend.The modern automobile steering device 2.1 using dynamicAlong with the r

52、apid development of the automotive industry, steering device structure hasgreat changes. Automobile redirector structure from the prevalence of currently used, themain products are: there are four types of worm shaw (reference), worm wheel (WR type),circulation ball type (BS type) and rack-and-pinio

53、n (RP). These four redirector, has beenwidely used in the bus.As we have learned, in the world scope, auto cycle ball type redirector 45%,rack-and-pinion steering wheel around 40%, worm around 10% of steering gear, other typesof steering 5%. Ball type redirector cycle has been steady development. In

54、 Western Europe in10 the passenger, rack-and-pinion steering have very big development. Japan is characteristic ofautomobile redirector circular ball type redirector proportion is more and more big, theJapanese equipment of different types of each type of automobile engine, using different typeredir

55、ector, used in the bus cycle of ball type redirector, already from the 1960s, thedevelopment of modern 62.5% 100% (worm wheel steering gear-component on the bus hasbeen eliminated. Large and small trucks are mostly using circular ball type redirectorrack-and-pinion steering gear, but also the develo

56、pment. Mini vans with circular ball typeredirector 65%, rack-and-pinion 35%.The comprehensive use of varieties of products, the following conclusions:Ball type redirector. Circulation rack-and pinion steering gear-component with, has becomethe worlds two major automobile redirector, And worm # 0; Wo

57、rm and worm type redirectorshaw, steering gear-component is eliminated or retain smaller status.In view of the development of steering gear passenger is different, the United States andJapan focus on developing circular ball type redirector, ratio have reached or more than 90%,Western development is

58、 key rack-and pinion steering gear-component ratio, more than 50%,France has 95%.Rack-and pinion steering gear-component with the advantages of small car in theapplication (including passenger and freight station wagon or small) development by leapsand bounds, And large vehicles to cycle for the mai

59、n structure of the ball type redirector.The ball type redirector. Circulation characteristics are: high efficiency, manipulation oflight, a smooth control force characteristic curve.Decorate convenient Especially suitable for large and medium-sized vehicles and powersteering system with, Easy to tra

60、nsfer the signal, High efficiency, return good thrust hydraulicbooster device, and the actions as well.To realize the ratios, satisfy the requirements of manipulating portability. Intermediateposition to force is small, and often used to sensitive, therefore, request to intermediateposition near the