kwh很全面的跨文化交际课件

1、1. What is culture?On the surface: customs and behavior More deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following themIn a word: Culture is all about meanings Hall: Culture is everything and everywhere 4. What is Communication?It comes from the Latin word “communicare”, it mean

2、s to give or to exchange. Now, the most common meaning of “communication” is to give or exchange information or ideas.Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human contact)Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflect

3、ed in human interaction with symbols. (J.T.Wood)Elements of communicationContext (location, time, light, temperature, seating arrangements)Participants (relationship, gender, culture)Messages (meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding)Channels (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch)Noise (external noise,

4、 internal noise, semantic noise)feedbackLinear Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverChannel (message)encodingdecodingnoiseIs this an effective model of communication?Mode of CommunicationInteractive Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedback is essential to good c

5、ommunicationdecodingencodingmessage / channelmessage / channel5. Characteristics of communication1) Communication is dynamic2) Communication is interactive3) Communication is irreversible4) Communication takes place in both a physical and social context.6. Intercultural CommunicationSamovar & Porter

6、 Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.Intercultural Communication Vs Cros

7、s-cultural CommunicationCross-cultural communication the similarities and differences in value orientations, affective dispositions, relationship management, communicative styles (psychological process)Intercultural communication the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture (pract

8、ical significance)Warm-up: Read the following sayings aloud, and discuss with your partner: what do they mean to you?Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. - Confucian sayingOne mans meat is another mans poison. - English proverbGod gav

9、e to every people a cup, cup of clay, and from this cup they drank life They all dipped in the water, but their cups were different. - R. Benedict High-context Culture:In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space,

10、 and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation). Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.Low-context Culture:In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in t

11、he explicit code. Examples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.Summary: language and cultureLanguage is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language.Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our pe

12、rceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.What is verbal communicationVerbal: connected with words and their useVerbal communication: communication

13、 done both orally and in written languageEasier to use words to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share many similar experiences.More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because peoples experiences, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and the like are

14、 different.How different thinking patterns affect our life?Western medicine Vs traditional Chinese medicineWestern cookingDifferent views on contractsWesterners value objectivity, specificity and precision and make sense of the world by reasoning and analyzing.Chinese are more subjective and value i

15、ntuition a lot, through which they get an insight into things around them.4. Communication Styles and CultureCompare the following two spoken discourse and decide which one might be given by a Chinese and which by an American?Because most of our production is done in China now, and its not really ce

16、rtain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.Inductive pattern (topic delayed)Which is given by a

17、Chinese? Which by an American?B. I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. Thats because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done in China now

18、, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997. deductive pattern (topic first)Different Communication Styles2）东方：归纳法（个别一般） VS 西方：演绎（一般个别） induction (specific general) deduction (general specific)Chinese Inductive?American deductive? In the east, people sometimes adopt the deduct

19、ive pattern. (in a close relationship or relatively equal status)In the west, people do not exclude the use of inductive pattern. (borrow money, or ask for a big, embarrassing favor)In both the east and west, the person in a higher status tends to use the deductive pattern while the one in a lower s

20、tatus tends to use the inductive pattern.1. Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal codes refer to communicative messages which are not in word form.More than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!Definition: (1)“Metacommunication (beyond the usual commmunication), paralinguistics, second-order message

21、s, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.” (Hall, 1959)Definition: (2)Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the sou

22、rce or receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004)1.1 Body LanguageBody language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements.Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.(1) General

23、 Appearance and DressConcern with how one appears is universal.We make inferences (often faulty) about anothers “intelligence, gender, age, approachability, financial well-being, class, tastes, values, and cultural background” from attractiveness, dress, and personal artifacts.Do you select attracti

24、ve friends over less attractive ones?1.2 Paralanguage (伴随语言)It refers to voice characteristics and vocal qualities. Paralinguistics is the study of such non-semantic aspects of speech as tone, volume, pitch and tempo, pause and the like which are together with verbal information. Our voice may be on

25、e of the most informative elements in building up our images. (1) Pitch Pitch decides hesitation or emphasis. When one is excited, his/her voice would be high in pitch, quick in rate, and there will be no pauses between sentences; When one is sad or depressed, his/her voice traits would surely be th

26、e opposite.(2) Volume Control The English always speak in lower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture, or talking with each other, or phoning. But Chinese often speak in loud voice in the aforesaid occasions. American are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and use very man

27、y different volume levels depending on the size of the audience and the physical environment.(3) Silence Silence can be longer between friends or intimates than the strangers who have to converse. Chinese pay more attention to the function of silence in the talking, and think that the pauses and sil

28、ence have rich meanings. Silence may have many possible meanings: agreement-disagreement, thoughtful-ignorance, consideration-inconsideration, secrecy, coldness, submission, boredom and so on. Time systems (Hall, 1976):Do you still remember time orientation?Monochronic Time (M-Time) Polychronic Time

29、 (P-Time) 美国人类学家霍尔（Edward Hall）在超越文化（Beyond Culture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronic time）和“多向计时制”（polychronic time)Monochronic Time (M-Time) It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.

30、 e.g. American People “单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时”, 认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。 Monochronic Time (M-Time)在我们看来，同时做两件事几乎有点不道德。” 持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西, 可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（make up）、计量(measure）、 甚至当成商品一样买卖（buy, sell）和拥有（have）。 美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动

31、,强调守时, 严格按照日程一次做一件事情（do one thing at a time） Polychronic Time (P-Time) P-time schedules several activities at the same time. It is more flexible and more humanistic. People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitment

32、s and often break them. e.g. Chinese, Latin American, Arab and most Asian cultures Definition of EthnocentrismDefinition “the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it” (William G. Sumner)Examples “China is a country

33、with a long history.” “ arranged marriage” Reason for ethnocentric ideas All cultures have the tendency to use the categories of ones own culture to evaluate the actions of others.Negative Impact of Ethnocentrism If people believe that their culture is the only true culture, they will discriminate a

34、gainst people who manifest cultural norms that fail to correspond to their values and behaviors. StereotypesDefinition Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. (Walter Lippmann)Reasons Human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify. PrejudiceDefinition It refers to negative attitudes tow