语言学讲义 考研 7 SOCIOLINGUISTICS

1、考研讲义 7sociolinguistics 主要考点语言与文化的关系萨皮尔-沃尔夫假设的强势说和弱势说跨文化交际中出现障碍的原因语言使用的社会属性语言在社会语境中作为交际工具的多样性2T/FSociolinguistis are interested in “terms of address”because they offer some socio-cultural information about the type of relationship between the speaker and the hearer.Micro-sociolinguistics is socioling

2、uistics proper.Greek does not belong to the Indo-European lg family.Regional dialect is a variety of lg related to the use of lg.Linguistic competence is one variety of cultural competence.3Blank-filling Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field, mode and _.The _ theory shows a lg existi

3、ng in different dialects that overlap each other.Name four subfamilies in the Indo-European lg family:_.The lg in the Germanic subfamily are _,_,_,_,_ and _.English belongs to the _ subfamily of the _family._ lgs are those in which words are typically composed of a sequence of affixes added to the r

4、oot.In the present day, the stability of _ sees to be decreasing.1 tenor 2 wave 3 Celtic, Italic, Germanic Hellenic 4English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedian, Dutch5 Germanic , Indo-European 6 agglutinative 7.regional dialect41. Lg and cultureBroadly speaking, culture means the total way of life

5、of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.51.1 The relationship between L & CGenerally, the relation of L to C is that of part to whole, for L is part of C. Th

6、e knowledge and beliefs that constitute a peoples culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in L.6Anthropological study of linguistics: study of language in a sociocultural context.Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942): The meaning of a word greatly depends upon its occurrence in a given context.Lan

7、guage functions as a link in human activity, a mode of action.7J. R. Firth (1890-1960): theory of the context of situationThe relevant features of the participants, persons, personalities.The relevant objects.The effects of the verbal action.“who speaks what to whom and when and to what end”8Dell Hy

8、mes (1927- ): Ethnography of communication Speech situation.Situation, event, and act.SPEAKING: situation, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genres9Sapir-Whorf HypothesisEdward Sapir (1884 - 1939) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941)Our language helps mould our way o

9、f thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world. Linguistic determinism: L may determine our thinking patterns.Linguistic relativity: different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.10English: horse

10、shoeFrench: fer a cheval iron for horseGerman: hufeisen hoof ironThe Eskimos have countless words for snow. The Arabs, for camels.11Linguistic evidence of cultural differencesTerms of addressGreetingsThanks and complimentsPrivacy and taboosColor words121.2 Culture-loaded words烫手的山芋 vs. hot potato 雨后

11、春笋 vs. spring like mushroom 大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友 meat and potatoes, meat and drink to someone13kill the goose that lays the golden eggs” vs.“杀鸡取卵” Cold words vs. 冷言冷语Constant dropping wears the stone. 滴水穿石Diamond cut diamond. 棋逢对手Kill a man when he is down. 落井下石141.3 Cultural overlap and diffusionThrough

12、communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and becomes part of culture B.Loan words in Chinese and English.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、排挡、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon, gongfu, etc.15Netspeak 网络语言顶(支持)555(呜呜呜)ding(顶)mm/MM(妹妹)LZ(楼主)DD/dd(弟弟)88(拜拜)偶(我)马甲(ID)ID斑竹(版主)恩(嗯)汗或寒(敬畏)晕(非常惊异)ps/PS(photoshop的简

13、称)灌水(发帖子)ddd(顶顶顶)bs/BS(鄙视)楼猪(楼主)滴(的、地)162. Language and SocietyLanguage is not always used to exchange information as is generally assumed, but rather it is sometimes used to fulfill an important social function to maintain social relationship between people.17Users of the same language in a sense a

14、ll speak differently. What each of them chooses to use is in part determined by ones social background. When we speak we cannot avoid giving our listeners clues about our origin and our background.The social environment can also be reflected in language, and can often have an effect on the structure

15、 and the vocabulary. For example, a societys kinship system is generally reflected in its kinship vocabulary. 18The social environment can also be reflected in language, and can often have an effect on the structure and the vocabulary. For example, a societys kinship system is generally reflected in

16、 its kinship vocabulary. 1920212.1 SociolinguisticsThe sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between L and society, between the uses of L and the the social structures in which the users of L live.Micro-studiesMacro-studies22Micro-studies: To look at society from the point of view of an

17、 individual member within it, or a worms-eye view of L in use.Macro-studies: To look at society as a whole and consider how L functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, a birds eye view of the language used in society.23Variationist perspective:People who claim to be users of t

18、he same language do not speak the language in the same manner.Varieties 语言变体related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers语域.24Regional dialects are linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions.Regional dialect boundaries often coincid

19、e with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers, or swamps. English ScottishIt needs washingIt needs washed25Social-class dialect, or sociolect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Social dialect has to do with separation brought about by different soc

20、ial conditions. 26Upper class: America, cake, helping, ice, lavatory, looking glass, pudding, relatives, rich, Royalties, scent, scurf, sick, sofa, spectacles, writing paperLower class: the States, pastry, portion, ice-cream, toilet, mirror, dessert, relations, wealthy, Royals, perfume, dandruff, il

21、l, settee, notepaper, glasses27Speaker A Speaker B I did it yesterday. I done it yesterday. He hasnt got it. He aint got it. It was she that said it. It was her what said it.When we look at the language used by two speakers A and B, we can estimate roughly their relative social status.28In Britain,

22、accent = marker of statusRP: a non-localized form of pronunciation, refers to the particular way of pronouncing standard English, an indicator of a public school education and thus a high social status on the part of the speaker.EE: Estuary English, commonly used by educated people in the region aro

23、und London. Less rigid than RP but more standard than Cockney.Cockney: lower class dialect of East London, considered non-standard by educated people.29Language and GenderCompared with men, women tend to use such adverbs: horridly, abominably, immensely, excessively, amazingly, so, most, etc. The ov

24、eruse of these words imply that the users are sentimental, shallow and not objective enough.30An example from Pride and Prejudice: Oh! My dear Mr. Bennet, we have had a most excellent ball. Jane was so admired. Every body said how well she looked. Mr. Bingley thought her quite beautiful, I was so ve

25、xed to see him stand up with her. I am quite delighted with him. He is so excessively handsome! 31 Wife: You always leave your papers about dear!Husband: Really? Didnt I put them in place yesterday?In a sense, the overuse of the words of absoluteness or extremity may cause changes in the meaning of

26、a word at least in the eye of a man.32Female: so good, such fun, exquisite, lovely, divine, precious, adorable, darling, fantastic.Neutral: great, terrific, cool, neatWomen have their own vocabulary for emphasizing certain effects:33Aside from specific lexical items, there are differences between th

27、e speech of women and that of men in the use of particles that grammarians often describe as “meaningless”.Male: Shit, damn, darn it, the hellFemale: Oh dear, dear me, goodness me, my goodness34Women use more tag questions.Women use more statement questions with a rising intonation at the end.Womens

28、 linguistic behavior is less direct and more polite.Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.35Standard dialect:Socially prestigious dialect.By the government, mass media, schools. Any member can possibly us

29、e.Based on a selected variety.Not acquired naturally, superimposed.普通话的定义：以北京语音为标准音, 以北方话为基础方言, 以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语。36大连外2002How does dialect differ from standard dialect? 湖师大 what is standard dialect? Is there only one form of standard variety in English?37Halliday: RegisterL varies as its fu

30、nction varies; it differs in different situations. The type of L which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.38Field of discourse: what is going on, purpose and subject-matter of communication, why, whatTechnical vs. non-technicalTenor of discourse: the role of relationsh

31、ip in the situation, who, to whomThe level of formalityMode of discourse: the means of communication, howA lecture on biology浙大lllustrate the meaning of discourse in terms of field, tenor and mode.39Martin Joos: Degree of formalityFrozen Formal Consultative Casual IntimateFormal Informal40Visitors w

32、ould make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase. (frozen)Visitors should go up the stairs at once. (formal)Would you mind going upstairs please? (consultative)Time you all went upstairs now. (casual)Up you go, Chaps! (intimate)41东大Express the information of asking for closing

33、the door in five stages of formality:Key(1) intimate :Close the door.(2) Casual: Please close the door.(3) consultative:Will you ?(4) Formal:Will you please ?(5) Frozen:Wont you ?422.2 Sociolinguistic study of societyTo know more about a given society by examining the linguistic behavior of its memb

34、ers.DiglossiaBilingualism & MultilingualismCode-switching43Monolingual: Speakers of a single language control different varieties of that language.Bilingual: People develop some ability in a second language.How to describe?44to identify each of the languages.the way each language was acquired. “X is

35、 a native speaker of Cantonese and learned English in school.”mastery of skills: reading, writing, speaking.function or domain: for each of the domains, a bilingual tends to prefer a certain language.45Monolingual speech communities are rare; monolingual countries are even rarer.Bilingualism the two

36、 languages are in contact.This contact may lead to interference.Pidgin, Creole, diglossia46Pidgin: not a native language of anyone.learned informally in contact.used esp. as trade language.involves the mixture of two or more Ls.Eg. Nigerian Pidgin English; Vietnamese Pidgin French; New Guinea Pidgin

37、 German, etc.47上海话中的洋泾浜英语“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）“大兴”（DASHY，浮华的，华而不实的，引申为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）“肮三”（ON SALE，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾货、形容人的品质低劣）“瘪三”（BEG SIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一。“赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”（欺骗）和中文“佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语（隐语）。48From pidgin to creolesAs a result of intermarriage, the pidgin is sp

38、oken at home and learned by children as a mother tongue.Pidgin is not just a contact language with limited social functions, but can deal with more.Eg. Haitian Creole, Hawaiian Creole English49Diglossia: Two distinct varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of fu

39、nctions.Switzerland: High German as the standard (public, official)Swiss German as the vernacular (informal, daily)50Code-Switching: Bilinguals often switch between their two languages in the middle of a conversation.Metaphorical switching: the purpose of communicationSituational switching: role-rel

40、ationshipMixed code: words from new languages are used in old languages, e.g. New Zealand English51“Hi，你好呀！Thismorning，我们对你的case进行了discuss，我们发现，这对我们没什么benefit。所以我们不得不遗憾地告诉你：与这件事相关的所有Project都将被cancel掉。”“事实证明，Download已经不吃香了，Portal也正在逐渐没落。ISP与ICP都没有什么很Power的招数了。My God，我们的前途究竟在哪里？Page view、Impression，我们

41、真正缺乏的是如何让访问者Once again的内容与形式。”52“我是beast那你呢”“我比你少一个A, 所以我是best。”辛楣吃晚饭回来, 问鸿渐道:“你在英国到过牛津、剑桥没有? 他们的tutorial system 是怎么一回事?”这种同情比笑骂还难受, 鸿渐咬牙来个中西合璧的咒骂: “To Hell 滚你妈的蛋!”53歌曲：快乐崇拜什么年代吹着什么样的风我拿我的麦克风唱出old school showyall ready to roll 70的年代复古我最highdisco fever从来不肯say goodbye 54大连外，东大 What is the difference b

42、etween pidgins and Creoles? What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in terms of linguistic deerminism? Use examples to illustrate it.Explain the difference between Chines and English culture by illustrating one aspect of life, which is rich in Chinese but limited in English and vice versa.55中国举例-kinship term

43、s 英国：horseGee by childrenHorseflesh horses considered as a group ,esp.for driving , riding or racingSteed-a spirited houseStallion-an adultmale horse Mare-a female horsePony- a horse in size when full grown56人大2003Is American ENGLISH superior to African English? Why or why not?No .57武大2002How do you

44、 react to a person who says”I dont got none”? What is the basis of your reaction?The speaker is from lower social class and receives less ed.the use of double negative construction and got after dont are dialect features,not found in standard lg.this is actually Black Non-strandard ENGLISH.In standa

45、rd English, it should be “ I dont get any.”58北师大2002Use sociolinguistic theory to interpret the situation here.A Chinese girl XIAO CHEN was studying law in Yale University with Maria, a friend girl who also shared the same apartment with Chen.Maria qualled with Peter.Chen drew Maria and consoled her

46、:”Just take it easy, in fact, it is no necessary to quarrel with such an awful ass!i have never liked him at all”AT these words,Maria stopping weeping , turned to stare at Chen and said angrily: “Who give you the right to speak ill of others behind?”59Answer Typical case of misunderstanding of cross

47、-culture commnicationChinese value accord and harmony.Americans value assertive and aggressive communication.60Lg and Gender Females generally tend to use more prestigious forms than males with the same general social background, age, and so on. (I done itI did it)In the same gender pairs having conversations, women generally discuss their personal feelings more than men. There is a great deal of extra politeness in female s