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1、Information technology and tourism信息技术与旅游业Unit 6Learning objects: 学习目标-2-Learning objects: 学习目标 -3-Learning objects: 学习目标 -4-5-Introduction: 信息技术在旅游业中的作用信息技术推动了需求供给全球化提供供应商消费者开发管理分销工具旅游1信息技术在旅游行业用于信息交换和辅助经营。可以说,信息技术是旅游发展和竞争的助推器,是研究现代旅游不可忽视的重要一面。2案例: 信息技术保障世博顺利运行.flv-8-2商务旅游经营商要求快速有效地了解信息,制定行程,进行预订。休
2、闲旅游经营商需了解大量信息,以满足顾客获得度假“灵感”预订多种商品满足顾客要求11. 信息技术对旅游经营商的影响提高经营商的效率和利润水平2有效管理现金确保佣金按时支付节省员工的时间和精力更好地为顾客服务利用IT支持企业内部功能和预订渠道使代理商获得更强竞争力 Whats more? The benefits of this approach to tour operatorsThey can focus on suitable market by organizing proper package tours according to the requirements of customer
3、s.They can update brochures regularly.They can save the 10-20% commission paid to other intermediaries in the distribution chain (e.g. travel agencies).They can significantly reduce the costs of incentives, bonuses and educational trips for travel agencies.They can save the cost for developing, prim
4、ing, storing and distributing conventional brochures, which is estimated to be approximately 20 per booking.-10-11-3 所以,IT技术对旅行社管理起到重要作用12. 信息技术对旅行社的影响旅行社主体供应商(住宿,交通)旅游代理商消费者合作伙伴IT对旅行社包价产品的分销能起到重要作用 传统上旅行社的产品分销方式是 印刷小册子 (麻烦) 如今在网上分发电子小册子电子预订表还可实现多媒体展示目的地 旅游包价情况 (方便)2Whats more? The influence of ITs
5、on travel agencies providing the latest information as soon as it happens; completing reservation facilities and helping to coordinate the relationship between consumers and principals. having closely combined the two functions together-back office functions and front office functions so that the or
6、ganizational efficiency has been greatly improved.Making use of Videotext networks and/or GDSs, most travel agencies run reservation systems of various types, which make it convenient for agencies to get information as soon as possible and make reservations on scheduled airlines, hotel chains, car r
7、entals and a variety of additional services.3IT技术给旅行社带来了机会同时也对其提出挑战传统旅行社让旅游者无法通过其他途径获取综合信息IT技术的应用旅游者利用旅游信息在网络上自主设计旅游线路,旅行社地位受到削弱-15-反应更灵活高效准确节省人力减少员工工作量物力在现代饭店中起着举足轻重的作用组织机构扁平化协调饭店各部门工作网络信息提供实时,详尽参考资料,帮助决策者及时了解市场,准确把握形式,迅速做出判断,做到知己知彼。更迅速是旅游行业中使用IT较成熟的企业类型现代饭店 3. 信息技术对饭店的影响1-16-饭店网络预订系统是IT技术在饭店广泛运用的典
8、型CRS系统是饭店集团为控制客源而采用的集团内部计算机客房预订网络GDS是一个开放系统加入这个系统意味着饭店与大部分潜在市场联为一体2-17-CRS全称为Central Reservation System中央预订系统。中央预订系统帮助酒店集团向全球各主要酒店分销渠道展示旗下酒店的产品、系统管理各分销渠道,实现资源优化管理。国际主流酒店管理公司都建有自己的CRS,负责渠道洽谈和接入,为旗下酒店提供客源支持,创建品牌价值中国锦江国际酒店管理公司于2006年宣布开通锦江酒店集团的CRS-吉瑞(JREZ),是第一家真正接通国际、国内主流渠道的本土酒店集团的品牌CRS。 3.1 CRS简介3-18-C
9、RS系统范围不断扩大 订票 预订饭店 行程安排 租用汽车 设计路线 飞机保险包括 为客人订花 提供汇率变动信息旅游目的地的包价6-19- -20-3.2 GDS简介全球航空旅游服务分销系统(GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM,简称GDS)是从航空公司计算机业务系统中分离出来的,基于计算机网络和主机系统的,集航空公司座位情况、航班时刻、酒店、出租车、旅游场所等一系列旅游信息的产品销售系统。全球旅游行业的酒店预订GDS的占有率为50%, 加入GDS等于直接与全球50万家旅行社签订了订房合作协议。7-21- 网络订房与GDS最主要的不同在于GDS平台全球性的推广作用,它能在无形中提
10、高酒店在游客心目中的地位,与境外旅行社建立合作关系。 8-22- -23-市场分析管理:分析各预订系统所进入的预定份额。 例: Hotelier强而有力的酒店管理系统 客源分析系统:分析旅客来源,以确定今后的宣传方向 客源统计系统、房价管理系统、房态管理系统、会议管理系统 hotelier为美国多家著名酒店编写酒店管理系统,并与GDS系统直接接入 10 The influence of ITs on hotels to connect with external GDSs; to make yield management and inventory control easier; to re
11、duce labors and training costs; to respond to customer and management requests quickly; to provide cheap and reliable ways for customers to make and confirm reservations easily and efficiently.Whats more?-25-4.信息技术对航空公司的影响战略角度经营层面管理商业模型收入分析和预测监测竞争情况保存历史数据设计产品和线路预测需求实施产出管理容量管理预订管理票务方面(电子票务)其他经营管理功能:
12、登机手续,座位安排, 生成报表和订单例子1-26-上海浦东国际机场 传统的航班信息传递运行模式各部门是通过对讲机、电话、人工操作等方式来实现信息的相互传递和衔接,时间间隔长,信道堵塞率高,且很难避免人为因素带来的差错。现代化航空港管理模式浦东机场率先对航班信息系统使用了集成技术,即以中央数据库为核心,依托高速AIM网络,采用外部系统访问中央数据库的标准接口协议CDI技术集成了航显、广播、电话问讯、行李系统、候机楼楼宇自动控制等16个子系统及东航、上航等外部接口,并通过电子途径共享机场运营信息,对航班信息和运行资源进行集中控制,既大大提高了子系统之间的工作效率,又节约了信息资源,简化了信息服务流
13、程,保证了航班信息传输的及时性、惟一性和准确性。2Examples-27-信息技术构筑现代航空港 3ExamplesThe influence of ITs on airlines Whats more? having more chance to interact with customers and partners so as to enhance their relationships: offering convenient on-line reservations and electronic ticketing; making yield management easier us
14、ing last-minute electronic auctions; encouraging direct investment in financial market and reconsidering agency commission schemes; improving substantially the productivity of the new electronic distribution media.-29-小结旅游业的发展旅游市场的开发和销售因此,如何利用信息技术为旅游服务,已成为影响旅游业发展的关键因素之一。 信息技术带来的巨大变化 旅游各部门人员的培训 :全球旅游
15、分销Amadeus案例研究分析要点GDS与互联网。Amadeus的主要功能及它与航空公司预定系统的关系。对商务旅游的影响和它如何经营世界最大的市场?为什么说已经不是传统意义上的预订和分销工具?结合国内旅游相企业,如何利用信息技术提高自身的竞争能力?1. 概论:信息技术与旅游业 2. 分销系统功能说明全球分销系统GDS关于GDS GDS(Global Distribution System)即全球分销系统,是随着世界经济全球化和旅客需求多样化,由航空公司、旅游产品供应商形成联盟,集运输、旅游相关服务于一体,从航空公司航班控制(ICS Inventory Control System)、计算机订座
16、系统(CRS Computer Reservation System)演变而来的全球范围内的分销系统。它通过庞大的计算机系统将航空、旅游产品与代理商连接起来,使代理商可以实时销售各类组合产品,从而使最终消费者(旅客)拥有最透明的信息、最广泛的选择范围、最强的议价能力和最低的购买成本。目前,世界上主要有GDS四巨头-北美的Sabre和 Worldspan,欧洲的Amadeus和Cendant-Galileo,以及一些服务于特定国家或地区的中小GDS,如我国的Travelsky(中航信)、东南亚的Abacus、韩国的 Topas、日本的Axess和Infini、南太平洋Fantasia等。GDS全
17、球发展状况表1 GDS所包含的四大系统GDS与互联网计算机预订系统(CRS)和全球分销系统(GDS)的诞生和广泛应用早于互联网。GDS以使用专用的增值网络(如Apollo、Galileo)为特征。GDS与互联网旅游电子商务相比较,既有共同点,又有差异性。 GDS使用专用的增值网络(Apollo、Galileo),而互联网旅游电子商务基于开放的互联网,二者区别很大。GDS会被互联网代替吗?互联网:1.浏览新闻 (政治.经济.娱乐.体育) 2.方便联系 (实惠.便捷.快速的进行异地交流) 3.网上消费 (网络商店.出售或者购买需要的东西) 4.学习创作 (图书.文字.视频方便学习) 5.休闲娱乐
18、(游戏.音乐.等等其他) GDS:1.改善一对多的客户关系2.节省产品信息维护成本3.加快新货品上市时间4.及时修改贸易信息中的错误5.实现智能物流,提高物流效率,降低物流损耗6.减少结算错误7.消除国际贸易中的语言障碍虽说互联网的成熟给我们生活带来了许多的方便,但是GDS的成熟的管理制度以及各种分销手段。因此在相当长的一段时间仍无法替代,并且在亚洲互联网模式刚刚起步,GDS仍扮演主要角色。以航空为例航空公司预订系统供应85%的机票预订量每年70亿美元承担航空公司自身网站出售机票每笔交易12美元每笔交易可节省80%的费用每笔销售成本2到3美元GDS与互联网电子商务的矛盾: 以航空为例 基于互联
19、网应用的电子商务拥有明显的发展优势,而GDS作为专用系统虽然接入成本高,服务功能有限,但他们已经具有了一定的市场和服务经验。因此我们不能简单认为CRS或GDS会被互联网电子商务替代。今后人们在从事机票、客房的预订销售时,仍然会长期利用多种渠道、多种工具,包括电话、传真、GDS、互联网等。况且GDS系统自身也在不断地发展,包括服务功能的扩展和产品的多元化,并已经开始考虑与互联网的合作.Amadeus1. Amadeus简介 Amadeus全球旅游分销公司是一家著名的、为旅游业营销和分销需求服务的信息技术公司。Amadeus公司将一套全球中立分销系统奉献给以下的旅游专业部门:航空公司、酒店、租车公
20、司、旅游服务代理及其他旅游服务相关企业。它提供一系列的解决方案,帮助旅游业实现虚拟化。Amadeus系统使用户可以预订各种旅游服务,掌握全球旅游服务的全面信息,获得功能强大的旅游信息管理工具。David V. Jones现任总裁公 司概况总部:西班牙马德里 数据中心:德国的埃尔丁发展办公室:法国的索菲亚安蒂波丽斯公司在全世界有3950名员工,在曼谷、布宜诺斯艾利斯和迈阿密设有地区办事处。公司在全球拥有国家市场营销系统。2. Amadeus的诞生及与航空的渊源 Amadeus系统建立于1987年,系统于1992年1月正式开始运作。Amadeus及其竞争对手Galileo在欧洲的出应对美国CRS在
21、20世纪80年代的发展和扩张。当时大部分欧洲国家的航空公司都开发了自己的预订系统,并分别服务于各自国内市场,但随着欧洲空中交通的开放和与美国的航空公司之间的竞争日益激烈、迫切需要建立一个跨欧洲的机票分销系统直接与各旅行代理商连接。Amadeus的宗旨是取代现有航空公司的预定系统,以先进的技术提供中立的分销系统。Amadeus与航空公司预订系统的关系电子票务促进了无纸化交易,节省了航空公司的成本帮助航空公司实现多方面的功能,包括登机手续.座位安排以及生成各种报表和订单支持电子采购和供应商及其合作伙伴定期管理以实现运行效率的最大化表2 Amadeus现在所有权比例Amadeus由法航、伊比利亚、汉
22、莎、北欧航空公司和大陆航空公司共同投资兴建Amadeus拥有美国最大的美国最大的旅游营销网络之一:表3 Amadeus客户大致分布机票的销售和预定Amadeus1、与酒店、租车公司等联盟,并且在航空方面,增加了容量控制和离港业务;2、旅游代理商:提供强大的搜索引擎。3提供电子商务解决方案过去现在从上面的变化可以看出自该系统产生以来发生的变化。更加成熟,不再只是扮演传统的销售和预定应用服务供应商的角色。正在开发更新的,更复杂的工具,如容量控制和离岗管理业务。这样则可说明Amadeus已经不是传统意义上的预定和分销工具。3. Amadeus的主要功能和作用旅游代理商航空公司酒店艾玛迪斯收益管理解决
23、方案(RMS)能有效的估算旅客住房期间长短以及他们须支付多少费用。 使航空公使用有航班和几位的销售渠道:航空公司可以在其机场票务中心(ATO)和城市票务中心(CTO)使用Amadeus系统销售机票。通过向旅游代理商提供全面的高技术解决方案使代理能更好的服务其客户。(现有18.2万个旅行代理商终端)公司及旅行者通过向旅游代理商提供全面的高技术解决方案使代理能更好的服务其客户。分销系统简图在Amadeus系统中可查询信息的航空公司740可预订座位的航空公司455使用Amadeus系统的航空公司102酒店59,974酒店连锁322租车点23,911租车公司464. Amadeus公司的旅游供应商 全
24、球数量旅行社101,158航空销售处 ( 代表175 家航空公司)34,805航空公司在艾玛迪斯的航班库存711可预订的航空公司461艾玛迪斯 Alta 预订航空公司145汽车租赁点36000汽车租赁公司25游轮公司18摆渡公司8铁路公司106酒店库存82610连锁酒店264旅游运营商190旅游保险公司95艾玛迪斯渗透了217个*市场,有69个本地商业机构(ACOs)全球规模(左图)艾玛迪斯系统中的供应商4.1 众多市场资源4.2 强大的网络处理能力 艾玛迪斯在德国爱丁的数据中心是全球最大的专为旅行提供的数据中心。该中心在高峰时期每天要接受多于4 亿8 千万笔交易,处理三百多万网上预订。Ama
25、deus中央系统4.3 产品及服务 艾玛迪斯是旅游行业供应商,销售商以及买家的顶尖技术伙伴。分销&内容销售&电子商务业务管理服务&咨询新产品举例容量控制离港管理(具有离港控制、航班旅客信息提取和处理、超重行李处理、登机牌、行李牌打印等功能)预订引擎电子商务解决方案 电子商务网站艾玛迪斯费用、购物,预订、售后服务 解决方案客户公司离港管理:离港系统具有离港控制、航班旅客信息提取和处理、超重行李处理、登机牌、行李牌打印等功能;是目前旅客安检前办理登机手续的必用工具。 离港系统又称机场旅客处理系统,是机场为旅客办理乘机手续的关键计算机信息系统。4.4 e-Travel定义:是一个全球在线旅游技术供应
26、商,它为航空公司、企业、旅行代理商及其他在线旅游企业提供电子商务解决方案。优势:降低了交易成本提高了工作效率。旅游促销的抽象性决定了可通过电子宣传、数据库跟踪技术等网上营销方式的使用,减少促销开支,增强促销的针对性。旅游交易本身需要一个庞大的销售中介网络,电子商务的应用给产需双方直接接触创造了有利条件,促使直销的可能性大大增加,从而降低了交易中佣金的支付,同时有利于旅游产品供应商直接从市场上搜集到真实的第一手资料,合理安排生产,提高产品质量。电子游客网上购买的产品电子商务旅游的发展5. 我国运用GDS的实例Amadeus中国官方网站Amadeus中文航班查询网页GDS运用发展之路对我国旅游市场
27、的启示有中间服务提供商,在商务上连接起各个酒店,航空公司等只需通过技术加大旅游业与相关行业的联盟,克服GDS缺位状况。(充分利用互联网使电子商务部在流域传输信息和页面宣传),而达到真正的网上交易。不仅有分销系统,还该有直销系统(TDS)全面提升中国旅游业的营销能力。充分利用Amadeus系统,真正实现电子化来管理系统。符合自身特色发展,开发新产品。寻求新的立足点。阅读与分析即学即用:可引用一案例进行分析Management of tourist destinationsTopic discussion72What is DMS?全称:Destination Management Systems
28、 目的地管理系统DMS is the thing which can provide all of the technology necessary for the destination to coordinate business activities of all partners involved in the management of the destination such as the production and delivery of the tourism product.DMS就是能提供必要的技术,以协调目的地管理中各方面的商业活动,例如;旅游产品的生产和交付的一种系统
29、。1. The DMSs are important to tourism industry2. The functions of DMSsCentral SystemIt provides a lot of accurate information so that tourism products can be distributed to the customer easily and smoothly.principal Cprincipal Bprincipal Aprincipal Dprincipal EintegrationIt is used for the integrati
30、on of the detailed information of all principals at the destination.It gives support to such distribution channels and national, regional and local tourism boards to spread information. Divide information technologies data into two categoriesstatic(静态) and dynamic(动态)It obtains information and makes
31、 reservationsrevised “static” e.g. descriptions, photos, history“dynamic” e.g. availability rates Users can easily search for “static” data on local PCs (Personal Communications Service 个人通讯服务 ) and “dynamic” data from the central system.81DMS系统对旅游者有何作用With more advanced DMSs ,consumers can have an
32、idea of amenities and facilities of the destination and make their own travel schedules according to their own likes and dislikes and conditions. 通过更加先进的DMS 技术,旅行者能了解到目的地的设施和服务,并按照自己的喜好和条件设计旅行计划。82 再比如其中的信息预定系统,我们可以通过它预定饭店、车、线路以及货币兑换等。83加强 对旅游产品等的监督和管理。(售后服务)管理系统更新升级,顺应时代发展。使旅游者能方便快捷的了解旅游目的地的 真实信息,
33、以及安全购买旅游目的地的产品。 信息做到更全面更精确,摒弃虚假信息。讨论: 目的地管理系统怎样提升目的地的旅游满意度?How can DMSs upgrade the tourist satisfaction in the destination ? 84讨论:旅游部门能从目的地管理系统中获得怎样的利益?少数人便可完成对多个旅游商品的管理提高旅游产品的销售额利用网络便利的接受商品预定和价格支付。得到便利技术,销售商品,减少不必要的费用,让旅游部门与旅游者之间的交流更加便利。What benefits can tourism sectors gain from the DMSs?Applicat
34、ion of DMS: A case study of Gulliver Project87Gulliver projectGulliver project is one of the DMSs .In 1990, the Irish Tourist Braid working together with the Northern Irish Tourist Board began to draw up and carry out it.It was designed to facilitate the management of Irelands inexperienced tourism
35、industry and help to distribute tourism products through the provision of on-line information and reservation facilities.(它设计出来是为了使缺乏经验的旅游业管理起来更容易,以及通过在网上传播信息销售商品和提供便利的服务。)Gulliver project is carried out mainly to satisfy their needs and give them access and opportunities similar to those offered to
36、 larger enterprises which have already hold a firm position in the emerging electronic market-place.(Gulliver 项目主要是为满足中小企业的需要,为它们提供在新兴的电子市场中已经占领有牢固地位的大公司一样的权利和机会。)它是什么成立时间主要目的适合客户Introduction to Gulliver Project The Gulliver Project is a distributed measurement project aiming to observe the global b
37、ehavior of the Internet from all over the world, especially from peripheries in the Internet topology. The existing measurements are taken mostly at places close to the Internet core, and measurements from peripheries are very limited. However, views from peripheries such as developing regions are c
38、rucial to understanding the global behavior of the Internet. There are many challenges to deploy measurement platforms in developing countries due to the lack of human resources and infrastructure. A measurement platform needs easy installation and remote maintenance, to be robust against instabilit
39、y and failures of power and connectivity, and should be secure even against physical burglaries. Another important challenge is how to remotely manage a large number of platforms. They use a small diskless box as an active measurement probe. The probe runs a variant of Net BSD and has remote managem
40、ent framework built into the firmware. These probes are remotely managed by a set of servers. For example, the probes can be instructed to perform measurement and report the result to the server or to update its firmware through the GUI on the server. The following organizations were the main financ
41、ial supporters of Gulliver90What are the three critical elements of the Gulliver system?Gulliver系统的三种关键成分是什么?1.Gulliver central system中央系统)2.Gulliver s supply side(供给方)3.Gullivers demand side .需求方)分配和提供数据。提供精确的信息以便于旅游产品能轻松便利的销售给顾客。这个旅游成分是用来对在目的地的所有资本信息细节的整合,管理。这个Gulliver的成分用来支撑各类销售途径,以及用来给国家及地区的旅游局传
42、播信息。 Gulliver has three critical elements.92使用Gulliver 后对爱尔兰带来怎样的收益?使用Gulliver之后,爱尔兰的旅游业发展非常迅速。在1995年,420万的旅游者来到爱尔兰带来了丰厚的利益国内税收的15亿收入来自外国,占了国内生产总值的6.4%。93讨论:我们应该怎样看待和应用DMS系统?(结合课文分析,以Gulliver为例)Gulliver使得获取信息和接受预定更加容易,旅游因信息技术进步而迅速发展。不断革新技术顺应市场所需降低成本,获取双赢结论This chapter has described the application o
43、f information technology in tourism sectors, such as tour operator, travel agency, hotel, and airline; and it has played a vital role in the competitiveness of tourism enterprises and destinations. Information technology has been widely used for product development, marketing, capacity management, y
44、ield management, property management, inventory control and training of personnel. The Destination Management Systems (DMSs) provide information technology which is necessary for coordinate business activities of all partners involved in the destination. In their most advanced form, DICIRMSs are use
45、d to do marketing in a more efficient, systematic and modern way. In addition, they better balance the needs and expectations of tourists and locals so as to provide creative tools for tourist boards that can adopt strategic management, differentiate products and improve tourism impacts. Chapter Rev
46、iewPart I Text第一部分 课文Information Technology and Travel IndustryExerciseFill in the blanks with proper words to complete the following statements.reduction; revolution; latest; case; independentlyThe development of information technologies (ITs) is one of the most important innovations of the 20th ce
47、ntury. They have brought great changes to other industries and therefore have been regarded as the root cause of a second industrial _. (2) The introduction of Thomsons Open-line Programme (TOP) in 1976 is a _ in point. It was the first central reservation office making use of computers to deal with
48、 information immediately.revolution case (3) ITs are of special significance for travel agencies. They are helpful in several aspects: providing the _ information as soon as it happens; completing reservation facilities and helping to coordinate the relationship between consumers and principals.(4)
49、However, most hotels are run by families_. They are small and medium-sized and highly seasonal. Many of them do not have the skill and/or money to bring ITs into full use. (5) The invention of new technology leads to the _ of communication and operational costs and enables tourism organizations to o
50、perate flexibly and increase their interaction with customers and partners.latest independently reduction 2. Questions for discussion (参见国家双语示范课程旅游学概论网站:“网络课堂) What are the benefits brought by ITs to touroperators?ITs contribute to a great extent in organizing, promoting, distributing and coordinati
51、ng package tours.1) They can focus on suitable market by organizing proper package tours according to the requirements of customers.2) They can update brochures regularly.3) They can save the 10-20% commission paid to other intermediaries in the distribution chain (e.g. travel agencies).4) They can
52、significantly reduce the costs of incentives, bonuses and educational trips for travel agencies.5) They can save the cost for developing, priming, storing and distributing conventional brochures, which is estimated to be approximately 20 per booking.(2) In what way are ITs helpful to travelagencies?
53、ITs are helpful in several aspects: providing the latest information as soon as it happens; completing reservation facilities (including making the complicated plans of journey) and helping to coordinate the relationship between consumers and principals. In addition, with the help of ITs, travel age
54、ncies have closely combined the two functions together-back office functions (e.g. accounting and personnel) and front office functions (e.g. customer records, itinerary construction, ticketing and communication with suppliers) so that the organizational efficiency has been greatly improved.(3) Do y
55、ou think that ITs have been fullyutilizedby most travel agencies? Why or why not?No, I dont think so. The reasons are as follows: 1) Some travel agencies do not fully understand IT technologies.2) Their profit margin is low so that they cannot invest much in new technology.3) They pay more attention
56、 to human interaction with consumers than to ITs. Combined, these factors result in low level of IT integration, implying that agencies lack access to new ITs and are provided with inadequate information to support strategic marketing.(4) For what purposes do many hotels adoptinternal management sys
57、tems?Hotels adopt internal management systems for the following purposes:1) To make the front office, sales, planning and operational functions cooperate with each other by managing reservations and the hotel inventory so as to improve efficiency of the business;2) To combine the back and front of h
58、ouse management; 3) To improve general administration functions such as accounting, budgeting and finance, marketing research and planning, forecasting and yield management, payroll personnel and purchasing.(5) Do you think ITs are brought into fulluse in many hotels? Why or why not?No, I dont think
59、 so. The reasons are as follows:Many hotels are run by families independently. They are small and medium-sized and highly seasonal. Many of them do not have the skill and/or money to bring ITs into full use. This is caused by: 1) Lack of money to buy hardware and software; 2) Insufficient marketing
60、skill;3) Inadequate technological training and understanding;4) Small size with no economies of scale;5) The unwillingness of owners to lose control over their prop erty.(6) What issues should we pay attentionto as far as new mega-CRS distributionnetworks are concerned?As for new mega-CRS distributi
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