句子成分及基本句型讲解与练习课件

1、句 子 成 分Members of a Sentence*句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：_和_主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词等等。主语一般

2、在句首。谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. （不及物动词）1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表

3、达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等，表情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作连系动词：look well/面色好, sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作

4、的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 （及物动词） （宾语）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this ho

5、use to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. （及物） （宾语） （宾补） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do.

6、_4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebec但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./num.数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为的定语

7、通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）分词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen to

8、 do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 不定式作状语：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位语：同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子

9、成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们） 四、独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。肯定词:yes否定词:no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,这个

10、故事还远没结束. 一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二) 挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feelin

11、g very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三) 挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She li

12、kes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. 英语基本句型-1 主系表结构主系表结构 本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel

13、, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious. We feel used to living in big cities.The potatoes went bad in the fields.Their boss seems sati

14、sfied with the work. Deep water stays still.巩固练习：1冬季白天短，夜晚长2十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 3孩子们很少保持安静。 4她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.Children seldom keep quiet. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.5他失业了。 6树叶已

15、经变黄了7这个报告听起来很有意思 He is out of work. The leaves have turned yellow. The report sounds interesting英语基本句型-2 主谓结构 主谓结构 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early

16、 so as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.巩固练习：1她昨天回家很晚。 2会议将持续两个小时。 3在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化。4正在睡觉的婴儿笑了。5每天八时开始上课。 6五年前我住在北京。7秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 8我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 1. She w

17、ent home very late yesterday evening. 2. The meeting will last two hours.3. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 4. The sleeping baby smiles.5. Classes begin at eight every day. 6.I lived in Beijing five years ago.7.In autumn, some birds fly to the south. 8. My grand

18、father gets up early in the morning. 英语基本句型-3 主谓宾结构 主谓宾结构 本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。 宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 5. It took them ten years to build the

19、dam. 7. Mother promises to give me a present.巩固练习：1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 8我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 9. 他不知道说什麽好。 10. 我开窗户你在意吗？ 1. I wrote a letter last night. 2. I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3. He has read this book man

20、y times. 4. They have carried out the plan successfully. 5. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 6. I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia. 7. Jim cannot dress himself. 8. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 9. He did not know what to say. 10. Do you mind my openi

21、ng the window? 英语基本句型4 双宾语结构 说明：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如： He brings me cookies every day.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend,

22、hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。 5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。1.Mr Johnson tau

23、ght us German last year. 2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3.Would you please pass me the dictionary? 4.He showed the ticket to the conductor. 5.Shall I call you a taxi? 6.The new machine will save you a lot of labour. 7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months sala

24、ry.英语基本句型5 复合宾语结构 说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on. 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子

25、结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.巩固练习：1我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发。8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month.We wont let her go out at night. 英语基本句型6 There be 句型 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是倒装的一