2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境2地球与宇宙奥秘探索教案

1、2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境2地球与宇宙奥秘探索教师用书教案2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境2地球与宇宙奥秘探索教师用书教案PAGE 2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境2地球与宇宙奥秘探索教师用书教案主题语境(二)地球与宇宙奥秘探索阅读理解A(2018北京卷B）Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation（航空） CenterIf youre looking for a unique adventure， the Space and Aviati

2、on Center (SAC) is the place to be.The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands.on tasks and lots of fun.More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering， aviation, education， medicine and a wide variety of other professions。 They come

3、 to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with realworld applications for what theyre studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges（荣誉徽章)At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge

4、 as they build and fire model rockets， learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟） flying to space with the crew from all over the world。The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge。They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the

5、cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators。Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water。and land.survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of a “downed” pilot。With all the programs， teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance

6、of leadership and being part of a bigger task。All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18.Families can enjoy the experience together， too， with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week - there is something here for everyone!For more details， please vis

7、it us online at 。【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目的情况，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。1Why do people come to SAC?ATo experience adventures。BTo look for jobs in aviation.CTo get a degree in engineering.DTo learn more about medicine.A细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句“If youre looking for a unique adven

8、ture， the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be.可知，人们来SAC是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A.2To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to _.Afly to spaceBget an Aviation badge firstCstudy the principles of flightDbuild and fire model rocketsD细节理解题.根据文章第三段“At Space Camp, trainees can earn their

9、 Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets， learn about space tasks and try simulated（模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.”可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型、学习太空任务、尝试与其他飞行员模拟太空飞行等,故选D.3What is the most important for trainees？ALeadership。BTeam spirit。CTask planning。DSu

10、rvival skills.B推理判断题。根据文章第四段“With all the programs， teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task。”可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。B(2018北京卷C）Plastic。Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year。Almost half of that win

11、ds up in landfills（垃圾填埋场）, and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans。 So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms。Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break

12、 down polyethylene， which accounts for 40% of plastics。The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams， or almost 3 of it.To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene bre

13、akdown, the researchers made some worms into paste（糊状物） and applied it to plastic films。14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass apparently broken down by enzymes (酶） from the worms stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017。Federica Bertocchini, coauthor of the stu

14、dy, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food - beeswax also allows them to break down plastic.“Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene， the carbon。carbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains, “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond。”Jennifer

15、DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study， says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step， DeBruyn says， will be to id

16、entify the cause of the breakdown。Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物）？Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process n

17、ot simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic。”【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。4What can we learn about the worms in the study？AThey take plastics as their everyday food。BThey are newly evolved creatures。CThey can consume plastics。DThey wind up in landfills。C推理判

18、断题。根据文章第三段“Federica Bertocchini, co。author of the study， says the worms ability to break down their everyday food - beeswax also allows them to break down plastic.”可知，研究结果发现，大蜡螟蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料,也就是说它们可以吃塑料。故选C.5According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to _。Aidentify other mea

19、ns of the breakdownBfind out the source of the enzymeCconfirm the research findingsDincrease the breakdown speedB细节理解题.根据文章第四段“The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物）？可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来

20、源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的.故选B。6It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might _.Ahelp to raise wormsBhelp make plastic bagsCbe used to clean the oceansDbe produced in factories in futureD推理判断题.根据文章最后一段“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not sim

21、ply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic。”可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠大蜡螟蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D.7What is the main purpose of the passage？ATo explain a study method on worms.BTo introduce the diet of a special worm。CTo present a way to break down plastics.DTo propose new means to keep

22、eco。balance.C写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句“So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms。”可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown o

23、n top of the plastic。可知,Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。C（2017全国卷D）When a leafy plant is under attack,it doesnt sit quietly。Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighbor

24、ing plants can get。These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm。What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.Its a

25、 plants way of crying out.But is anyone listening？Apparently。Because we can watch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty。They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they a

26、rrive,the tables are turned。The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch。In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and kne

27、w what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other？Scientists dont know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself。Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear”the cry。So information was exchanged，but i

28、t wasnt a true，intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin,over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier,noisier and more intimate（亲密的）than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak。Theres a whole lot going on.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了植物受到袭击时会释放出某种化学物质来保护自己并“告知”附近的植物.8What does a plant do when i

29、t is under attack?AIt makes noises。BIt gets help from other plants。CIt stands quietly.DIt sends out certain chemicals.D细节理解题.根据第一段中的“。reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of t

30、he plant and seem to be an alarm。”可知，植物受到伤害时会散发出一种特殊的气味，而这种特殊的气味就是某些化学物质，故选D项.9What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3？AThe attackers get attacked。BThe insects gather under the table.CThe plants get ready to fight back.DThe perfumes attract natural enemies.A句意猜测题。根据第三段中的“

31、They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.（它们散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫,这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌），以及画线部分后的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch。（正在吃午餐的袭击者现在就变成了午餐）”可知，画线部分的意思是袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击，故选A项。10Scientists find from their studies that plants can _.Apred

32、ict natural disastersBprotect themselves against insectsCtalk to one another intentionallyDhelp their neighbors when necessaryB推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away。”和“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attac

33、kers.”可知,植物能保护自己免受昆虫的伤害，故选B项。11What can we infer from the last paragraph?AThe world is changing faster than ever.BPeople have stronger senses than before.CThe world is more complex than it seems。DPeople in Darwins time were more imaginative.C推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，达尔文设想了一个远比现实世界更繁忙、更喧嚣和更亲密的世界，而我们的感官却非常弱，我们还

34、有很长的路要走。由此可知，世界似乎比它看上去的样子更复杂,故选C项。D(2017江苏卷B)Before birth， babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger。But when it comes to embryonic learning（胎教），birds could rule the roost。As recently reported in The Auk

35、：Ornithological Advances， some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch（孵化)New.born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world。This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer， a biologist at Flinders University in

36、South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers-a sound that served as their regular “feed me!call.To find out if the

37、 special quality was more widespread in birds， the researchers sought the red。backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and num

38、ber of notes。A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms。And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies begging calls

39、。In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的） strengths of children to parents.An evolutiona

40、ry inference can then be drawn。“As a parent， do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”【语篇解读】这是一篇科普类的说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现，鸟儿在孵化时会进行胎教，幼鸟会用胎教时学会的鸟叫声来引起鸟妈妈的关注.鸟儿在胎教方面比人类更出色。12The u

41、nderlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”Abe the worstBbe the bestCbe just as badDbe just as goodB词义猜测题。画线部分前面的语境说，婴儿在出生之前就能分辨很大的声响与人的嗓音(tell the difference between loud sounds and voices）；画线部分后面的语境说,有些鸟妈妈在鸟儿被孵化出来之前,就可能教它们啼叫(teach their young to sing）。通过对比画线部分的前后我们发现，这里说的是与人类相比,鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得最好（be the

42、best)，因此选B。13What are Kleindorfers findings based on？ASimilarities between the calls of moms and chicks。BThe observation of fairy wrens across Australia.CThe data collected from Queenslands locals.DControlled experiments on wrens and other birds。A细节理解题.根据题干的Kleindorfers findings based on，我们知道本题询问的是这

43、项研究成果建立的基础，由此把答案定位在第三段和第四段首句（It turns out that。.）.显示:鹪鹩幼鸟的叫声与鸟妈妈的声音也很相似。由此判断,他的发现基于A项(鸟妈妈与幼鸟叫声的相似之处).14Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which _.Acan receive quality signalsBare in need of trainingCfit the environment betterDmake the loudest callC推理判断题。文章最后两段说，研究结果发现,叫

44、声与鸟妈妈的声音很接近的幼鸟得到的食物最多（the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food），这表明，有效的胎教能够把孩子神经系统的优点发信号给母亲(signal neurological strengths of children to parents）。从这些信息判断,胎教能帮助鸟妈妈识别出更能适应环境的幼鸟,因此选C项。写出所给单词的汉语意思1adventure n冒险2astronaut n宇航员3badge n徽章4principle n原则5dow

45、ned adj。被击落的6apparently adv.明显地7previous adj.以前的8chemical adj。化学的9compound n复合物10exchange v交换11intentional adj.故意的12hatch v孵化13observe v注意14emerge v出现；暴露。根据所给汉语写出英文单词1graduate v毕业2double adj.两倍的3enemy n敌人4serious adj.严重的5quality n质量。根据所给提示写出派生单词1hunger n饥饿hungry adj.饥饿的2responsible adj。有责任的；负责的 resp

46、onsibility n责任；负责3employ vt。雇用；利用（时间、精力等) employment n雇用；利用4industry n工业industrial adj。工业的；产业的5smell n味道smelly adj. 有臭味的6similar adj.同样的;类似的similarity n相似；类似7serve v端上（饭菜等）service n服务；兵役。根据所给汉语写出惯用习语1wind_up_结束2so_far直到目前3for_short作为简称4in_effect事实上5back_and_forth来回；往返 即时演练单句语法填空1The government aims

47、to improve pubic services(service），especially education。2He is an explorer（explore)3My income has_doubled_(double） in the past two years because of my hard work.4Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations_have_been_employed （employ） only since the mid1980s。5Therefore，lets take the responsibil

48、ity (responsible） to build up a low.carbon city by riding bicycles.6It is said that carbon dioxide is heating the earth twice as quickly as previously （previous） feared.7Each product was of good quality and won the praise and trust of customers.8The injured in the earthquake have received timely tre

49、atment in the hospital.9Not until the river was seriously polluted did the local government realize the problem.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思）1At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets， learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with t

50、he crew from all over the world。发射2Almost half of that winds up in landfills（垃圾填埋场)， and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.结束3What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds， VOCs for short。喷出，释放.似易实难（将句中黑体词部分译成汉语）1If youre looking for a uniq

51、ue adventure， the Space and Aviation Center(SAC） is the place to be。译文如果你在寻找一次与众不同的探险之旅，太空航天中心正是你该去的地方/是个不可不去的地方。2The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands.on tasks and lots of fun。译文该中心提供的计划旨在利用实践任务和大量的乐趣进行自我挑战和启发。复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)1They come to camp, wanting to know wh

52、at it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real。world applications for what theyre studying in the classroom。分析本句是由and连接的并列句，即they come to camp和they leave with.。第一个分句中wanting to know是状语,what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot是know的宾语从句,其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是to be an astronaut o

53、r a pilot。第二个分句中,with短语是状语，其中宾语从句what theyre studying in the classroom是介词for的宾语。译文他们来到露营地，想知道当宇航员或飞行员是什么感觉，然后带着这些实际应用知识回到他们的知识课堂.2Jennifer DeBruyn， a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee， who was not involved in the study， says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylen

54、e。分析本句是复合句。主句是Jennifer DeBruyn says，it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene是宾语从句，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语.a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee是Jennifer DeBruyn的同位语，who则引导非限制性定语从句.译文Jennifer_DeBruyn是田纳西大学的微生物学家，她没有参与这项研究，但她说那种虫子能分解聚乙烯其实并不奇怪。3The damage is usually more

55、serious on the first plant， but the neighbors, relatively speaking， stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.分析本句是由but连接的并列句，第一个分句是简单句，第二个分句是复合句，其中relatively speaking是插入语，because 引导状语从句，what to do是what they should do的省略形式.译文通常最早遭受虫害的植物损失最严重，而周围的植物，相对来说安全的多，因为他们听到了警报而且知道该怎么做。4In ad

56、dition， the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.分析本句是复合句。the team set up a separate experiment是主句;that suggested.。是定语从句修饰先行词experiment；第二个that引导suggested的宾语从句,从句中主语是the baby birds，谓语是were re

57、warded.。.，第三个that引导定语从句修饰先行词the baby birds，that在从句中做主语，谓语部分是imitated their moms voice。译文此外，研究小组还做了另外一项实验，结果表明，模仿妈妈声音最像的雏鸟获得的食物最多。1rescue v& n营救，拯救，救援(1）rescue sb。/sth.from 。.。从中救出某人/某物（2)come to sb.s rescuego/come to the rescue of sb.进行援救，营救某人make a rescue 实施救援rescue me from an embarrassing situatio

58、n 给我解了围dive from the bridge and rescue the drowning child 从桥上跳入水中去救那个溺水的孩子come to our rescue with a generous donation 慷慨解囊来解救我们基础练习-单句语法填空The three children were rescued from the burning house by the brave firefighters yesterday。It was you who made a rescue in time, which gave us a second life。能力提升一

59、句多译二十分钟后,救援队员到达现场来营救被困的矿工.Rescue workers arrived at the scene twenty minutes later to rescue_the_trapped _miners。（rescue v)Rescue workers arrived at the scene twenty minutes later to come_to_the_ rescue_of_the_trapped_miners.（rescue n）2react vi。(化学）反应；发生作用(1）react to 对作出反应react with 与起（化学)反应react ag

60、ainst 反对；反抗；反叛react on/upon 对有影响(2)reaction n反应in reaction to 对的反应react angrily to the news of more job losses 对更多裁员的消息感到气愤react on living expenses 对生活花费造成影响react against the political system 反抗政治制度a natural reaction to such bad news 对这种坏消息的自然反应基础练习单句语法填空(2019浙江卷)They were not sure how the Americans