土木工程专业英语课件

1、English in Civil Engineering(土木工程专业英语)ContentsPart General Introduction to English in Civil Engineering and Skills for Translation Part Vocabulary learningPart Technical Literature learningPart Cultural Background LearningPart Internet and English learningPart Guide for Technical Abstract Writing附录

2、A 专业英语常用词汇附录 B Internet 常用词汇附录 C 土木工程类WWW地址选编附录 D 土木工程中常用的度量衡和单位换算1 General Introduction 本课程的学习计划词汇的学习 主要是构词法和专业词汇的学习，从构词法的角度来解析土木工程专业词汇的 来龙去脉。 英语的构词法：1. 合成法 2. 派生法 3. 转换法 4. 拼缀法 5. 逆成法 6. 缩略法 b.专业词汇、专业知识的学习掌握约3000个土木工程常用专业词汇掌握初步的土木工程技术文献阅读、翻译能力掌握初步的科技论文文摘翻译方法c.翻译理论学习与实践了解翻译的定义、标准、方法、本质,英汉科技互译的基本技巧。

3、Even Homer sometimes nod.翻译一：即便是荷马也会犯错误；翻译二：人非圣贤孰能无过？翻译三：人即便再聪明也有犯错误的时候。毛主席说：“一切反动派都是纸老虎。”翻译一：Chairman Mao said that all reactionaries were paper tigers.翻译二：All reactionaries are strong in appearance but weak in fact.评说：翻译方法不同，译文给读者的阅读效果不同。掌握基本的翻译知识对提高专业文献的理解与翻译是必不可少的。d. 西方文化背景知识的学习了解必要的西方文化背景是学好英语的

4、一个基本条件C.推荐书目张倍基.英汉翻译 教程上海外语教育出版社吕瑞昌等.汉英翻译教程陕西人民出版社叶子南.高级英汉翻译理论与实践.清华大学出版社蒋争.英语字根、字首、字尾分类词典.世界图书出版公司韩其顺.英汉科技翻译教程.上海外语教育出版社注：项为重点推荐参考书。concrete reinforcing steel barreinforced concretereinforced concrete structure rigiditycreepcementbeamcolumnslabshear wallfoundationshear shear deformationshear modulu

5、stensionpressure percentage of elongationdisplacement stressstrain concentration of stressesstress relaxationstress diagramstress-strain curvestate of stresssteel wirehoop reinforcementstirrup spacingloading compressive strengthbending strengthtorsional strengthtensile strength crackyieldyield point

6、 steel wirehoop reinforcementstirrup spacingloading compressive strengthbending strengthtorsional strengthtensile strength crackyieldyield point steel wirehoop reinforcementstirrup spacingloading compressive strengthbending strengthtorsional strengthtensile strength yield loadlimit of yieldingyield

7、strengthlower limit of yield loadcross sectionbearing capacitybearing structure prestressed reinforced concreteprestressed reinforcementloss of prestress two-way reinforcementmain beamsecondary beammoment member in bendingtensile regioncompressive region spanspan-to-depth ratiomidspan loadframe stru

8、ctureconcentrated load reliabilitycohesive forceexternal force New Words and Expressionspreparatory a.准备的functional a.功能的allowable * a.容许的elect vt.选择spandrel n拱肩，上下层窗空间. spandrel beamunbrace vt.不加撑，放松diaphragm * n.隔，隔板caution * n.小心，谨慎arbitrarily ad.自行地，独断地unsymmetrically ad.不匀称地，不对称地factor v.给乘以一个系

9、数tabulate * vt.将列成表induce * vt.引起，诱导spandrel beamUnbraced bentSway-resisting bentDiaphragm actionTrial sectionSection economy tableReduced plastic moment tableDesign aids bookletPin-ended columnColumns in double curvatureCritical buckling loadLateral-torsional bucklingPreliminary Design I . Preparat

10、ory Steps in Design1 1. Dimensional Layout Dimensional layout of frame is based on functional requirements of providing space and services for occupants of the building. Architectural considerations and the economy of the total building installation will control. Philosophy is the same for plastic d

11、esign as it is for allowable stress design.2. Assignment of Load Systems Load systems to be assigned to structural frame will be the same load systems assigned for an allowable stress design. Usually a regional building code will define the minimum loads to be considered. In the absence of a regiona

12、l building code, the engineer will usually elect to follow one of the available recommended uniform building codes.3. Distribution of Load Systems to Plane Frame Another condition handled the same for plastic design as it is for allowable stress design is the distribution of load systems to the plan

13、e frame. As long as some path is provided for all loads to be transmitted to the ground, load systems may be distributed as follows. 1 ) Floor dead and live load distributed through floor system to each bent as uniformly distributed or as concentrated loads. 2) Exterior wall dead loads distributed t

14、o each bent as concentrated loads on the bent at connection points of spandrel beams. 3) Lateral loads of wind and earthquake distributed to each bent as concentrated loads at level of girders. 4) Lateral loads applied at certain unbraced bents may be distributed to sway-resisting bents through diap

15、hragm action of the floor system. The lateral loads assigned to the an braced bents are added to the lateral loads on the sway-resisting bents as concentrated loads. 4Some caution must be exercised in assuming loads to be distributed to the frame arbitrarily in cases where stiffnesses vary considera

16、bly between similar members. For instance, buildings with some unbraced and some sway-resisting bents might share load in a manner quite different from the uniform distribution assumed if the stiffnesses of the bents are arranged un-symmetrically.II. Frame Design5 1. Preliminary Design of Girders Fi

17、rst, trial sections are selected using section economy tables. For exterior roof girders it is noted that a later check will have to be made after column sections are selected. The later check will determine if the exterior column has sufficient strength to resist the required girder moment.2. Preli

18、minary Design of Columns 1) Loads Values of factored dead plus live load were tabulated previously for the design of various columns. Values of moment induced at the centers of columns by girder bending are calculated in Eq. 3 -1, 3-2. In each case Eq. 3-1 is used to obtain the column moment at roof

19、 level, and Eq. 3-2 is used to obtain the column moment at floor levels where the moment is split between the column segments above and below the floor.2) Trial Sections Neglecting SlendernessUsing preliminary moments and thrusts, trial column sections may be selected from reduced plastic moment, ta

20、bles in Part II of Design Aids Booklet. This is most quickly done by selecting a trial section with Py greater than the factored load. Then P/Py is calculated. The Mpc value for this P/Py must be equal to or greater than the required moment in the column. The section thus selected would be suitable

21、if the column were of zero length. 3) Check for Slenderness in Plane of FrameCharts of moment-rotation values for beam columns in Part II of Design Aids Booklet are used to check for the effects of column slenderness. The chart having the correct P/Py is entered with h/rx. For most cases, the curves

22、 in the charts show that the column is capable of developing full Mpc. When loads are greater than 0.5 Py for pin ended columns or columns double curvature, the effective ratio of column moment to Mpc is reduced and the net column moment must be calculated. The Mpc value obtained in Part II charts m

23、ust be multiplied by the M/Mpc ratio from part III charts and the result checked against the required moment.The trial column appears to be slightly inadequate for the moment just below the floor. Above the floor at the same joint, the column section is the same but the axial load is less. Therefore

24、 the moment capacity is greater than that below the floor. As long as the sum of the moment capacities above and below the floor is greater than the total moment caused by the girders, the section should be adequate. It must be remembered that the decision to split the girder moment half-and-half in

25、 Eq. 3-2 was arbitrary. In an actual structure, the column above the floor could be expected to pick up extra moment once the moment capacity was exceeded below the floor. 4) Check for Slenderness Out of PlaneThe slenderness h/ry in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the frame is calculated and

26、 the critical buckling load P/Py is obtained from the tables in Part I of Design Aids Book-let. If the critical P/Py is less than the factored design load value, either a larger column must be selected or intermediate bracing must be used. It may also be necessary to check for lateral-torsional buck

27、ling and revise the design of columns bent about the x axis which are unbraced between floors about the y axis.5) Design of Axially-Loaded Interior ColumnsFor the ground story, an effective length KL of 0.8L is assumed because the base is fixed. For most columns in tall braced frames an effective le

28、ngth KL of 1. 0L should be assumed because neither end will be fixed. Characteristics of Scientific Literature and Its Translation Tactics -科技文章的特点及其翻译策略Main contents一、科技文体的特点概述二、科技文体的特点1、大量使用名词化结构2、广泛使用被动句3、常使用非限定动词4、大量使用后置定语5、常用句型6、长句较多7、复合词及缩略词多一、科技文章的特点概述科技文章崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常

29、用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。简而言之，科技文章的特点：清晰、准确、精练、严密。二、科技文体的特点 汉语中动词占优胜； 而英语中名词占优势，名词使用范围很广。 科技文体更是如此。 原因：强调存在的事实，而非某一行为。另，科技文体所述的是客观规律，尽量避免使用第一、第二人称。 1、大量使用名词化结构地球绕轴自转，天气昼夜变化。the rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 译文3：the use of firebricks

30、round the boiler can considerably reduce the heat loss.译文2：The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler.译文1： If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. 名词化：即是将动词变为名词。名词化的作用：使句子更加紧凑，从而原来要用两个分句表达的内

31、容用一个简单句就可以了。例：很多学生由于未能记住这些符号而无法掌握他们选修的数学课程。Because many students fail to memorize these symbols, they cant master the mathematics course that they select.主句主干：学生无法掌握数学课程从句主干：学生未能记住符号名词化译法：Failure to memorize these symbols keep many students from mastering the mathematics course they select.动词结构名词化的操

32、作方法 选用适当的名词替代动词a. 有些动词可通过加上名词化后缀变成名词-ment: development, movement, achievement, management-tion: solution, reduction, introduction, absorption, adoption-y: discovery, recovery, mastery-sion: collision, explosion, expulsion, conclusion-ance: maintenance, performance, acceptance, assistance, appearance

33、-al: withdrawal, reversal, removal, renewal不规则变化：know-knowledgealloy-alloying, burn-burning, cool-cooling, lower-loweringc. 没有相应名词形式的可以借助-ing构成名词Increase, decrease, control, gainb. 有些动词本身可作名词用动宾结构，名词化后用of 引出原来的宾语the revolution of electrons in orbits (电子在轨道上旋转)the expansion of the gas (气体膨胀)主谓结构，名词化后

34、 主语用of 引出the employment of reinforced concrete (使用钢筋混凝土)the compaction of the soil (压实土壤) the emission of neutrons (放出中子)主谓宾语结构，用by 引出主语，用of 引出宾语介质腐蚀金属 the corrosion of metal by media固体排水原理 the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies后接介词的动词在变成名词后保持原来的介词与估计数字一致 agreement with the estimated

35、 figure取决于温度 dependence on the temperature2、广泛使用被动句科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。使用被动句的情况：不必说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不出主语。科技文体往往是前后两种。Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.中美之间已经建立了外交关系。他提议各班之间开展友谊竞赛。He proposed that a friendly emu

36、lation drive be started among the different classesDiplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.3、常使用非限定动词非限制性动词：分词短语、分词独立结构、不定式、介词加名词短语。A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.Exam. A current is a current which flows always in

37、the same direction.Vibrating objects produce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave. Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sound waveThe forces due to friction are called frictional forces.译文：由于摩擦而产生的力叫摩擦力。In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into

38、 radiant energy, similar in nature to light.The results obtained must be checked.4、大量使用后置定语5、常用句型1. It that句型 如：It is believed that /据信; It is proved that /已经证实、有人证实; It is reported that/ 据报道2.被动句型 Computers may be classified as analog and digital.结构句型 Microcomputers are very small in size,as is sho

39、wn in Fig. 5.4.分词短语句型 The resistance being very high,the current in th circuit was low.5.省略句结构句型 An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia.6、长句较多英语为形合语言，而汉语为意合语言，因此英语长句较多。The effort that have been made to explain optical phenomena by mean of the hypothesis of a medium hav

40、ing the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit traverse vibration, and, at a later stage, to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assu

41、med in the hypothesis.分析：本句特别长，句子结构也很复杂。红色的部分为本句的主语，粉红为谓语，黄色为宾语。翻译这样的长句，分析句子成分是第一步，只有句子成分分析对了，理解跟翻译才有可能正确。象这样的长句最好用编号法处理。7、复合词及缩略词多复合词：feed-back, same-sex, on-and-off-the-road, GIS-Based，biotechnology, biochemical缩略词：maths=mathematics lab=laboratoryFt=foot/feet, ASCE=American Society of Civil Engine

42、eringheliportLoad of High-rise BuildingDead loads are defined as fixed, nonmovable loads of a permanent nature which can be divided into two categories： （1）self-weight of the structure and (2) superimposed dead loads. The self-weight of the structure includes all beams, girders, columns, slabs, wall

43、s, bracing, and any other structural elements.Concrete framing systems are typically heavier than steel framing systems, which can sometimes be an advantage from a wind overturning standpoint but can also be a disadvantage in terms of seimic and foundation considerations.Superimposed dead loads cons

44、ist of partitions, hung ceiling, hung mechanical/electrical loads（e. g. sprinklers, lights, etc.), special floor fills and finishes, faade weight, and any other dead load which acts in addition to the weight of the structural elements. Many building codes stipulate that an allowance for partition lo

45、ads equal to 20 psf (1kN/m2) over the floor area must be considered unless calculations based upon partition layouts and weights demonstrate that lesser loading are applicable.The lightweight partition types that are utilized in modern high-rise buildings usually result in an equivalent uniform supe

46、rimposed dead load ranging between 8 and 12 psf(400 and 600). For preliminary design, however, it is prudent to include a 20-psf allowance for partitions since the actual partition types, weights, and locations are often not defined at this stage.Suspended ceiling weights and mechanical/electrical l

47、oadings vary from project to project, depending upon the occupancy and the type of structural system utilized, and usually range between 2 and 10 psf. Floor fills or other special floor finishes can result in significant dead loads.Examples are brick or stone pavers in lobby areas, concrete fill ove

48、r a waterproofing membrane for mechanical room floors, concrete housekeeping pads for mechanical equipment rooms in order to control the transmission of noise and vibration, fill over floor slabs in order to accommodate electrification girds, and similar special loadings.The faade weight can vary si

49、gnificantly, depending upon the type of faade to be used, for example, glass curtain wall, precast concrete, masonry, or stone. The weight of glass curtain wall systems usually ranges between 8 and 12 psf, but the weight of precast or masonry facades can be 40 to 80 psf or more.If the type of faade

50、has not yet been determined at the preliminary design stage, and if the options being considered vary widely in their weights, it may be necessary to consider these faade options separately when evaluating the various structural framing systems.Another factor that must be considered in evaluating fr

51、aming systems is whether the type of faade requires that the supporting structural elements meet special stiffness criteria, such as a limitation of live load deflection for spandrel beams. Live LoadsLive loads are nonpermanent in nature and vary depending upon the usage of the building floor area i

52、n question. For example, most building codes specify a minimum design live load of 50 psf for typical office areas.Increased live loads for special usage areas that are known at the time of preliminary design should be taken into account, such as lobbies, restaurants, mechanical equipment rooms, coo

53、ling towers, landscaped planting areas, computer rooms, and places of assembly. Localized areas to be used for storage or heavy filling loads are often unknown at the time of preliminary design and, therefore, must be taken into account during final design or, as sometimes is nessary, during or afte

54、r construction. Roof live loads, which will be a very small portion of total gravity load, include snow loads with due consideration given to drifing, for example, at vertical surfaces of parapers, penthouses, setbacks, and adjacent structures.Allowable reductions of live load in accordance with app

55、licable building code provisions should be applied during the preliminary design phase.Wind LoadsOutside of high-risk seismic zones, wind is the force that most affects the design of high-rise buildings. For this reason, a brief summary of current approaches for determining wind force is presented h

56、ere.For preliminary design, wind loads are usually derived from the wind pressures specified in the governing building codes.Most building codes differentiate between the wind pressures acting on the overall structure and those acting on the faade or secondary wall framing elements.The latter values

57、 are higher in magnitude because of the localized effects of gusts and minimal structural damping characteristics.The wind loads acting on the overall structure are generally given as stepped increments of wind pressure along the height of the building, with the pressures increasing in magnitude as

58、the height above ground level increases.These wind loads are taken to act normal to the vertical surfaces of the building with consideration also given to the effect of quartering wind loads. For certain configurations of the structural bracing system, quartering wind loads can be much more severe t

59、han normal wind loads.Allowable reductions of live load in accordance with applicable building code provisions should be applied during the preliminary design phase.科技论文的写作论文体例期刊类：TitleAbstractKeywordsIntroductionMaterial and method, equipment and test (experiment) procedureResultsDiscussions (summa

60、ry, conclusions)AcknowledgmentsReferences (appendix)长篇科技报告Front Front cover Title page Letter of transmittal (Forwarding letter ) Distribution list Preface or foreword Acknowledgments Abstract Table of contents List of illustrationMAIN TEXTIntroductionExperimental procedure and results with subheadi