2023年1月12日托福写作真题回忆-XiaoMaGuoHe

1、全国免费咨询 ：400-0123-267SAT语法考点解析之比较结构。以下为大家整理了SAT语法考试要点，即comparative structure的相关内容，同学们可在准备SAT语法考试时适当进行参考。英语中大多数形容词和副词都是“可等级的Gradable，因而可以用于比较结构。当形容词和副词用于比较结构时，它们采取特殊的句法形式，这就是比较结构。比较结构具体是指一个人、事、物与另一个人、事、物之间就行为、性质、特征、外形、数量等之间有相互比照。在SAT语法中，比较结构要求的比较对象概念要对等，比较的性质要一致，比较的结构要平衡。比较结构考点小结比较对象对等包括概念、性质、数量、结构以及在

2、句子里成分比较结构自身比较结构中代词的使用一、考点详解 在掌握比较结构的考点前，首先要掌握一些常见的比较结构以及它们所使用的搭配：1. as+形容词或副词原级+as-分句：平级如：This parcel is as heavy as that one (is). This car runs as fast as that one (does)Jack behaves as politely as Jones (does).由以上例句可以看出，在带有asas结构的句子中，通常是主句主语和as从句的主语不同，而比较工程相同，比方是Jack 和Jones就两人的举止是否有礼貌进行比较。这是asas结

3、构最根本的用法。此外，带有asas结构的句子也可能主语相同，而比较工程不同。如：The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.This swimming pool is as wide as it is long.He is not wise as he is witty.也可能两个主语和两个比较工程都不同，即两个不同的人或物就不同的方面进行比较。如：This swimming pool is not twice as wide as that one is long.His uncle was as base and unworthy as h

4、is father had been upright and honorable.由上述诸例可以看出，当主句主语和as-分句主语不同而比较工程相同时，as-分句总是有所省略，即通常用不完全句。但假设两个主语相同而比较工程不同或者两个主语和两个比较工程都不相同，除个别外as-分句便不能用省略句，而必须用完全句。2. more.than形容词或副词比较级+than-分句：比较级如：Jack is brighter than Jones. Jack behaves more politely than Jones.上述两句是more.than结构的一般用法，即在两个不同事物之间就某一方面作比较mor

5、e.than结构除在两个人或物之间作同一方面的比较而外，还可在同一个人或物的本身作不同方面的比较。如：Jack is more daring than quick-witted. Jones is more intelligent than aggressive.需要注意的是，more.than结构在前两句中其比较级既可用more形式，也可以用-er形式；more.than结构用于后两句的意义时与其说不如说，比较级只能用more形式，不能用-er形式。morethan结构用于上述意义时，还可以连接两个名词词组。如：The present crisis is much more a politi

6、cal than an economic crisis.此外，Morethan结构的一种变体形式是“定冠词+形容词或副词比较级+of-词组。如：Jack is the brighter of the two boys.Of the two boys Jack behaves (the) more politely.由上述两例可以看出，这种变体形式进行比较都只用于两者之间的比较；在第一例中比较级前的定冠词不可省，而在第二例中比较级前的定冠词可省(因为是副词的比较级)。3.the+形容词副词最高级+in/of+比较范围：最高级如果是三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较，就要使用形容词和副词的最高级。如：

7、Of the three boys John behaves (the) most politely.Shakespeare was the greatest English dramatist ever known.由上述诸例可以看出，表示“最高级的意义，通常都要有一个“比较范围，表示比较范围可以用介词词组，如in the world, of the three boys，也可以用关系分句或非限定分句，如I have ever read, ever known。比较范围在一定上下文中可以不表示出来。4. like/unlike +名词短语.与as +句子Like/as 的差异在 like是一

8、个介词，因此它后面只能跟名词，代词或者名词短语，而as后面的必须是完整的句子或者不引起歧义下的省略成分，但是不能是简单的名词性结构。当like和as 修饰的比较对象是名词，且没有歧义的情况下；like + n.是更加简洁的结构。Like + n. 比较结构Like + n.的比较通常放在句首，其比较对象是句子的主语。因此看到这类型的题目首先判断的就是对应的主语是否和like后面接的名词是对等的对象。如：Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, a lea

9、se-loan does not require the buyer to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.As+ 句子比较结构As+句子的比较通常比较的两个不同主语，和asas结构相似，其后补出助动词，补出助动词的原那么是必须和主语的类型一致，而且要时态一致。如：Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society, as Rousseau once did.As virtually all the nations 50

10、 busiest airports were, New Yorks were built for an age of propellers, before jet planes weighing 800,000 pounds needed over two miles of runway.但是如果as结构自己就带了时间状语，那么该as结构的时态和自己带的状语保持一致，而类型和主句保持一致。如：According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal

11、of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.5. 其他比较短语其他标志比较结构的短语包括：compareto/with, contrastto, likento, different from, differ from, the same as, be similar to等等如：Contrasted to other medieval kings in the long history of feudal China, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty might be the most

12、 versatile.6. 倍数表达倍数是SAT语法中不常见比较结构，但也需要简单了解，以下是五种倍数表达形式： times 形容词 / 副词的比较级 than 如：This hall is five times bigger than our classroom. times +as + 形容词 / 副词的原级 as 如：This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library. times + the + 名词如： size, height, weight, length, width 等

13、 of 如：The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. times + what 从句如：The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago. times + that of + 被比较对象如：In this workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that of January.比较结构是SAT中的显性语法：当句中出现以上的比较结构时，其考点根本就确定在以下几个方面：1. 比较对象对等包括概念、性质、数量、结构以及在句子里成分当

14、比较两个事物时，必须保证二者的概念、性质、数量、结构以及在句子里成分的对等。阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。例句1：Some historians liken the reign of Russians Tsar Ivan the Terrible, a contemporary of Englands Queen Elizabeth I famous for his brutal repression, to Joseph Stalin.例句1中比较结构为likento，按照该结构，比较对象应该为the reign of Russians Tsar Ivan the Terrible与Josep

15、h Stalin，但前者是物，后者是人，二者的性质和概念并不相同，所以应该把Joseph Stalin改为that of Joseph Stalin，这类问题是SAT中比较对象的典型错误。阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。例句2：It is far easier to ride a bicycle than explaining in words exactly how a bicycle is ridden.例句2中比较结构为easierthan，根据比较结构要求，比较对象应该为to ride a bicycle和explaining in words exactly how a bicycle

16、is ridden，前者为不定式短语，后者为动名词短语，二者的结构不能到达一致，所以后者应该改为to explain in words exactly how a bicycle is ridden。2. 比较结构中代词的使用在英语的比较结构中，为了防止重复使用上文中出现的词汇，经常会用代词来替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的代词有that/those/it/they。that和those总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语，分别等于the one和 the ones。that可替代单数可数名词以及不可数名词，而those一般指代可数名词复数，它们表示的是同类异物。如：The houses of

17、the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.此外，比较结构中还可以使用it/they来指代上文出现动名词与不定式短语。it/they在比较结构中也常出现，它们表示的是同类同物。如：Finding a McDonalds in Beijing is easier than it is in my small hometown.此例句中比较对象为Finding a McDonalds，前后比较的事件相同，所以使用代词it, 而不用that。二、最新真题1. In some species of birds, such as the pe

18、afowl, the plumage of the male is more colorful and more variegated than the female.(A) than the female(B) than are the females(C) than that of the female(D) compared to the female(E) compared with females解析：比较结构morethan，注意一下比较对象概念、性质、数量、在句子里成分上的对等是否相同。2. The introduction of (A) paraffin wax in 1830

19、 enabled (B) candle makers to produce candles that burned more clean (C) than those made with (D) tallow or beeswax. No error (E)解析：比较结构morethan，有时sat考题考的是最简单，却最容易忽略的，形容词单音节的比较级是不用加more的。3. Unlike other predators, which are being studies because their populations are declining, ecologists are studyi

20、ng coyotes because the coyote population is growing in suburban areas.(A) ecologists are studying coyotes(B) ecologists have been studying coyotes(C) ecologists, who are studying coyotes(D) coyotes are being studied by ecologists(E) coyotes, being studied by ecologists解析：比较结构unlike放在句首，一般情况是与主语相比较,

21、保证比较对象概念、性质、数量、在句子里成分上的对等。4. A mixture of jazz and classical idioms, the music of Gershwin was more innovative than most of his contemporaries.(A) than most of his contemporaries(B) than most of his contemporaries were(C) than were most of his contemporaries(D) than that of most of his contemporarie

22、s(E) than most of his contemporaries, as far as music concerned解析：比较结构morethan，保证比较对象概念、性质、数量、在句子里成分上的对等；比较对象应该为the music of Gershwin和most of his contemporaries，前者是物，后者是人，比较对象性质不同。5. Chinese watercolors have become more popular than American and European artists who are their contemporaries.(A) Amer

23、ican and European artists who are their contemporaries(B) contemporary American and European artists(C) those by contemporary American and European artists of the period(D) those of American and European pictures of the same period(E) those by contemporary American and European artists解析：比较结构moretha

24、n，保证比较对象概念、性质、数量、在句子里成分上的对等；比较对象应该为Chinese watercolors和American and European artists，前者是物，后者是人，比较对象性质不同。6. Eating food that has a high concentration of fat causes essentially the same reaction in the stomach than if you eat too fast.(A) than if you eat(B) than to eat(C) as if one eats(D) as eating(E

25、) as it does when eating解析：比较结构morethan，保证比较对象结构一致；比较对象应该为Eating food that has a high concentration of fat和if you eat too fast，前者是动名词短语，后者是从句，比较对象结构不一致。7. Because of its innovativeness and its (A) effective presentation, Marys science project received (B) more judges votes at the exhibit (C) than di

26、d Jim (D). No error (E)解析：比较结构morethan，保证比较对象概念、性质、数量、在句子里成分上的对等；比较对象应该为Marys science project和Jim，前者是物，后者是人，比较对象性质不同。注意：当比较主语时，为了防止歧义，助动词习惯性补出，而且多用倒装8. Experts who decipher (A) ancient written languages report (B) that the Indus civilizations script is more difficult (C) to decode than other civiliz

27、ations (D). No error (E解析：比较结构morethan，保证比较对象概念、性质、数量、在句子里成分上的对等；比较对象应该为the Indus civilizations script和other civilizations，前者是script，后者是civilization，比较对象概念不同。9. Because (A) sound waves travel faster (B) in liquids than they do (C) in gases, the speed of sound in water is greater than that of sound (

28、D) in the air. No error (E)解析：该题中出现了两个比较结构fasterthan与greaterthan；前者使用代词they，因为这里要求特指，即前后同物；后者用的是代词that，是泛指，即前后同类不同物。10. Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.A. like adultsB. li

29、ke adults doC. as adultsD. as adults doE. as an adult解析： A选项和D选项都符合语法规那么，也都和前面的children保持数的一致性，从语法规那么上讲是都正确的。但是A存在歧义，因为like adults可以与前一个分句构成整体也可以与后一个分句构成整体。这里可以使用as结构，因为前后两个分句的助动词不一样，as结构的助动词和前一个分句一致的话，就应该和前一个分句构成整体；同样，和后一个分句的助动词一致的话，就应该和后一个分句构成整体。三、难点聚焦以上都是在描述比较对象的错误，但比较结构真正容易忽略的考点是比较结构自身所出现的一系列低级错

30、误：1. 平级比较、比较级、最高级的混用在英语中，平级比较(as adj./adv. as)、比较级(more/adj.+er than)、最高级(the most adj./adv. of/in)都有自己的固定表达结构，在SAT考题中会出现混用的情况。阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。例句3：Of the five films that Phuong saw during the film festival, the last was unquestionably the more enjoyable. 例句3中用的是比较级形式the more enjoyable，但在句子的开头为Of the f

31、ive films，表示的是最高级的一个范围，所以二者冲突，应该把more改为most。2. 形容词比较级的修饰及拼写在英语中，形容词比较级只可用以下词或短语修饰：a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even，在SAT中常出现错误的是用比较级修饰比较级。阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。例句4：The crowd of onlookers grew more larger as the veterans who were picketing the White

32、 House began shouting.例句4中在比较级形容词larger前使用more来修饰，不符合标准。形容词比较级变化规那么在考试中会涉及到：1) 单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er或est：如bright brighter brightest; 以不发音的e字母结尾的加r,或st：如：large larger largest; 以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为I加er或est：如：easy easier easiest； 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词双写最后一个辅音字母再加er或est：如big bigger biggest；以-er/-ow结尾的双音节词加-er 或est：clever cleverer cleverest; slow slower slowest.2) 多音节词前加more或most, 副词最高级前省略the3) 有些形容词比较级是不规那么变化：good, well; bad, badly, ill; much, many; little; far; old;注：只有少数形容词和副词有两种比较级和最高级形式：如clever, old, fa